scholarly journals Genetic and reproductive characterization of distylous Primula reinii in the Hakone volcano, Japan: implications for conservation of the rare and endangered plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 17263-17275
Author(s):  
Masaya Yamamoto ◽  
Honami Sugawara ◽  
Kazuhiro Fukushima ◽  
Hiroaki Setoguchi ◽  
Kaoruko Kurata
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Hakone Volcano ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Central Cone ◽  
Rare And Endangered

Genetic and ecological evaluation are crucial in effective management of rare and endangered species, including those exhibiting complex breeding systems such as distyly.  We studied a threatened distylous herb Primula reinii in the Hakone volcano, central Japan, to obtain baseline information of reproductive and genetic status towards conservation.  In two representative populations inhabiting a central cone and somma of the volcano, population size, floral morph ratio, stigmatic pollen deposition, and fruit-set were measured.  Using microsatellite markers, we evaluated genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of populations.  Population bottlenecks and historical changes in population size were also estimated from genotype data.  We found significant deviation from equal morph ratios in the central cone population, which also exhibited skewed mating success together with a high frequency of pollination within the same morph.  These trends were not detected in the somma population.  From genetic insights, the central cone population showed slightly lower genetic diversity, whereas no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found in either population.  The estimated moderate genetic differentiation and admixed genetic structure suggest recent lineage divergence and/or gene flow between populations.  While robust evidence for a recent bottleneck was not obtained in our analyses, a clear signature of historical population contraction was detected in the central cone population. Our findings suggest that the skewed morph ratio strongly influenced the reproduction of small and isolated populations in the short-term, highlighting the vulnerability of distylous plant populations under ongoing anthropogenic pressure.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the rare and endangered species, Primula ranunculoides

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-609
Author(s):  
Wang Deyun ◽  
Peng Jie ◽  
Chen Yajing ◽  
Lü Guosheng ◽  
Zhang Xiaoping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered

scholarly journals Small population size and low genomic diversity have no effect on fitness in experimental translocations of a wild fish

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1916) ◽  
pp. 20191989 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Yates ◽  
E. Bowles ◽  
D. J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Isolated Populations

Little empirical work in nature has quantified how wild populations with varying effective population sizes and genetic diversity perform when exposed to a gradient of ecologically important environmental conditions. To achieve this, juvenile brook trout from 12 isolated populations or closed metapopulations that differ substantially in population size and genetic diversity were transplanted to previously fishless ponds spanning a wide gradient of ecologically important variables. We evaluated the effect of genome-wide variation, effective population size ( N e ), pond habitat, and initial body size on two fitness correlates (survival and growth). Genetic variables had no effect on either fitness correlate, which was determined primarily by habitat (pond temperature, depth, and pH) and initial body size. These results suggest that some vertebrate populations with low genomic diversity, low N e , and long-term isolation can represent important sources of variation and are capable of maintaining fitness in, and ultimately persisting and adapting to, changing environments. Our results also reinforce the paramount importance of improving available habitat and slowing habitat degradation for species conservation.

Target Region Amplification Polymorphism (TRAP) for Assessing Genetic Diversity and Relationships Among Cultivated Populations of Dendrobium officinale

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
Bingzhong Ding ◽  
Benhou Zhang ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Qingyun Xue ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Target Region ◽  
Target Region Amplification Polymorphism ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Upgma Dendrogram ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Cultivated Populations ◽  
High Level

Dendrobium officinale (Orchidacesae) is one of the rare and endangered species of herbs in China. Therefore, it will be beneficial to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships of cultivated populations of D. officinale for quality improvement. In this study, eight target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) primer combinations were selected from fifty-four combinations, which were designed based on the related genes of the polysaccharides and alkaloids. A total of 148 fragments were scored in nine cultivated populations of D. officinale, including 130 (87.84%) polymorphic fragments. The analysis of genetic diversity revealed high level of genetic diversity in cultivated populations of D. officinale (H = 0.4125, I = 0.5985). Based on analysis of genetic structure, there was a moderate variation (Gst = 0.4706) and lower gene flow (Nm = 0.5625) among the cultivated populations due to some isolated measures, and domestication of excellent cultivars. Moreover, UPGMA dendrogram and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) indicated that nine cultivated populations were divided into four major groups. The results suggested that genetic relationships were associated with geographical germplasm sources instead of cultivation locations. Therefore, TRAP markers can be effectively employed to analyze genetic diversity and relationships among cultivated populations of D. officinale.

scholarly journals Hybridization and Low Genetic Diversity in the Endangered Alabama Red-Bellied Turtle (Pseudemys alabamensis)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickolas Moreno ◽  
Andrew Heaton ◽  
Kaylin Bruening ◽  
Emma Milligan ◽  
David Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Turtle Species

