Ecological and genetic analysis of Gentiana lutea L. populations from Ukrainian Carpatians

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
M. Z. Mosula ◽  
O. Yu. Маyorova ◽  
L. R. Hrytsak ◽  
V. M. Mel’nyk ◽  
N. M. Drobyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Point System ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Analysis of five natural (Lemska, Gutyn Tomnatyk, Sheshul-Pavlyk, Krachunyeska, Troyaska-Tataruka) and one man-made (Pozhyzhevska) populations of G. lutea of the Ukrainian Carpathians based on the parameters of genetic diversity (polimorphy, heterozygosis, the division of the total genetic variation for intra- and interpopulation) and ecological characteristics (density, age structure, the ability to self-sustaining) as well. Total (Dt) and effective (De) population density and number of indices: regeneration (RI), substitution (SI), aging (AI), age (Δ) and efficiency (ω) were determined. Vitality analysis of populations was performed by the method of Yu. A. Zlobin, while the type of strategy determined by Y. V. Tsaryk approach. Character of self-sustaining was determined by the ratio between the number of individuals of generative and vegetative origin. Analysis of genetic diversity of populations was performed by labeling inter-satellite sequences (ISSR-PCR) and arbitrary DNA ones (RAPD-PCR). Comprehensive analysis of the population states by their ecological and genetic parameters were performed similarly to the 5-point system of N. M. Beltyukova (2010). For the first time an integrated ecological and genetic approach to assessing the current state of the six populations of G. lutea of Ukrainian Carpathians was used. The research results can be used for stabilizing the number of violations and restoring the endangered natural populations. It was established that the indices of genetic polymorphism were similar for different investigated populations. It was found significant genetic divergence, which is due to their geographic isolation and differences in growth conditions. By the results of complex ecological and genetic analysis of G. lutea populations were classified into three groups: stable, relatively stable, unstable. The stability of populations (Lemska, Sheshul-Pavlyk), to our mind, is defined as their environmental and genetic characteristics and location in the conservation area. All this together provides the ability of populations to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions. As relatively stable was classified population from Gutyn Tomnatyk mount, which, despite the small number of individuals showed high levels of genetic polymorphism. This conservation of the genetic diversity by scanty isolated populations indicates the fact that G. lutea species so far has genetic resources that are capable of restoring the population in case of creation the favorable conditions. Troyaska-Tataruka and Krachunyeska populations was classified as unstable, which is obviously due to positioning of these localities in conditions of heavy anthropogenic pressure and the inability of their individuals to compete with tall shrubs in phytocenoses. The division of localities into separate loci may alter the overall genetic structure of the population; deteriorating of growth conditions may lead to disruption of population structures and, as s result, reduce their stability. Man-made population on Pozhyzhevska by the results of ecological and genetic analysis was stable. The ability of this population to withstand external influences, to compete with other types of groups and explore new territory was determined. Stability of agropopulation from Pozhyzhevska is evidence that artificial plantations of G. lutea in the highlands of Ukrainian Carpathians can serve as a way to preserve the gene pool of this species.

scholarly journals Ecological Genetics of Plant Invasion: What Do We Know?

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ward ◽  
John F. Gaskin ◽  
Linda M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Plant Invasion ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Species Invasions

AbstractThe rate at which plant invasions occur is accelerating globally, and a growing amount of recent research uses genetic analysis of invasive plant populations to better understand the histories, processes, and effects of plant invasions. The goal of this review is to provide natural resource managers with an introduction to this research. We discuss examples selected from published studies that examine intraspecific genetic diversity and the role of hybridization in plant invasion. We also consider the conflicting evidence that has emerged from recent research for the evolution of increased competitiveness as an explanation for invasion, and the significance of multiple genetic characteristics and patterns of genetic diversity reported in the literature across different species invasions. High and low levels of genetic diversity have been found in different invading plant populations, suggesting that either selection leading to local adaptation, or pre-adapted characteristics such as phenotypic plasticity, can lead to aggressive range expansion by colonizing nonnative species. As molecular techniques for detecting hybrids advance, it is also becoming clear that hybridization is a significant component of some plant invasions, with consequences that include increased genetic diversity within an invasive species, generation of successful novel genotypes, and genetic swamping of native plant gene pools. Genetic analysis of invasive plant populations has many applications, including predicting population response to biological or chemical control measures based on diversity levels, identifying source populations, tracking introduction routes, and elucidating mechanisms of local spread and adaptation. This information can be invaluable in developing more effectively targeted strategies for managing existing plant invasions and preventing new ones. Future genetic research, including the use of high throughput molecular marker systems and genomic approaches such as microarray analysis, has the potential to contribute to better understanding and more effective management of plant invasions.

