scholarly journals The evolution of podzolized and regraded chernozems in Eastern Upland Wooded Steppe of Ukraine and the ways of their development

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
S. V. Kanivets
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Natural Soils ◽  
Humus Profile ◽  
Hydrolyzable Nitrogen

It is indicated that podzolized and regarded chernozems in moderately humid and arid zones of Left-bank Wooded steppe with HTC 1,2–1,0 (within the valleys of the Sula and Oskil rivers) occur in high watersheds along right bedrock banks of the valleys, adjoining or being included into wooded refugiums. Being formed by the grove biogeocenosis, they have high rates of fertility. The morphological research of natural podzolized chernozems profiles showed, that the upper humus slightly-eluviated horizon, densely interweaved by roots, has coarse agronomically valuable structure, loose composition, dark-grey colour, that indicates high content of humus. It is mostly favoured by the biologically active, rich in calcium ground litter and the pristinity of soil texture. The general capacity of the humus profile is not less than 100 cm. While brining natural soils into tillage some changes of soil development conditions arise. They are: hydrothermic conditions, secondary carbonate enrichment (regradation), loosening of illuvial horizon. Under mechanical tillage the granular structure changes into a pulverescent and cloddy one, the topsoil becomes lighter because of humus loss, though the humus profile becomes 10–20 cm deeper. The analytical results indicate the sufficient differences in physicochemical and agrochemical characteristics between forest podzolized chernozems and their regradated analogs in tillage. Natural soils contain 5,7–6,5 % of humus in upper 0–35 cm layer, and up to 10,0 % in 0–15 cm layer. They also have considerable resources of hydrolyzable nitrogen. In agrogenic soils the humus content is up to 3,6 %. The humus is of a humate type both in podzolized and regarded soils. The smallest proportion of Сh.a./Сf.a is in the lower layer of humus eluviated horizon of forest soils. The level of humus loss by agrogenic soils in humus slightly-eluviated layer fluctuates from 37 % to 44 %. Dark-grey and grey forest soils lose more than half of humus content, typical chernozems – nearly 30 %, ordinary chernozems – 20 %. Regraded analogs are inferior according to the hydrolyzable nitrogen content. Positive evolutional changes in tillage, such as acidity reduction, bases saturation growth, illuvium destruction, didn’t yield expected results – resistance to degradation processes. For the development of agrogenic soils it is necessary to implement flexible complex systems of husbandry with minimal intensity of tillage, adapted to the landscape, bringing the culture of husbandry closer to natural conditions. Promising is the implementation of soil protection technologies with the maximum use of freak produce of plant growing. The integrity of soil composition and biologically active layer of mulch create the conditions, close to virgin ones, that lead to the transition of soil to natural non-degradation conditions without losing its productive functions.

scholarly journals Change of Agrochemical Parameters of Gray Podzolized Soils of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe under the Influence of Forest Ecosystems

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Gray Forest Soils ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Purpose. The study of changes in the main agrochemical parameters in the upper layers of the gray forest soils of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine that were removed from agricultural processing and forested with pine, in different years. Methods. Theoretical methods included the collection and description of facts, their analysis. Empirical methods involved conducting field research on test plots of the state-owned enterprise “Chuguevo-Babchansky LG” and farm near woodlands. Laboratory and analytical studies were performed using standardized measurement methods. The generalization of the experimental data was performed using application software packages. Results. Studies were carried out on soils under natural forest plantations, soils in intensive agricultural processing and unproductive soils that are derived from agricultural use. In all the studied soils, the main agrochemical parameters were compared among themselves: mobile forms of nitrogen, pH, humus content, content of common forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Statistical dependences between agrochemical parameters in the studied variants were established. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the revitalization and development of humification and accumulation of nutrients in old arable gray forest soils with an increase in the duration of exposure to pine forest. The age stages of the forest determine the specifics of the environmental factors that influence the soil-forming processes. In the soil of a young pine-tree (12 years), there are more cases of an increase in the coefficients of spatial variation. This indicates that the formation of young ecosystems are characterized by low resistance, in these biocenoses the dynamic equilibrium is not reached, which is characteristic of more mature pine forests.