Pseudemys alabamensis is one of the most endangered turtle species in the United States due to its small population size and restricted geographic distribution in coastal Alabama and Mississippi. Increased urbanization and climate change impacts in the region further threaten this species. Populations of P. alabamensis are geographically isolated from one another by land and salt water, which could act as barriers to intraspecific gene flow. It is currently unknown how differentiated these isolated populations are from one another or whether they have experienced reductions in population size. Previous work found morphological differences between Alabama and Mississippi populations, suggesting that they may be evolutionarily distinct. Other Pseudemys turtles such as P. concinna and P. floridana occur within the same geographic area as P. alabamensis and are known to hybridize with each other. These more abundant species could further threaten the unique genetic identity of P. alabamensis through introgression. In order to evaluate the endangered status of P. alabamensis and the level of hybridization with other species, we used the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region and nuclear microsatellite markers to assess genetic variation within and among populations of this species throughout its range and estimate admixture with co-occurring Pseudemys species. Genetic diversity of P. alabamensis was lower than expected at both markers (no variation in mtDNA and excess of homozygosity in microsatellites). We found evidence of genetic differentiation between Alabama and Mississippi populations as well as two populations (Fowl River, Alabama and Biloxi, Mississippi) with low estimated breeding sizes and signs of inbreeding. Finally, we found evidence of admixture of P. alabamensis with P. concinna/P. floridana and Pseudemys peninsularis (a species not native to Alabama or Mississippi). Our results indicate that P. alabamensis is highly endangered throughout its range and threatened by both low population sizes and hybridization. In order to improve the species' chances of survival, focus should be placed on habitat preservation, maintenance of genetic diversity within both Mississippi and Alabama populations, and regular population monitoring activities such as nest surveillance and estimates of recruitment.

Ecological and genetic analysis of Gentiana lutea L. populations from Ukrainian Carpatians

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
M. Z. Mosula ◽  
O. Yu. Маyorova ◽  
L. R. Hrytsak ◽  
V. M. Mel’nyk ◽  
N. M. Drobyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Point System ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Analysis of five natural (Lemska, Gutyn Tomnatyk, Sheshul-Pavlyk, Krachunyeska, Troyaska-Tataruka) and one man-made (Pozhyzhevska) populations of G. lutea of the Ukrainian Carpathians based on the parameters of genetic diversity (polimorphy, heterozygosis, the division of the total genetic variation for intra- and interpopulation) and ecological characteristics (density, age structure, the ability to self-sustaining) as well. Total (Dt) and effective (De) population density and number of indices: regeneration (RI), substitution (SI), aging (AI), age (Δ) and efficiency (ω) were determined. Vitality analysis of populations was performed by the method of Yu. A. Zlobin, while the type of strategy determined by Y. V. Tsaryk approach. Character of self-sustaining was determined by the ratio between the number of individuals of generative and vegetative origin. Analysis of genetic diversity of populations was performed by labeling inter-satellite sequences (ISSR-PCR) and arbitrary DNA ones (RAPD-PCR). Comprehensive analysis of the population states by their ecological and genetic parameters were performed similarly to the 5-point system of N. M. Beltyukova (2010). For the first time an integrated ecological and genetic approach to assessing the current state of the six populations of G. lutea of Ukrainian Carpathians was used. The research results can be used for stabilizing the number of violations and restoring the endangered natural populations. It was established that the indices of genetic polymorphism were similar for different investigated populations. It was found significant genetic divergence, which is due to their geographic isolation and differences in growth conditions. By the results of complex ecological and genetic analysis of G. lutea populations were classified into three groups: stable, relatively stable, unstable. The stability of populations (Lemska, Sheshul-Pavlyk), to our mind, is defined as their environmental and genetic characteristics and location in the conservation area. All this together provides the ability of populations to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions. As relatively stable was classified population from Gutyn Tomnatyk mount, which, despite the small number of individuals showed high levels of genetic polymorphism. This conservation of the genetic diversity by scanty isolated populations indicates the fact that G. lutea species so far has genetic resources that are capable of restoring the population in case of creation the favorable conditions. Troyaska-Tataruka and Krachunyeska populations was classified as unstable, which is obviously due to positioning of these localities in conditions of heavy anthropogenic pressure and the inability of their individuals to compete with tall shrubs in phytocenoses. The division of localities into separate loci may alter the overall genetic structure of the population; deteriorating of growth conditions may lead to disruption of population structures and, as s result, reduce their stability. Man-made population on Pozhyzhevska by the results of ecological and genetic analysis was stable. The ability of this population to withstand external influences, to compete with other types of groups and explore new territory was determined. Stability of agropopulation from Pozhyzhevska is evidence that artificial plantations of G. lutea in the highlands of Ukrainian Carpathians can serve as a way to preserve the gene pool of this species.

scholarly journals Semen banking—is it now feasible for captive endangered species?