GENETIC ANALYSIS GERMAN SHEPHERD BREED DOGS USING MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 166-171
Author(s):  
V. V. Dzitsiuk ◽  
S. G. Kruhlyk ◽  
V. G. Spyrydonov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Genetic Evaluation ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
The Impact

Modern methods of breeding dogs are based on getting of stable phenotypic uniformity by using close inbreeding or breeding by one line, but such strategy leads to a loss of genetic diversity, and as a result there are genetic defects in breeds which have no external manifestations or manifest in adulthood of dogs and are transmitted from generation to generation. Therefore, to prevent use of dogs with genetic abnormalities in breeding, and to develop standards for a breed and make an accurate pedigree, must carry out the genetic evaluation of animals. One of the modern tools for dogs’ genetic evaluation is DNA-testing using microsatellite loci permitting to match the parental couple effectively, identify (to certify) animals, undertake a comprehensive assessment for heterozygous and homozygous genotypes in populations, permitted for use in the selection process, and illustrate clearly the impact of artificial selection on the genetic characteristics of breeds. The study was conducted in Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products in Department of Molecular Biology Research. For the genetic analysis 42 German Shepherd dogs, used for breeding in kennels of Ukrainian Kennel Union (UKU), were selected. The material for the research was DNA isolated from dogs’ buccal epithelium cells and blood. Genomic DNA was extracted using a standard set of reagents for DNA isolation. Level of theoretically expected heterozygosity (Hexp) varied between 0.385 (PEZ1) to 0.835 (PEZ8). On average theoretically expected heterozygosity with coefficient of 0.657 had not significant advantage over value of actual heterozygosity (0.629), it also shows that the status of the sample of dogs is close to balance. The same is observed in actual and expected heterozygosity for PEZ 6 (0.629) and PEZ 8 (0.657) loci, which also shows the balance. For FHC2010 loci actual heterozygosity is higher than expected, indicating increasing the number of heterozygous individuals. For FHC2054 locus, by contrast, theoretically expected heterozygosity (0.670) dominates the actual (0.429), indicating the lack of heterozygous genotypes in this micropopulation. The value of PIC (polymorphism information content) of the analysed loci ranged from 0.325 to 0.740 with average value 0.574. PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC 2010 and FHC 2054 loci optimally meets their suitability for genetic certification of genotypes because their frequency varies from 0.587 to 0.740. The reduced average index of polymorphism for PEZ1 locus with coefficient of 0.325 confirmed the insufficient level of its polymorphism for full genetic evaluation of the micropopulation of German Shepherd dogs (PIC < 0.500), as confirmed by Chinese researcher J.-H. Ye, according to his data PIC value for PEZ1 locus was 0,320, which correlates with our results. And PIC value for PEZ8 locus was 0.740 in our studies, whereas according to J.-H. Ye – 0,720, which, by contrast, indicates high polymorphism and confirms the effectiveness of its use in genotyping of dogs. Probability of exclusion of accidental allele coincidence (PE), which is 0.675 on average, indicates a lack of the number and informativeness of the selected microsatellite markers for German Shepherd as in this case a combined probability (CPE) of accidental allele coincidence is 0.933886 or 93.3%. The chosen microsatellite loci to study the genetic structure of the German Shepherd dog population, show a sufficiently high informativeness of chosen system of molecular genetic DNA markers. However, there is the need for using additional microsatellite markers which will increase the combined probability of accidental allele coincidence (CPE) from 93.3% to 99.9%. The analysis of heterozygosity is important in studying the dynamics of genetic processes in populations, because heterozygosity has an effect on many factors, including mutations, selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, etc., so continuous monitoring of genetic diversity is required for their timely identification and development of measures to improve breeding work on biodiversity in different dog breeds.

