The Impact of Non-Formal Education on Human Capital: A Generational Approach

Introduction. The update rate of information and the scope of social transformations became a trend of modern life. To remain competitive, a person needs to foster his/her competencies and skills. Non-formal education is becoming the most mobile way to solve the tasks, allowing to quickly acquire relevant knowledge and experience. Research interest is focused on the impact of non-formal education on the formation and development of the human capital. The purpose of the article is to study the involvement of representatives of various generations in a non-formal education. Materials and Methods. The research draws on the methodology of the in-depth interview interpretation analysis. The data was obtained using the focus group method: a series of 27 group interviews, 9 for each age category (youth, mature and older). The focus groups included 253 people – residents of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Ishim, and settlements in the South of the Tyumen region. Results. The possibilities of non-formal education in the process of accumulation and realization of human capital were revealed. The analysis of the practices of youth, adult and older generation’s non-formal education was carried out. Based on the study of generational theories, the educational attitudes of various age groups and the needs for non-formal learningwere analyzed. Based on the analysis of the intensity of educational practices, three types of actors were identified depending on their involvement in non-formal education: the active type “eternal student”, the moderate type “situational student” and the passive type “indifferent student”, which were found in representatives of different generations. The authors identified the following things that motivate and demotivate people to receive non-formal education: operational updating of competencies, fostering of personal and professional skills for a specific professional position, reducing the qualification gap. Analysing the non-formal educational practices of youth, adults, and the older generation, the authors found that non-formal education significantly affects the dynamics of professionalization, the nature of social and labour transfers. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study will aid in sizing the impact of non-formal education on human capital in terms of the generational approach. The materials of the article are useful for building an educational ecosystem at the regional and national level and for practical application in the development and adjustment of strategies for working with people of different age groups.

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CHANGES IN THE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF SLATINA CITY BETWEEN YEARS 1990-2000

Revista Română de Geografie Politică ◽

10.30892/rrgp.231105-346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 47-57

Author(s):

Florentina MANOLEA CÎRJAN ◽

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Social Transformations ◽

Active Population ◽

The Social ◽

Economic Transformations ◽

Geographical Study ◽

Economic Profile ◽

Travel Abroad ◽

The Impact

The article is a contribution to the geographical study of the Slatina city in order to elucidate the impact of the economic and social transformations of 1990 – 2002 interval had on the evolution of its demographic phenomena, but also on understanding its socio-economic profile. The research methodology consisted of a comparative analysis of the numerical values provided by the Olt Regional Directorate of Statistics. The measured parameters were: the numerical evolution and its causes, the structure by sexes and age groups, the structure of the active population, the ethnic structure, and according to the practiced religion. The results of the analysis show an evolution developed on the background of the existing one at national level, having as causes: a tendency of numerical decrease determined by the decrease in the birth rate, the opening of European borders, simultaneously with a decline of the national economy, rising unemployment and travel abroad for searching of a job. The article highlights two important conclusions: the economic transformations show the existing reality in the social and economic field, their impact on the socio-economic profile of the Slatina city; the same transformations have taken place at the national level, on the background of the same causes.

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The Impact of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine with One Dose in Brazil: A Retrospective Time-Series

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 407

Author(s):

Ana Luiza Bierrenbach ◽

Yoonyoung Choi ◽

Paula de Mendonça Batista ◽

Fernando Brandão Serra ◽

Cintia Irene Parellada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

High Rate ◽

Series Analysis ◽

Annual Reduction ◽

The Impact ◽

Vaccination Period

Background: In 2014, a recommended one-dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was included in the Brazilian National Immunization Program targeting children 12–24 months. This decision addressed the low to intermediate endemicity status of hepatitis A across Brazil and the high rate of infection in children and adolescents between 5 and 19 years old. The aim of the study was to conduct a time-series analysis on hepatitis A incidence across age groups and to assess the hepatitis A distribution throughout Brazilian geographic regions. Methods: An interrupted time-series analysis was performed to assess hepatitis A incidence rates before (2010–2013) and after (2015–2018) hepatitis A vaccine program implementation. The time-series analysis was stratified by age groups while a secondary analysis examined geographic distribution of hepatitis A cases. Results: Overall incidence of hepatitis A decreased from 3.19/100.000 in the pre-vaccine period to 0.87/100.000 (p = 0.022) post-vaccine introduction. Incidence rate reduction was higher among children aged 1-4 years old, with an annual reduction of 67.6% in the post-vaccination period against a 7.7% annual reduction in the pre-vaccination period (p < 0.001). Between 2015 and 2018, the vaccination program prevented 14,468 hepatitis A cases. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the positive impact of a recommended one-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine for 1–4-years-old in controlling hepatitis A at national level.

