SOBREVIVENCIA Y CRECIMIENTO DE PLÁNTULAS DE TRES ESPECIES ARBÓREAS EN ÁREAS DE BOSQUE MONTANO ANDINO DEGRADADAS POR GANADERÍA EN COLOMBIA

En la Región Lechera del centro de Antioquia el paisaje ha sido ampliamente transformado de bosques montanos a pastizales para pastoreo de ganado vacuno, siendo la restauración del paisaje en esta zona una acción primordial que debe ser incorporada en el plan de uso de la tierra. El objetivo general de este estudio fue seleccionar tres especies arbóreas que promuevan el proceso de regeneración de bosques montanos y evaluar el efecto de diferentes estrategias de siembra sobre el establecimiento de las plántulas. Se consideró el efecto del tipo de fertilización, combinación de especies, disponibilidad lumínica y niveles de precipitación sobre la sobrevivencia y crecimiento de las plántulas. Quercus humboldtii, Weinmannia pubescens y Myrsine coriacea fueron las especies seleccionadas por presentar alto índice de valor de importancia ecológica y alta disponibilidad de semillas. La fertilización orgánica favoreció la sobrevivencia de las tres especies evaluadas y el crecimiento para W. pubescens. La combinación de especies no afectó la tasa de crecimiento pero si la sobrevivencia. Se detectó también mayor sobrevivencia en las plántulas de las tres especies que recibieron sombra en algún momento del día; al contrario, disminuyó en la época de sequía. El éxito en el establecimiento de Q. humboldtii, la tolerancia de W. pubescens a las heladas y la dispersión de semillas de M. coriacea por aves son características que en conjunto convierten a estas especies en promisoras para procesos de restauración ecológica en áreas de bosque montano.ABSTRACTMountain forest landscapes of the central region of Antioquia department (Colombia) have been largely transformed into pastures; therefore, ecological restoration must be included as a primordial strategy. The aim of this study was the selection of three tree species that help to improve natural regeneration of mountain forest and to evaluate the effect of different sowing strategies on the seedling`s establishment. We assessed the effect of fertilization type, combination of species, light availability and monthly precipitation on seedling survival and growth. Myrsine coriacea, Quercus humboldtii, and Weinmannia pubescens were selected on the basis of high importance value index and high seed availability. Survival of the three species was higher when seedlings were fertilized with organic matter. Also, growth was higher for W. pubescens. The combination of species had no effect on the growth rate of the three species, but it affected negatively the survival of Q. humboldtii and W. pubescens growing with M. coriacea. Survival was higher for seedlings of W. pubescens and M. coriacea out of the sun at some moment during the day. Also, survival diminished during drought period. Successful establishment of Q. humboldtii and tolerance of W. pubescens to frost and regrowth after freeze period and seed dispersal of M. coriacea by birds constitute a set of characteristics that make of these species promissory in the ecological restoration process in degraded mountain forest areas.

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Composition, community structure, and vertical distribution of epiphytic ferns on Cyathea junghuhniana in Gede-Pangrango National Park, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d221132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Uswatun Hasanah ◽

Hadisunarso Hadisunarso ◽

Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Vertical Distribution ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

National Park ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Tree Fern ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Epiphytic Fern

Abstract. Hasanah U, Hadisunarso, Praptosuwiryo TN. 2021. Composition, community structure, and vertical distribution of epiphytic ferns on Cyathea junghuhniana in Gede-Pangrango National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4968-4976. Epiphytic ferns are a significant component of tropical forests worldwide and contribute significantly to the high species diversity found in tropical regions. Tree ferns are important phorophytes for the establishment and occurrence of epiphytic fern species in tropical forests. The first detailed description of the diversity and abundance of epiphytic ferns on the tree fern Cyathea junghuhniana (Kunze) Copel. in a natural forest of Indonesia is provided. This study aimed to determine the species composition, richness, abundance, community structure, and vertical distribution of epiphytic ferns growing on the tree fern C. junghuhniana in the mountain forest of Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. The 35 tree fern caudices of at least 3 m height were selected by purposive random sampling. Each tree fern was divided into intervals of 1 meter from ground level to a height of three meters, thus obtaining 105 one-meter samples of the epiphytic fern community on tree fern caudices stratified according to height. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was estimated for each species of epiphyte based on the frequency of occurrence on caudices. The 35 tree fern caudices hosted 760 fern epiphytes belonging to 12 species of 9 genera and 6 families. The highest species richness occurred in Polypodiaceae. The species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI = 1.24 %) was Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze, with increasing frequency from bottom to top of the caudex.

