scholarly journals Assessment of executive functions and inhibitory control in alcohol and crack use disorders

Psico ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Rasch Czermainski ◽  
Felipe Ornell ◽  
Luciano Santos Pinto Guimarães ◽  
Félix Kessler ◽  
Lísia Von Diemen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Dysexecutive Syndrome ◽  
Crack Use ◽  
Matrix Reasoning ◽  
Substance Related Disorders ◽  
Crack Users

This study assessed executive functions and inhibitory control in alcohol and crack users, as previous research suggests an association between substance-related disorders and impaired self-regulation and impulse control. In this study, 67 men aged 18-65 years completed the following instruments: sociodemographic questionnaire, Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence), Five Digit Test, and Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Alcohol and crack users showed deficits involving processing speed, response inhibition, flexibility, abstraction, planning, and monitoring. Analysis per type of drug revealed poorer cognitive performance among alcohol users. Years of drug use were associated with planning deficits. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of an association between drug abuse and cognitive changes. In conclusion, impairments in executive functioning and inhibitory control were found in the study samples.***Avaliação das funções executivas e controle inibitório nos transtornos por uso de álcool e crack***Este estudo investigou as funções executivas e o controle inibitório em usuários de álcool e crack, pois pesquisas prévias sugerem associação entre os transtornos relacionados a substâncias e o comprometimento das capacidades de autorregulação e de controle dos impulsos. Neste estudo, 67 homens com idades entre 18-65 anos responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, Vocabulário e Raciocínio Matricial (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence), Five Digit Test e Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Os usuários de álcool e crack apresentaram déficits envolvendo velocidade de processamento, inibição de respostas, flexibilidade, abstração, planejamento e monitoramento. A análise por droga de abuso revelou desempenho cognitivo inferior entre os alcoolistas. O tempo de abuso de drogas foi associado a déficits de planejamento. Esses achados são consistentes com a hipótese de associação do abuso de drogas com alterações cognitivas. Em conclusão, foram observadas alterações do funcionamento executivo e do controle inibitório nas amostras de usuários avaliadas.

scholarly journals Eye contact effect: The role of vagal regulation and reactivity, and self-regulation of attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Niedźwiecka
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Contact Effect ◽  
The Individual

AbstractEye contact is a crucial aspect of social interactions that may enhance an individual’s cognitive performance (i.e. the eye contact effect) or hinder it (i.e. face-to-face interference effect). In this paper, I focus on the influence of eye contact on cognitive performance in tasks engaging executive functions. I present a hypothesis as to why some individuals benefit from eye contact while others do not. I propose that the relations between eye contact and executive functioning are modulated by an individual’s autonomic regulation and reactivity and self-regulation of attention. In particular, I propose that individuals with more optimal autonomic regulation and reactivity, and more effective self-regulation of attention benefit from eye contact. Individuals who are less well regulated and over- or under-reactive and who do not employ effective strategies of self-regulation of attention may not benefit from eye contact and may perform better when eye contact is absent. I present some studies that justify the proposed hypothesis and point to a method that could be employed to test them. This approach could help to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying the individual differences in participant’s cognitive performance during tasks engaging executive functions.

scholarly journals High rates of relapse in adolescents crack users after inpatient clinic discharge

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Rosemeri Siqueira Pedroso ◽  
Luciano Santos Pinto Guimarães ◽  
Luciana Bohrer Zanetello ◽  
Veralice Maria Gonçalves ◽  
Ronaldo Lopes-Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Management ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Crack Use ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Crack Users

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate 88 adolescent crack users referred to hospitalization and to follow them up after discharge to investigate relapse and factors associated with treatment. Methods Cohort (30 and 90 days after discharge) from a psychiatric hospital and a rehab clinic for treatment for chemical dependency in Porto Alegre between 2011 and 2012. Instruments: Semi-structured interview, conducted to evaluate the sociodemographic profile of the sample and describe the pattern of psychoactive substance use; Crack Use Relapse Scale/CURS; Questionnaire Tracking Users to Crack/QTUC; K-SADS-PL. Results In the first follow-up period (30 days after discharge), 65.9% of participants had relapsed. In the second follow-up period (90 days after discharge), 86.4% of participants had relapsed. Conclusion This is one of the first studies that show the extremely high prevalence of early relapse in adolescent crack users after discharge, questioning the cost/benefit of inpatient treatment for this population. Moreover, these results corroborate studies which suggested, young psychostimulants users might need tailored intensive outpatient treatment with contingency management and other behavioral strategies, in order to increase compliance and reduce drug or crime relapse, but this specific therapeutic modality is still scarce and must be developed in Brazil.