scholarly journals Genetic and reproductive characterization of distylous Primula reinii in the Hakone volcano, Japan: implications for conservation of the rare and endangered plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 17263-17275
Author(s):  
Masaya Yamamoto ◽  
Honami Sugawara ◽  
Kazuhiro Fukushima ◽  
Hiroaki Setoguchi ◽  
Kaoruko Kurata
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Hakone Volcano ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Central Cone ◽  
Rare And Endangered

Genetic and ecological evaluation are crucial in effective management of rare and endangered species, including those exhibiting complex breeding systems such as distyly.  We studied a threatened distylous herb Primula reinii in the Hakone volcano, central Japan, to obtain baseline information of reproductive and genetic status towards conservation.  In two representative populations inhabiting a central cone and somma of the volcano, population size, floral morph ratio, stigmatic pollen deposition, and fruit-set were measured.  Using microsatellite markers, we evaluated genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of populations.  Population bottlenecks and historical changes in population size were also estimated from genotype data.  We found significant deviation from equal morph ratios in the central cone population, which also exhibited skewed mating success together with a high frequency of pollination within the same morph.  These trends were not detected in the somma population.  From genetic insights, the central cone population showed slightly lower genetic diversity, whereas no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found in either population.  The estimated moderate genetic differentiation and admixed genetic structure suggest recent lineage divergence and/or gene flow between populations.  While robust evidence for a recent bottleneck was not obtained in our analyses, a clear signature of historical population contraction was detected in the central cone population. Our findings suggest that the skewed morph ratio strongly influenced the reproduction of small and isolated populations in the short-term, highlighting the vulnerability of distylous plant populations under ongoing anthropogenic pressure.

Genetic Analysis of Chinese Cucumber Collections in the U.S. National Germplasm Collection

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 534e-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Staub ◽  
Felix Sequen ◽  
Tom Horejsi ◽  
Jin Feng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
National Plant Germplasm System ◽  
The U.S

Genetic variation in cucumber accessions from China was assessed by examining variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci. Principal component analysis of allelic variation allowed for the depiction of two distinct groupings of Chinese accessions collected in 1994 and 1996 (67 accessions). Six isozyme loci (Gpi, Gr, Mdh-2, Mpi-2, Pep-gl, and Pep-la) were important in elucidating these major groups. These groupings were different from a single grouping of Chinese 146 accessions acquired before 1994. Allelic variation in Chinese accessions allowed for comparisons with other accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (U.S. NPGS) collection grouped by continent and sub-continent. When Chinese accessions taken collectively were compared with an array of 853 C. sativus U.S. NPGS accessions examined previously, relationships differed between accessions grouped by country or subcontinent. Data indicate that acquisition of additional Chinese and Indian cucumber accessions would be strategically important for increasing genetic diversity in the U.S. NPGS cucumber collection.

Evolutionary genetics of small populations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frankham ◽  
Jonathan D. Ballou ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Michele R. Dudash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Evolutionary Genetic ◽  
Loss Of Genetic Diversity ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Genetic management of fragmented populations involves the application of evolutionary genetic theory and knowledge to alleviate problems due to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in small population fragments. Populations evolve through the effects of mutation, natural selection, chance (genetic drift) and gene flow (migration). Large outbreeding, sexually reproducing populations typically contain substantial genetic diversity, while small populations typically contain reduced levels. Genetic impacts of small population size on inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation are determined by the genetically effective population size, which is usually much smaller than the number of individuals.

scholarly journals Population structure and genetic diversity of non-native aoudad populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunčica Stipoljev ◽  
Toni Safner ◽  
Pavao Gančević ◽  
Ana Galov ◽  
Tina Stuhne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Control Region ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Spanish Populations ◽  
Microsatellite Alleles ◽  
Shared Alleles ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractThe aoudad (Ammotragus lervia Pallas 1777) is an ungulate species, native to the mountain ranges of North Africa. In the second half of the twentieth century, it was successfully introduced in some European countries, mainly for hunting purposes, i.e. in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Italy, and Spain. We used neutral genetic markers, the mitochondrial DNA control region sequence and microsatellite loci, to characterize and compare genetic diversity and spatial pattern of genetic structure on different timeframes among all European aoudad populations. Four distinct control region haplotypes found in European aoudad populations indicate that the aoudad has been introduced in Europe from multiple genetic sources, with the population in the Sierra Espuña as the only population in which more than one haplotype was detected. The number of detected microsatellite alleles within all populations (< 3.61) and mean proportion of shared alleles within all analysed populations (< 0.55) indicates relatively low genetic variability, as expected for new populations funded by a small number of individuals. In STRUCTURE results with K = 2–4, Croatian and Czech populations cluster in the same genetic cluster, indicating joined origin. Among three populations from Spain, Almeria population shows as genetically distinct from others in results, while other Spanish populations diverge at K = 4. Maintenance of genetic diversity should be included in the management of populations to sustain their viability, specially for small Czech population with high proportion of shared alleles (0.85) and Croatian population that had the smallest estimated effective population size (Ne = 5.4).