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Tree structure and diversity of a Humid Mountain Forest in the protected natural area La Martinica, Veracruz, Mexico

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v69i4.46855 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 1189-1203

Author(s):

Rosa Lina López-Álvarez ◽

Mario Luna-Cavazos ◽

Juan Ignacio Valdez-Hernández ◽

Edmundo García-Moya

Keyword(s):

Forest Canopy ◽

Tree Structure ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Natural Area ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Floristic Similarity ◽

The North ◽

Protected Natural Area ◽

Closed Canopy

Tree structure and diversity at the protected natural area La Martinica, Veracruz, México. Introduction: The Humid Mountain Forest (HMF) has the largest number of plants per unit area, which vegetation grows in heterogeneous environmental conditions and has a high variation flora, physiognomy and structural. The conservation of the HMF is important due to the biodiversity it harbors and the environmental regulation services it provides. Objective: This work evaluated the effect of the direction of sun exposure (aspect) of the terrain and the density of the forest canopy (canopy opening type) on the structure and tree diversity in La Martinica Protected Natural Area, in Veracruz, Mexico. Methods: stratified sampling was performed in four aspects of the terrain and two canopy density conditions. In total, 25 20 x 25 m sampling units were considered (subdivided into 10 x 5 m units), in which the normal diameter (ND), total height and the largest and smallest diameters of the crown of the individuals with a ND ≥10 cm were registered. The diversity was estimated by means of rarefaction curves and the structure was analyzed through the importance value index and the forest value index. Results: We recorded 37 species belonging to 30 genera and 24 families, Zenithal and South aspects had the highest floristic similarity. Greater diversity was observed in the North aspect and in the Closed canopy. The tree species with the highest structural values were different between aspects and canopy types; Carpinus tropicalis presented the highest values in the Zenithal aspect, Lippia myriocephala in the East and South aspects, and Liquidambar styraciflua in the North. In both types of canopy Lippia myriocephala obtained the highest values in the Importance Value Index (IVI) and only Forest Value Index (FVI) in the Open canopy; Carpinus tropicalis reached a higher FVI in the Closed canopy. Conclusions: The tree structure was different in the four aspects studied, as well as in the two conditions of the canopy. The greatest difference in species composition and diversity was observed between the North and East aspects, of these, the North presented the highest richness values, equally frequent species and dominant species.

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Struktur Makroalga Pada Ekosistem Lamun Di Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Sulawesi Utara (Structure of Macroalgae in Seagrass Ecosystems at South Tabukan District, Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi

JURNAL BIOS LOGOS ◽

10.35799/jbl.9.1.2019.24169 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Irawaty Mertosono ◽

Ratna Siahaan ◽

Pience Maabuat

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Marine Macroalgae ◽

Line Transect ◽

Land Conversion ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Sea Transportation ◽