scholarly journals Dark gray podzolized soils of the Chyzhykiv ridge: problems of degradation and protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Haskevych ◽  
Nadiya Lemeha ◽  
Anastasiya Vishchur
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
General Physical ◽  
Very High

The results of the research of degradation of dark gray podzolized soils (Luvis Greyzemic Phaeozems) of the Chyzhykiv ridge are presented. The causes and consequences of this dangerous natural and anthropogenic phenomenon are analyzed. It has been established that the intensive agricultural use of soils caused the activation of water erosion processes, the development of physical degradation processes, which lead to soil compaction, deterioration of their general physical properties, and loss of humus. Degradation processes lead to a decrease in soil fertility and unprofitability of agriculture, worsen the ecological state of the environment. In the study of degradation processes and their consequences in dark gray podzolized soils, the following methods were used: comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, catena method, analytical, statistical. Soil field explorations were carried out after the growing season. The most dangerous among the degradation processes are erosion degradation, which leads to a decrease in the capacity of the soil profile and deterioration of the soil agrophysical properties. The results of the studies demonstrated that the capacity of the profile of poorly eroded soils decreased on average by 14.5 cm compared to the standard, in medium-eroded – by 28.3 cm, in highly-eroded – by 50.8 cm. Soils underwent erosion from low to very high (crisis) degree. Degradation processes of anthropogenic genesis caused a deterioration of the structural and aggregate state of the soils, which is manifested in a decrease in the content of agronomically valuable soil aggregates and the dominance of the sloping fraction. According to the research results, the content of agronomically valuable aggregates with a size of 10–0.25 mm in the arable soil layer is 18.65–33.86 %, which indicates a high and very high (crisis) level of degradation. Soils also undergo degradation due to re-compaction, which is manifested in an increase in the density of the structure and a decrease in the overall porosity of the soil. Long anthropogenic pressure on soils and erosion degradation processes have led to a decrease in humus content. In particular, in poorly eroded soils the humus content is 2.03 %, in medium-eroded soils – 1.45 %, in highly eroded – 1.06 %, which is 16.9–64.6 % less than the standard. Measures are proposed to minimize the degradation of the dark gray podzolized soils of the Chyzhykiv ridge, which consist in the application of anti-erosion measures and soil-protective methods of soil processing, conservation of heavily degraded lands. The introduction of basic and crisis monitoring of the state of soils in the research area is recommended. Key words: the Chyzhykiv ridge, dark gray podzolized soils, erosion, degradation, soil protection.

Influence of tillage methods on the water-physical conditions of chernozem typical and winter wheat yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
O.O. Diomkin
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield

The article presents the results of three-year studies to determine the effectiveness of local chisel, ultra-deep chisel, chisel conventional and disk tillage when growing winter wheat after fallow in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It has been established that changing the plowing of local or disking soil tillage leads to an increase in the density and hardness of the arable layer. Solid chisel tillage ensures the agrophysical state of the soil at the level of plowing. Chisel loosening improves the structure of the arable layer due to an increase in the number of water resistance aggregates by 2.5–3.4 % in comparison with plowing. The methods of soil tillage in fallow have little effect on the change in the moisture content of the arable and meter layers, which is facilitated by the accumulation and retention of moisture during the maintenance of fallow. Chisel tillage contributes to an increase in soil protection efficiency of the surface by 5–7 % in comparison with plowing due to the partial preservation of crop residues in the period after harvesting the predecessor to the beginning of summer, improvement of the structure of the upper layer and differentiated redistribution of the root system. The highest level of soil protection efficiency is provided by local chisel loosening. All non-moldboard tillage in fallow contributed to an increase in the yield of wheat grain in comparison with plowing, especially after solid loosening with a chisel plow at 33-35 cm, where an increase in yield was recorded by 0.36 t/ha (9 %). An increase in the level of profitability by 16–25 % makes it possible to recommend chisel local and solid loosening by 33–35 cm in a fallow when growing winter wheat in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Keywords: winter wheat, chisel loosening, local loosening, efficiency, density, hardness, water resistance, yield.