scholarly journals Whole genome sequencing reveals high differentiation, low levels of genetic diversity and short runs of homozygosity among Swedish wels catfish

Heredity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Jensen ◽  
Mette Lillie ◽  
Kristofer Bergström ◽  
Per Larsson ◽  
Jacob Höglund
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Peripheral Populations ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Runs Of Homozygosity ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Native Populations

AbstractThe use of genetic markers in the context of conservation is largely being outcompeted by whole-genome data. Comparative studies between the two are sparse, and the knowledge about potential effects of this methodology shift is limited. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing data to assess the genetic status of peripheral populations of the wels catfish (Silurus glanis), and discuss the results in light of a recent microsatellite study of the same populations. The Swedish populations of the wels catfish have suffered from severe declines during the last centuries and persists in only a few isolated water systems. Fragmented populations generally are at greater risk of extinction, for example due to loss of genetic diversity, and may thus require conservation actions. We sequenced individuals from the three remaining native populations (Båven, Emån, and Möckeln) and one reintroduced population of admixed origin (Helge å), and found that genetic diversity was highest in Emån but low overall, with strong differentiation among the populations. No signature of recent inbreeding was found, but a considerable number of short runs of homozygosity were present in all populations, likely linked to historically small population sizes and bottleneck events. Genetic substructure within any of the native populations was at best weak. Individuals from the admixed population Helge å shared most genetic ancestry with the Båven population (72%). Our results are largely in agreement with the microsatellite study, and stresses the need to protect these isolated populations at the northern edge of the distribution of the species.

scholarly journals Small population size and low genomic diversity have no effect on fitness in experimental translocations of a wild fish

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1916) ◽  
pp. 20191989 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Yates ◽  
E. Bowles ◽  
D. J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Isolated Populations

Little empirical work in nature has quantified how wild populations with varying effective population sizes and genetic diversity perform when exposed to a gradient of ecologically important environmental conditions. To achieve this, juvenile brook trout from 12 isolated populations or closed metapopulations that differ substantially in population size and genetic diversity were transplanted to previously fishless ponds spanning a wide gradient of ecologically important variables. We evaluated the effect of genome-wide variation, effective population size ( N e ), pond habitat, and initial body size on two fitness correlates (survival and growth). Genetic variables had no effect on either fitness correlate, which was determined primarily by habitat (pond temperature, depth, and pH) and initial body size. These results suggest that some vertebrate populations with low genomic diversity, low N e , and long-term isolation can represent important sources of variation and are capable of maintaining fitness in, and ultimately persisting and adapting to, changing environments. Our results also reinforce the paramount importance of improving available habitat and slowing habitat degradation for species conservation.

scholarly journals GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MACKEREL SCADS, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Achmad Zamroni ◽  
Suwarso Suwarso
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Stock Information ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Mackerel scads (Decapterus macarellus) is a small widely distributed pelagic species in ocean. In 2013, monthly catch and abundance index of mackerel scads increased in western part of Sumatera waters. High exploitation of mackerel scads may lead to decrease stock due to the over exploitation. Stock information is very useful for calculating of the potential fish. Genetic analysis is one of the powerful tools to estimate fish stock quickly. Genetic diversity of mackerel scads in this study was analyzed using RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) with AfaI, EcoR I, HapII, HinfI and TaqI restriction enzyme. The results showed that the lowest genetic diversity of mackerel scads was Labuan population. Kinship Labuan was also the furtherest stock compared to other populations. It can be concluded that the population of Labuan is derived from a different sub-species. The closest kinship was between Aceh and Sibolga stock.

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