Seagrass Ecosystems ◽

Biodiversity Decline

Struktur Makroalga Pada Ekosistem Lamun Di Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Sulawesi Utara(Structure of Macroalgae in Seagrass Ecosystems at South TabukanDistrict, Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi) Irawaty A. Mertosono1), Ratna Siahaan1*) Pience V. Maabuat1)1)Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115*Email korespondensi:[email protected] Diterima 15 Februari 2019, diterima untuk dipublikasi 28 Februari 2019 Abstrak Makroalga laut merupakan tumbuhan laut yang tidak memiliki akar, batang, maupun daun sejati. Kegiatan manusia berupa pemanfaatan makroalga, konversi lahan, dan transportasi laut dapat menjadi penyebab penurunan biodiversitas makroalga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis struktur dan distribusi makroalga pada ekosistem lamun di Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Sulawesi Utara. Lokasi penelitian di tiga stasiun penelitian yaitu Pantai Karurung - Desa Salurang, Pantai Palareng - Desa Palareng dan Pantai Galoghong – Desa Batuwingkung. Penelitian dilakukan pada November-Desember 2018 dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode garis transek (line transect) dengan teknik pencuplikan kuadrat. Makroalga yang ditemukan sebanyak 36 spesies yang terdiri atas 25 spesies Divisi Chlorophyta, sembilan (9) spesies Divisi Rhodophyta dan dua (2) spesies Divisi Phaeophyta. Makroalga Bornetella nitida memiliki Indeks Nilai Penting 39, 24% mendominasi di lokasi penelitian. Keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener (H’) spesies makroalga di Stasiun I (H’:3,02) tergolong tinggi sedangkan pada Stasiun II (H’:2,86) dan Stasiun III (H’:2,63) tergolong sedang. Secara keseluruhan, keanekaragaman spesies makroalga di Kecamatan Tabukan Selatang tergolong tinggi (H’:3,00). Kata kunci: struktur makroalga, Pantai Karurung, Pantai Palareng, Pantai Galoghong,Tabukan Selatan Abstract Marine macroalgae are marine plant-like organisms that has no true roots, stems, or leaves. The human ativities of macroalgae utilization, land conversion, and sea transportation can cause of macroalgae biodiversity decline. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and distribution of macroalgae in seagrass ecosystems at South Tabukan District, Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi. The research locations were at three research stations, i.e. Karurung Beach - Salurang Village, Palareng Beach - Palareng Village and Galoghong Beach - Batuwingkung Village. The study was conducted in November-December 2018 with line transect method sampling and quadrate sampling technique. Macroalgae were 36 species consists of 25 species of Chlorophyta Division, nine (9) species of Rhodophyta Division and two (2) species of Phaeophyta Division. Macroalga Bornetella nitida had Importance Value Index 39.24% that dominated research locations. The Shannon-Wiener biodiversity Index (H’) of macroalgae species at Station I (H': 3.02) was classified as high while Station II (H': 2.86) and Station III (H ': 2.63) were moderate. Overall, macroalgae species diversity at Tabukan Selatang District was high (H’: 3.00). Keywords: Macroalgae structure, Macroalgae distribution, Karurung Beach, Palareng Beach, Galoghong Beach, South Tabukan

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Bigleaf maple seedling establishment and early growth in Douglas-fir forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-189 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 1226-1233 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jeremy S. Fried ◽

John C. Tappeiner II ◽

David E. Hibbs

Keyword(s):

Seed Predation ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Early Growth ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Stand Development ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Canopy Density ◽

Successful Establishment ◽

Survival Of Seedlings

Survival, age and height distributions, and stocking of bigleaf maple (Acermacrophyllum Pursh) seedlings were studied in 1- to 250-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands in western Oregon to identify the stages in stand development in which bigleaf maple is most likely to establish successfully from seed. Maple seedling emergence averaged 30–40% where seeds were planted and protected from rodents but was typically <2% for unprotected seeds. Seedling survival after 2 years was highly dependent on canopy density, measured by percent sky. Average 1st-year survival of seedlings originating from planted, protected seeds was highest in clearcuts (1–2 years old, 36% survival, 56% sky) and pole-size stands (41–80 years old, 30% survival, 17% sky) with sparse understories and canopies. It was lowest in young stands with dense canopies (20–40 years old, 4% survival, 8% sky) and old stands (81–250 years old, 14% survival, 13% sky) with dense understories. Naturally regenerated populations of bigleaf maple seedlings, which occurred in aggregations (0.005–0.04 ha in area), were most abundant (up to 10 000/ha) in pole-size Douglas-fir stands. Although seedling size distributions within stands had a strongly inverse J shaped form, size distributions within aggregations appeared more normal (bell-shaped). Seedling age rarely exceeded 15 years. Seedlings grew slowly in the understory, often reaching only 25 cm in height after 8–10 years, and were intensively browsed by deer. Naturally regenerated seedlings were virtually absent from clearcuts, probably because of dense competing vegetation and lack of seed caused by poor dispersal and seed predation. The "window" for the most successful establishment of bigleaf maple seedlings appears to begin after canopy thinning and end before forbs and shrubs invade.

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Changes in Woody Vegetation over 31 Years in Farmed Parkland of the Central Plateau, Burkina Faso

Land ◽

10.3390/land10050470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 470

Author(s):

Koichi Takenaka ◽

Kenta Ikazaki ◽

Saïdou Simporé ◽

François Kaboré ◽

Natacha Thiombiano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽

Woody Vegetation ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Central Plateau ◽