scholarly journals Examining the Relations Between Self-Regulation and Achievement in Third-Grade Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Day ◽  
Carol McDonald Connor
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
Study Results

Children with stronger self-regulation skills generally demonstrate greater overall success in school both academically and socially. However, there are few valid and reliable measures of self-regulation in middle elementary school. Such a measure could help identify whether a child is truly having difficulties. Thus, the Remembering Rules and Regulation Picture Task (RRRP) was developed. The aim of this study was to develop scoring systems for the RRRP and then to examine the associations between RRRP and independent measures of self-regulation and academic achievement in mathematics and reading. Children ( N = 282) from 34 third-grade classrooms in Florida participated in this study. Results revealed that the RRRP captured three constructs: working memory, attentional flexibility, and inhibitory control. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) demonstrated that the RRRP was significantly and positively associated with other measures of self-regulation. The RRRP was significantly and positively associated with mathematics and reading as well. The RRRP appears to be a promising measure of children’s self-regulation skills.

Adolescent Language Therapy: Syntax and Semantics for Reasoning and Planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jill K. Fahy ◽  
David K. Browning
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
Language Therapy ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Complex Planning

Purpose Adolescent students face increased expectations to successfully navigate academic, social, and vocational transitions. As demands increase and support systems fade, adolescents with developmental language disorder and concomitant deficits in executive functions are particularly vulnerable to these high-stakes transitional moments. Limited language systems are not well suited for navigating the subtleties of social nuance, the abstraction of academic and vocational language, and the unfamiliarity of complex planning necessary for self-regulation. Conclusions This clinical focus article proposes a clinical model of language therapy for adolescents with developmental language disorder and concomitant deficits in executive functions. Therapy emphasizes eliciting the most complex syntactic and semantic skills available to the student as they work to formulate specific, reasoned, predictive, strategic plans. Therapy takes place in small group contexts where pairs of students collaborate to use their language and reasoning to solve unfamiliar, challenging, scientific-like problems.

scholarly journals 0322 Napping, Inhibitory Control, and Self-Regulation in 2-Year-Old Children

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A122-A122
Author(s):  
E L Shalowitz ◽  
A M Miller ◽  
J R Harsh ◽  
M K LeBourgeois
Keyword(s):  
School Readiness ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Regulation Strategies

Abstract Introduction Poor sleep in early childhood is linked to reduced school readiness. This study examined the role of acute sleep loss in behavioral self-regulation using a delay of gratification task. We hypothesized that after acute nap deprivation, toddlers would have worse inhibitory control and resort to more maladaptive self-regulation strategies than after a nap. Methods 25 healthy children (11 males, 34.1±2.3 months-old) followed a strict sleep schedule for ≥5 days before a baseline (nap) and an acute nap deprivation condition (no-nap). After being introduced to an age-appropriate toy, children were instructed not to touch the toy and left alone for 3-minutes. To assess inhibitory control, videos of the waiting period were behaviorally coded for latency to touch and 11 self-regulation strategies. We combined strategies into adaptive and maladaptive composites; higher scores on each composite indicated greater use. Results During the nap condition, 19 children touched the toy (latency to touch=70.0±60.7 sec); during the no-nap condition, 18 children touched the toy (latency to touch=65.4±71.6 sec). The adaptive composite score was 1.58±0.25 for the nap condition and 1.17±0.27 for the no-nap condition. The maladaptive score was 0.92±0.17 for the nap condition and 0.83±0.19 for the no-nap condition. We found no differences between conditions in the number of children who touched the toy (X2=0, p=0.50), mean latency to touch (t=0.27, p=0.39), or the composite scores of adaptive (z=0.35, p=0.12) and maladaptive strategies (z=0.09, p=0.69). Conclusion Findings indicate that acute nap deprivation may not have an immediate impact on inhibitory control and self-regulation in toddlers. 30-36 months old children may not have sufficient cognitive resources to exert inhibitory control and self-regulate whether or not they have obtained adequate daytime sleep. Future research should examine developmental changes in the effects of acute sleep restriction on behavioral self-regulation. Support Research support from NIH R01-MH086566 to MKL.