Humus condition of brownish-podzolic soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathians

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Stepan Malyk ◽  
Zinoviy Pankiv
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Humus Composition ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
Soil Forming Processes

The indicators of humus condition reflect not only the productivity of soils, but also the features of the genesis, intensity and direction of soil-forming processes. It was found that the brownish-podzolic soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathian region are characterized by a low content of humus (1 36-3.7%) within the NE gl horizon, and in the lower horizons its content decreases sharply. Profile distribution of humus is determined as regressive-accumulative type, which is typical for most soils with elluvial-illuvial type of profile. The content of humus in the silty fraction of the studied soils is 1.5-2.0 times higher in comparison with the fine soil, and within I (e) m gl of the horizon the accumulation of humus is established, which is due to the lessivage process. Brown-podzolic soils are characterized by fulvate type of humus (C ha: C fa = 0.2-0.5). The movement of fulvic acids within the profile, especially organo-mineral colloids, is caused by the lessivage process. Among fulvic acids, the fraction connected with the mineral part (FC-3) has the highest content, which increases with the depth from 17.6 to 35.1%. The enhance in the content of this fraction with depth is primarily due to the ability to migrate within the profile. It can cause both the movement of fulvic acids deep into the profile with their sorption on peptizing colloids, and the joint movement of organo-mineral peptized colloids in the profile. The highest level of humification (28.10–28.75%) have upper humus-elluvial horizons, because they create the best conditions for the intensive activity of microorganisms. The humus content in clay cutans is 1.5 times higher than in the contained illuvial horizon, which is caused by lessivage and clay granulometric distribution. The humus content in the nodules is lower (0.26%) in comparison with the contained horizon. The results of the optical density analysis indicate a decrease in the extinction index from NE g1 to I (e) m gl of the horizon, which correlates with the indicators of the profile distribution of humic acids, the total content of which decreases with the depth. Such characteristics of humus composition indicate the genetic affinity with brown forest soils.

scholarly journals RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF COMPACTION OF HOPS INTERMEDIARY BY MOTORS OF TRACTORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Петр Смирнов ◽  
Petr Smirnov ◽  
Николай Пушкаренко ◽  
Nikolay Pushkarenko ◽  
Александр Акимов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Vertical Deformation ◽  
Soil Composition ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
First Case ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Chuvash Republic

Based on experimental studies, a technique was proposed for comparing the areas of compaction by tractor propulsors in field conditions and in the aisle interval, the zones of inefficient and intensive use of the hopper space were determined and the solution of the problem of the optimization of the aisle zones was given. The results of experimental studies of the density of soil composition on hop crops are summarized in caterpillar compaction (LLC “Agrokhmel” of Vournarsky District, Chuvash Republic) and wheeled tractors (KOPKh “Leninskaya iskra” of Yadrinsky District, Chuvash Republic). In the first case, the T-54B tracked tractor was used, and in the second - the MTZ-921 wheeled tractor. The soils under the hops in LLC “Agrokhmel” are predominantly dark gray forest soils with an average humus content of 4.1% at a depth of 0.2 m, in KOPKh “Leninskaya iskra” - gray forest with a humus content of 2.9% (at a depth of 0, 2 m). According to the results of the implementation of soil sections on the hop-growers of the Chuvash Republic, it has been established that at the depth of the arable layer 0 ... 0.3 m there are no completely hop roots between traces of tractor passage. Analyzes of shear vertical deformation under the trail of the tractor’s wheel and its propagation along the depth show that after a threefold passage along the same trail, the displacement of soil layers practically ceases, while at the same time, in modern hone-growing technologies, up to 12 ... 14 passes intercoupling. To improve the conditions for growing hops, a quantitative reduction in the blocked zone of the hop-crop intervals is necessary. The study found that the density of the composition of the soil active hop under the tracks of the tractor T-54B is greater than under the wheel tractor MTZ-921. The resulted analytical decisions have shown that the zone of intensive usage of the hop-crop spacing more than 60% is achieved with the use of tractors T-54B and T-25A with the smallest rim when planting the hop sprocket with a spacing of 3.33 m.