West Region ◽

Sapling Survival ◽

Tree Composition ◽

Insight Into

Farmed parklands of the Central Plateau, Burkina Faso, integrate native woody vegetation with managed cropland. However, sapling survival in the parklands is increasingly threatened. This study characterized woody vegetation abundance along a 2.7 km long transect in the Doulou Basin, Boulkiemdé Province, Central West Region, to assess changes in vegetation composition since 1984. In addition, a householder survey was conducted to gain insight into tree uses and preferences and residents’ knowledge of regulations. In total, 4999 individuals from 26 tree species were recorded, including 123 individuals (11 species) with stem DBH ≥ 5 cm, and 4876 individuals (21 species) with stem DBH < 5 cm. The three species with the highest importance value index provided fruit for sale or self-consumption. Tree abundance was associated with soil type and topography; highest abundance was on Lixisol soils along the lower transect. Soil degradation and preference changes among residents since 1984 may have influenced tree abundance. Certain beneficial species (e.g., Vitellaria paradoxa) have declined in abundance, and certain exotics (Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis) have expanded in distribution. Respondents expressed strongest interest in three species, including V. paradoxa, that show high versatility. These results supported the recorded tree composition. The respondents generally understood forest conservation regulations. Dissemination of regreening technology and awareness promotion among residents is essential for sustainable tree use in farmed parklands.

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Habitat selection of Himalayan Musk Deer Moschus leucogaster (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Moschidae) with respect to biophysical attributes in Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.6725.13.7.18703-18712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 18703-18712

Author(s):

Bijaya Neupane ◽

Nar Bahadur Chhetri ◽

Bijaya Dhami

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Habitat Characteristics ◽

Musk Deer ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Preferred Habitat ◽

Annapurna Conservation Area

Himalayan or White-bellied Musk Deer Moschus leucogaster, an IUCN indexed endangered species, is distributed in isolated pockets in the Himalaya. The deer population is decreasing owing to several pressures that include habitat loss and fragmentation, and poaching. It is essential to identify preferred habitat characteristics to support appropriate management strategies for conserving this endangered species. This study was carried out in the Nysheang basin of Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal to identify habitats preferred by the musk deer. Habitat field parameters were collected using transect surveys. To analyze vegetation use and availability, nested quadrate plots size 20 m2 were established. Ivlev’s electivity index (IV) (-1 to +1) was employed to determine habitat preference, and one-way ANOVA (F) and chi-square tests (χ2) were used to examine different habitat parameters. Similarly, the importance value index (IVI) of the vegetation was calculated. Our results showed that the Himalayan Musk Deer strongly preferred habitats at 3601–3800 m altitude (IV= 0.3, F= 4.58, P <0.05), with 21–30º slope (IV= 0.2, F= 4.14, P <0.05), 26–50 % crown cover (IV= 0.25, F= 4.45, P <0.05), 26–50 % ground cover (IV= 0.15, F= 4.13, P <0.05), and mixed forest (IV= 0.29, χ2= 28.82, df= 3, p <0.001). Among the trees, Abies spectabilis (IVI= 74.87, IV= 0.035) and Rhododendron arboretum (IVI= 55.41, IV= 0.02) were the most preferred, while Rhododendron lepidotum, Cassiope fastigiata (IV= 0.35) and Berberis aristata (IV= 0.25) were the most preferred shrubs, and Primula denticulata (IV= 0.87) and Primula rotundifolia (IV= 0.31) were the most preferred herbs. These preferred habitat conditions should be maintained and conserved to sustain a viable population of deer in the study area. Further studies will be required to assess the effects of climate change on habitat suitability.

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KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS VEGETASI MANGROVE DI DESA DUSUN BESAR KECAMATAN PULAU MAYA KABUPATEN KAYONG UTARA

JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI ◽

10.26418/jhl.v8i2.40074 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Cici Khairunnisa ◽

Eddy Thamrin ◽

Hari Prayogo

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Mangrove Forest ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Forest Vegetation ◽

Forest Area ◽

Tree Level ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Mangrove Vegetation ◽

Vegetation Species

The diversity of mangrove vegetation is a community that has different characteristics from other communities. Diversity is an important component in mangrove management, but so far the availability of data related to mangroves is still very minimal, including those related to the species diversity of mangrove forest vegetation in the region. This study aims to obtain data on species diversity of vegetation found in the mangrove forest area of Dusun Besar Village, Pulau Maya District, Kayong Utara Regency. Method used was a combination of path and plot method, and the determination of the location and research path location were carried out using purposive sampling. The results of observation and data analysis showed that the dominant vegetation species with the highest importance value index (INP) for seedlings, saplings and trees was the Avicennia marina, namely the INP value of seedlings 37.04%, the INP values of sapling 65.24%, and the value of INP a tree rate of 65. Based on the results of the most dominant analysis found the species of Avicennia marina with a value of C = 0.03430 for seedling, C = 0.04729 for sapling, and C = 0.04736 for tree level. The diversity of mangrove forest vegetation species in Dusun Besar Village for seedlings, saplings and trees is low because it has an H 'value <1, and the abundance of mangrove vegetation species was not evenly distributed in each forest area because it only has an e value <1.Keywords: Dusun Besar Village, Mangrove Forest, Species Diversity