scholarly journals HEALTH EDUCATION ON THE PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS WITH YOUNG MALE CRACK USERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Caroline Souza Pinto ◽  
Maria Veraci Oliveira Queiroz ◽  
Fabiane do Amaral Gubert ◽  
Violante Augusta Batista Braga ◽  
Patrícia Neyva da Costa Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Crack Use ◽  
Group Experience ◽  
Crack Users ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to promote, through Cultural Circles, a critical and reflective space on the prevention of HIV/AIDS among young crack users. An action research was carried out in 2012 through the Cultural Circle, with ten young crack users. The analysis and interpretation of results focused on the discussion according to the group experience. Youngsters showed incipient and inarticulate knowledge about AIDS, mainly myths, and considered themselves vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, given the exchange of straws and pipes for cocaine/crack use and loss of consciousness favoring non-use of condoms during intercourse and having multiple partners. Results contribute towards the nursing work with dialogical and participatory methodologies, such as Paulo Freire, in order to encourage critical reflection of both educator and learner towards the prevention of STD/AIDS among cocaine/crack users.

scholarly journals INTERCONNECTION OF METACOGNITION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDHOOD: CULTURAL-HISTORICAL CONTEXT

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-113
Author(s):  
A.N. Veraksa ◽  
N.E. Veraksa
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The review is devoted to the relationship between executive functions and metacognition in the context of a cultural-historical perspective. On the basis of the research carried out over the past 15 years, the commonality and differences of these constructs are shown. Special attention is paid to the development of executive functions and metacognition, their connection with the academic success of children, the role of the social aspect in their formation. The importance of an adult in the directed formation of metacognition and self-regulation is shown, which confirms the provisions of the cultural-historical theory. Within the framework of the cultural-historical paradigm, several mechanisms for the development of executive functions are considered: imitation based on understanding; sign mediation; as well as communication in a social developmental situation. L.S. Vygotsky noted that higher mental functions arise on the basis of real interactions of people, are interiorized, turning into psychological functions. The review showed that one of the most common models of the structure of executive functions is a model that includes such components as “working memory”, “inhibitory control” and “cognitive flexibility”. Based on the analysis, it is possible to assert the influence of J. Piaget’s concept on the development of executive functions. A certain difficulty is caused by the explanation of emotional regulation in the context of metacognitive problems. At the same time, L.S. Vygotsky spoke about the unity of affect and intellect, which suggests the existence behavioral control and, in particular, of emotional processes at the level of metacognitive processes.

scholarly journals Predictive Influence of Executive Functions, Effortful Control, Empathy, and Social Behavior on the Academic Performance in Early Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Zorza ◽  
Julián Marino ◽  
Alberto Acosta Mesas
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mediating Role

In this study, we explored the predictive role of behavioral measures of Executive Functions (EFs) and a self-report measure of Effortful Control (EC) on the academic performance of early adolescents. We also analyzed the mediating role of self-reported empathy and social behavior rated by peers (i.e., prosocial behavior and social preference) and by the lead teacher (i.e., social competence). A sample of 244 adolescents aged between 12 and 13 years participated in the study. The resulting structural equation model indicated that EFs and EC predict academic performance in a complementary and independent way. Results also confirmed the mediating role of empathy and social behavior. The final model explained 64% of academic performance. We discuss the appropriateness of obtaining complementary measures of EFs and EC in predictions of academic performance as well as the importance of introducing activities involving self-regulation, empathy, and socioemotional skills in the school setting.

scholarly journals The neural correlates of temperamental inhibitory control in toddlers

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1744) ◽  
pp. 20170160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline P. Hoyniak ◽  
Isaac T. Petersen ◽  
John E. Bates ◽  
Dennis L. Molfese
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Control Dimension

The current study examined the association between effortful control and a well-studied neural index of self-regulation, the N2 event-related potential (ERP) component, in toddlers. Participants included 107 toddlers (44 girls) assessed at 30, 36 and 42 months of age. Participants completed a Go/NoGo task while electroencephalography data were recorded. The study focused on the N2 ERP component. Parent-reported effortful control was examined in association with the NoGo N2 ERP component. Findings suggest a positive association between the NoGo N2 component and the inhibitory control subscale of the wider effortful control dimension, suggesting that the N2 component may index processes associated with temperamental effortful control. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

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