scholarly journals Diagnostics and Soil Forming Characteristics of Alluvial-Meadow Soils of Ganykh-Ayrichay Valley, Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Vilayat Gasanov ◽  
Bahadur Ismailov
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Base ◽  
Forming Characteristics ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
Alluvial Meadow

This study is devoted to the influence of ecological conditions on soil forming and improving the nomenclature of alluvial-meadow-forest soils in the flood plains of the subtropical forest-shrubby zone within Azerbaijan. On the basis of detailed soil mapping, the primary areal of soil units and the structure of soil cover were determined in the area of the Ganykh-Ayrichay valley. The spatial distribution of primary soil units, genetic features and diagnostic indexes (extend of bedding and development of the soil profile, thickness of the decomposedaccumulative layer, content of humus, total nitrogen, base saturation, particle size distribution, etc.) of stratified and typical suborders of alluvial-meadow-forest soils are identified. The turbidity and content of the weighted deposits of stream water is determined using regime-measurements. The weighted deposits contain a considerable amount of humus (1.2–1.8%) and its water soluble part, total nitrogen (0.09–0.13%) which significantly affects the morphogenetic diagnostics of the above described soils. The status of the humus content is characterized by a high activity, in which humic acid (15.3–20.8%) and fulvic acid (16.2–22.5%) dominate significantly, while the third fraction riches to 1.23–2.30% in the selective-group content. The ratio of Ch.a.:Cf.a. reaches to 0.88–0.93 in the leached soil profile (5.8–6.0), while reaching to 1.19–1.32 in carbonated soils (7.3–7.5). The total chemical composition of soils shows that the profile of leached soil is characterized by increasing the SiO2 (60.2–64.0%) content and sesquioxides (Al2O3=17.6–19.5%, Fe2O3=8.5–10.3%) and the carbonated suborders contain more CaO (7.1–9.2%). The active form of iron (Fe3+=182–496; Fe2+=56–123 mg 100 g soil) hints the insufficiency content in carbonated soils.

scholarly journals Estimation the impact of the linear form of recreation on the properties of brown forest soils (for example NPP «Skolivski Beskydy», Ukrainian Carpathians)

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych ◽  
Oksana Maryskevych ◽  
Iryna Shpakivska
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

The article analyses the impact of recreational loading on brown forest soils by physical, water-physical, agrochemical and biotic properties. It was found that the density of soil structure on the trails increased by 1.1-1.9 times and field soil moisture decreases by 1.8-1.9 times. In the initial stages of recreational degression, the humus content is recorded slightly higher compared to the control area, while on trails with a higher recreational load, on the contrary, decreases by more than 50%. Indicators of biotic activity is catalase activity of soil and biomass of soil biota. Depending on the stage of recreational regression, the indicators of biotic activity decreased by 25-60% compared with the control. As the criteria for estimating the impact of recreation activities on the soil: the width of the trail, the parallels trails, the density of the soil structure and the forest litter. Аccording to the results of field and laboratory studies: trail «Starovikovi lisy» are included in the I category and the trail «Dolynoyu richky Kamyanka» to the IV category, route «Skole-Parashka» – ІІІ category.

scholarly journals Gray forest soils peculiarities of loess islands in Polissia and Left-Bank Wooded Steppe of Ukraine

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Kanivets
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Natural Zones ◽  
Gray Forest Soils ◽  
Central Russian Upland ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
High Level