Oryx ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Holt ◽  
H. D. M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Semen Preservation

This article proposes that serious consideration should now be given to the establishment of banks of genetic material from rare and endangered species. In the light of advances in the technology associated with semen assessment and preservation, the limitations that have so far discouraged the practice of semen freezing and banking can now be minimized and circumvented. The authors review these developments and suggest that semen preservation should be reconsidered as a practical means of preserving the genetic diversity currently contained within captive stocks of wild animals.

scholarly journals Molecular markers for analysis of plant genetic diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-608
Author(s):  
Vu Tuan Nam ◽  
Pham Le Bich Hang ◽  
Nguyen Nhat Linh ◽  
Luu Han Ly ◽  
Huynh Thi Thu Hue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Rare And Endangered

Genetic diversity plays an important role in diversity conservation at multiple levels and supports to monitor and assess genetic variation. In plants, genetic diversity provides the ability to adapt and respond to environmental conditions that helps plants to survive through changing environments. Genetic diversity analyses based on molecular genetic markers are effective tools for conservation and reintroduction of rare and endangered species. In recent years, the development of various chemical and molecular techniques for studying genetic diversity has received great attention. While biochemical markers are primarily used in the diagnosis of pathogens, DNA markers have been developed and widely applied for identification of species and population based on the genotype of an organism that is more stable and not easily affected by the environmental factors. PCR-based molecular marker tools, such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are used for analysing the difference in the targeted DNA sequences. With the rapid and robust development of genomic sequencing technology it is now possible to obtain and analyse DNA sequences of the whole genome of studied organisms. However, each type of DNA markers has different principles, as well as the pros and cons of specificity. In this article, we review methods and point out DNA markers, which are considered as reliable and widely used tools for the detection of genetic variation. In addition, we present the application of DNA marker in analysing genetic diversity of wild, domestic and medicinal plants, as well as some perspectives on the future of DNA marker’s application in the analysis of genetic diversity.

Cryobanking of Amphibian Genetic Recourses in Russia: Past and Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
Victor K. Uteshev ◽  
Edith N. Gakhova ◽  
Ludmila I. Kramarova ◽  
Natalia V. Shishova ◽  
Svetlana A. Kaurova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Cell Biophysics ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Current State ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In modern biology, a search for efficient and safe ways of long-term storage of animal genomes is vital for the survival of rare and endangered species. To date, the only reliable method of prolonging the preservation of genome is deep freezing of somatic and reproductive cells, including spermatozoa. Here we overview the current state of reproductive technologies and present the cryopresevation strategies of genetic material of selected amphibian species. These strategies were developed at the Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia. Cryopreservation could help managing the threatened populations of amphibian species through genome storage and mediate the production of healthy animals from the stored material.

ЗУБРЫ НА СЕВЕРЕ РОССИИ — НАСТОЯЩЕЕ И БУДУЩЕЕ

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
I.V. GUSAROV ◽  
V.A. OSTAPENKO ◽  
T.V. NOVIKOVА
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
European Bison ◽  
Rare And Endangered Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Rare And Endangered ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Впервые в мире создана популяция зубров на территории 60 градусов северной широты. В новых климатических условиях разведения и сохранения зубров определены и проанализированы факторы существования вида на севере Европейской части РФ. Выявлены признаки, динамика численности, которые являются составной частью системы, предназначенной для управления биоразнообразием. Интродукция, являясь процессом введения в экосистему нехарактерных для нее видов, может усиливать изменения биоценозов как положительно, так и отрицательно. Насколько быстро и успешно проходит процесс адаптации заселенного вида, и усматривается его влияние на окружающую среду зависит дальнейшее существование зубров и в целом биоразнообразия. В статье обсуждаются вопросы взаимоотношения зубров с другими видами копытных и хозяйственной деятельностью человека, а также дальнейшим использованием зубров в сельскохозяйственном производстве. Пластичность зубров, выявление изменений и их анализ при вселении видов в новые условия обитания необходимы не только для определения развития или деградации биоценозов и в целом экосистемы, но и прогноза социально-экономических последствий интродукции как одного из методов сохранения редких и исчезающих видов фауны.For the first time in the world, a bison population has been created in an area of 60 degrees north latitude. In the new climatic conditions of breeding and preservation of bison, the factors of the species existence in the north of the European part of the Russian Federation are identified and analyzed. The signs, dynamics of abundance, which are an integral part of the system designed to manage biodiversity are identified, since the preservation of biological diversity on the planet is one of the main problems of our time. Introduction, being the process of introducing non-typical species into an ecosystem, can enhance changes in biocenoses, both positively and negatively. The question posing sounds especially when it comes to such a large hoofed animal as the European bison. How quickly and successfully the process of adaptation of the universe takes place and its environmental impact is seen depends on the continued existence of bison and biodiversity in general. The article discusses the relationship of bison with other types of ungulates and human activities, as well as the further use of bison in agricultural production. How these issues will be resolved positively depends on the future of these animals. Thus, the plasticity of bison, the identification of changes and their analysis, with the introduction of species into new habitat conditions is necessary not only to determine the development or degradation of biocenoses and the ecosystem as a whole, but also to predict the socio-economic consequences due to the introduction as one of the methods of preserving rare and endangered species of fauna.

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