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The Species Diversity and Structure of The Limited Production Forest in Arui Watershed of Manokwari District of West Papua, Indonesia

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v11i2.16340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 279-288

Author(s):

Mahmud Mahmud ◽

Ambar Kusumandari ◽

Sudarmadji Sudarmadji ◽

Nunuk Supriyatno

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Wiener Index ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Forest Conversion ◽

Vegetation Analysis ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Forestry Sector ◽

West Papua ◽

Chisocheton Ceramicus

The detailed causal factors of flood have not been established, whether because of the damage of upper watershed, sedimentation resulting in shallow river, forest conversion, the decrease in abundance and structure or high rainfall. The study aimed at finding out the species diversity and structure of the limited production forest (LPF) from the seedling to the tree stage of Arui watershed in Manokwari district. The species diversity was determined based on Shannon-Wiener index, while vegetation structure was determined based on Importance Value Index. There were totally 92 plots of samples drawn using systematic sampling. The results of vegetation analysis showed that there were 174 species of 43 families with the species diversity of 1.5-1.8 that was categorized as moderate. The four dominant species that were always found in seedling, sapling, pole and tree stages included: Pometia pinnata, Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense, Chisocheton ceramicus, and Horsfieldia irya. The conversion of the LPF into non-forestry sector for the purpose of accelerating development must be reviewed by considering hydrology, land, biodiversity, and social and regional aspects in order to prevent and to reduce flood in the coming days.

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Ecological Restoration of Degraded Habitats of Jajang Iron and Manganese Ore Mines, Keonjhar, Odisha, India

10.5772/intechopen.99584 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rabindra Kumar Mishra ◽

Barun Kumar Behera ◽

Anita Dash ◽

Bidyut Kumar Patra

Keyword(s):

Ecological Status ◽

Recovery Process ◽

Species Selection ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Manganese Ore ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Relative Index ◽

Indigenous Plant ◽

Iron And Manganese

Mining activities in Jajang iron and manganese ore mines located in Keonjhar district of Odisha, India starting from mineral explorations to production and transport are causing environmental damage in many ways, which includes deforestation, loss of topsoil, accelerated soil erosion, migration of wildlife and avifauna, and addition of air pollutants and dust to the atmosphere. In connection to this, the current study was an attempt to regain the original ecological status of the degraded areas of Jajang iron and manganese ore mines caused due to mining by Rungta Mines Limited. To achieve this indigenous plant species for restoration were selected from mining forests and plantations. Species selection from mining forests was made through systematic phytosociological analysis that involved measurement of Importance Value Index (IVI), regeneration values of tree species and their economic uses. On the other hand, species selection from plantations was made based on their growth, productivity, economic uses and adaptation to terrain and soil types. Shrubs and grasses were selected based on their relative index and abundance, respectively. The top 15 tree and 16 grass species as well as all six shrub species were selected from mining forests and plantations were considered for restoration. The findings of the study may also aids in the faster restoration of degraded habitats with initial human facilitation as the soils of degraded areas were similar to that of the mining forest. To speed up the recovery process after-care and monitoring have also been suggested or advised.

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El ambiente de la semilla en el suelo: su efecto en la germinación y en la sobreviviencia de la plántula

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.1597 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Lourdes González-Zertuche ◽

Alma Orozco-Segovia ◽

Carlos Vázquez Yanes

Keyword(s):

Ecological Restoration ◽

Native Plants ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Seed Banks ◽

Seed Vigor ◽

Ecological Significance ◽

Ecological Traits ◽

Soil Burial ◽

Adverse Conditions

Conservation and ecological restoration propose the use of native plants, the knowledge of their physiological and ecological traits and the proper techniques which ameliorate seedling survival in adverse conditions. Priming consists of a regulated hydration in water or osmotic solutions; this permits the improvement of some metabolic processes, but prevents germination. This treatment increased seed vigor with a rapid and uniform germination and development. These advantages induce a valuable improvement on the seed response for applied purposes in agriculture. Because the advantages obtained during priming are kept after seed d e hydration. Seeds develop a natural priming when they lie in the soil. During soil burial , molecular and physiological responses are induced and which are very similar to those mechanisms reported in priming. Burial and natural priming enhancing germination and emergence could have an ecological significance. Effects produced by natural priming probably were selected during the evolution of plants which forms soil seed banks.

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