The article reviews the achievements in gray forest soils study, reveals the main tenets of their formation and the results of authors’ research. The authors were induced to carry out the research, stated in the article, by the necessity to convert from the generalized characteristics of gray forest soils to the differentiated ones, as it is very important with regard to sustainable use of soils fertility and developing their stabilization measures. The article deals with the peculiarities of gray forest soils in left-bank Ukraine from the aspect of these soils characteristic features discreteness within the area stretching from the Podillia to Central Russian Upland. The research was carried out in two provinces – in Chernihiv region, in the transition zone from Polissia (woodlands) to Wooded Steppe, where gray forest soils occur on loess islands and in northern part of Wooded Steppe in the valley terraces of the Desna and Dnipro rivers, and also in Kharkiv region in droughty Eastern Wooded Steppe of Ukraine. It is shown that gray forest soils of loess islands of Polissia (woodlands) and northern part of Wooded Steppe were formed mainly on loessivated sandy loams and partly on loessial loam soils. Among the analogs from other regions they have the shortest humus part of the profile. By the way, humus coloration of the profile increases maximally in the soils of the most humid regions in the Podillia Upland, and in the northern part of the Central Russian Upland. In Polissia (woodlands) and the adjacent (northern) belt of Wooded Steppe gray forest soils contain a very little amount of humus (1,2–1,6 %), have high acidity, contain few nutrients, especially nitrogen. Though, in husbandries of durable optimal arable farming culture rather fertile soils are formed, even on loess sandy loams. They contain 2,4–2,7 % of humus, are saturated with bases by 90–93 %, are characterized by the close to neutral condition reaction, have high content of phosphorus and potassium, and sufficient content of nitrogen. The soils of droughty Eastern Wooded Steppe adjoining to right banks of river valleys, mostly along the edges of plateau terraces, were formed on heavy loamy loesses. The biggest tract is situated around the city of Kharkiv (Kharkiv refugium). They contain more humus (over 2 %), have a deeper dark-gray coloration of the profile, have a less lack of bases and are more saturated with nutrients, though have substantial acidity. It is stated, that in the virgin gray forest soils (in groves) a rather high level of fertility is formed, active accumulation of humus, nitrogen and ashy elements, which are very important for soils fertility, takes place in particular. This is proved by the conclusions of S. V. Zonn and A. P. Travleev about the fact that a broad-leaved forest is not only the cause of leaching and podzolizing. But the factors of fertility decrease rapidly in arable soils. It is caused by stressful aeration while mechanical tilling, which is resulted in intensive mineralization of organic matter. All the above-mentioned peculiarities of gray forest soils properties are the necessary base of regional adaptive-landscape agriculture planning. As for the improvement of gray forest soils classification, the necessity of singling out gray forest soils subtypes according to natural zones and facies is proved, including singling out the above introduced subtype of gray forest soils and the subtype of gray wooded steppe soils.

scholarly journals Restoration of fertility of gray forest soil for management of intensive and organic agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
M.A. Tkachenko ◽  
I.M. Kondratiuk ◽  
A.I. Pavlichenko
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Gray Forest Soils ◽  
Organic And Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
High Level

The scientific substantiation of the authors on the essence of reproduction of fertility of acid gray forest soils, its types and forms of manifestation, factors of increase and regulation under conditions of intensive and organic agriculture is presented. An in-depth analysis of the amount of humus in loamy soils, a set of agrotechnological measures and patterns aimed at preventing the degradation of acidic gray forest soils and protection of their fertility in the agrocenosis with different technologies for growing crops. The optimal parameters of humus content and reserves and ways to achieve at a consistently high level of basic nutrients in gray forest soils with organic and intensive use are determined. Based on many years of research, the main issues are considered and the effectiveness of action and aftereffects of periodic chemical reclamation in combination with organic and mineral fertilizers is proved, and the effectiveness of one and a half dose of ameliorant for long-term intensive mineral load in agrocenosis is substantiated. The comparative productivity of agrocenosis for III and IV rotation on gray forest soil for organic farming is given.

Humus content and distribution in the profile of dark gray forest soils under different plants

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Vladychenskii ◽  
K. A. Shcheglov ◽  
D. V. Manakhov
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Gray Forest Soils
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