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The decomposition of life expectancy for age and cause of death in Tuscany, Italy

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.638 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

N Nante ◽

L Kundisova ◽

F Gori ◽

A Martini ◽

F Battisti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Reduction Of Mortality ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Changing of life expectancy at birth (LE) over time reflects variations of mortality rates of a certain population. Italy is amongst the countries with the highest LE, Tuscany ranks fifth at the national level. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of various causes of death in different age groups on the change in LE in the Tuscany region (Italy) during period 1987-2015. Material and methods Mortality data relative to residents that died during the period between 1987/1989 and 2013/2015 were provided by the Tuscan Regional Mortality Registry. The causes of death taken into consideration were cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RESP) and infective (INF) diseases and cancer (TUM). The decomposition of LE gain was realized with software Epidat, using the Pollard’s method. Results The overall LE gain during the period between two three-years periods was 6.7 years for males, with a major gain between 65-89, and 4.5 years for females, mainly improved between 75-89, <1 year for both sexes. The major gain (2.6 years) was attributable to the reduction of mortality for CVS, followed by TUM (1.76 in males and 0.83 in females) and RESP (0.4 in males; 0.1 in females). The major loss of years of LE was attributable to INF (-0.15 in females; -0.07 in males) and lung cancer in females (-0.13), for which the opposite result was observed for males (gain of 0.62 years of LE). Conclusions During the study period (1987-2015) the gain in LE was major for males. To the reduction of mortality for CVS have contributed to the tempestuous treatment of acute CVS events and secondary CVS prevention. For TUM the result is attributable to the adherence of population to oncologic screening programmes. The excess of mortality for INF that lead to the loss of LE can be attributed to the passage from ICD-9 to ICD-10 in 2003 (higher sensibility of ICD-10) and to the diffusion of multi-drug resistant bacteria, which lead to elevated mortality in these years. Key messages The gain in LE during the period the 1987-2015 was higher in males. The major contribution to gain in LE was due to a reduction of mortality for CVS diseases.

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Preparing to introduce the varicella vaccine into the Italian immunisation programme: varicella-related hospitalisations in Tuscany, 2004–2012

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.24.30257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (24) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sara Boccalini ◽

Paolo Bonanni ◽

Angela Bechini

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Varicella Vaccine ◽

Age Groups ◽

Immunisation Programme ◽

Significant Decline ◽

Hospitalisation Rate ◽

High Coverage ◽

The Impact ◽

Risk Ratios ◽

Vaccination Period

A universal immunisation programme against varicella in the form of the measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine for toddlers aged 13–15 months was introduced in Tuscany in July 2008. An assessment of the impact of this programme on varicella-related hospitalisations 4 years after its introduction could further support its adoption at a national level. The hospitalisation data were analysed in two periods: pre-vaccination (2004–2007) and vaccination period (2009–2012). The high coverage of the vaccines (84% in 2012) resulted in a significant decline in notifications, from 33,114 (2004–2007) to 13,184 cases (2009–2012), and also of hospitalisations, from 584 (pre-vaccination period) to 325 (vaccination period). The hospitalisation rate was 4.1 per 100,000 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.4–4.7) before the introduction of vaccination, which dropped to 2.2 per 100,000 (95% CI: 1.7–2.7) in the vaccination period (hospitalisation risk ratios: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.472–0.619). The reduction was most significant in the youngest age groups. The introduction of universal vaccination has already led to a significant decline in hospitalisations due to varicella after just 4 years of implementation. Hospitalisation rates fell noticeably among younger individuals involved in the vaccination programme. The decrease in hospitalisation rate in the older age groups suggests a possible indirect protection.

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The impact of the corruption on the sustainable development of the businesses in South-West Bulgaria

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20207406015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 74 ◽

pp. 06015 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vladislav Krastev ◽

Blagovesta Koyundzhiyska-Davidkova ◽

Irina Atanasova

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Group Method ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Main Research ◽

South West ◽

Data Survey ◽

Contemporary Reality ◽

Observation Method ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Impact

Corruption as a phenomenon can be found in every country and society. It accompanies human development from antiquity to the present day. The main perceptions of corruption is that it is an undesirable phenomenon which negatively affects society, contributes to the imbalance in the distribution of public goods and adversely affects the economy and society`s confidence in state governance and state`s institutions efficiency. Modern economy is permanently evolving and becoming more interdependent, especially in the age of globalization nevertheless corruption phenomenon still has influence despite the continual strategies for its limitation. Anti-corruption legislation at global, regional and national level is constantly developing and irrespective of the different legal systems and different anti-corruption strategies, it remains a constant in society`s life and influences their growth. At least that is what the first studies results on corruption impact on countries` economies development in the 1960s 1970s of the 20th century have demonstrated. The aim of this research is to assess the corruption impact on the Bulgarian economy, reflecting the contemporary reality in which the Bulgarian business develops its activities. The main research method is the method of the response and for the procession of the information are used statistical methods method of observation, method of the group, method of the analysis and graphic method. The analysis and conclusions on the problem are based on a data survey, where representatives of the business enterprises from South-West region had an opportunity to answer questions, aimed at revealing the most common corruption practices and how they affect their normal business activity.

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Transnational Culture and the Political Transformation of East-Central Europe

European Journal of Social Theory ◽

10.1177/1368431009337350 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 337-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robert Brier

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

New Democracies ◽

Political Transformation ◽

East Central Europe ◽

General Direction ◽

East Central ◽

Social Transformations ◽

Social Scientific ◽

Democracy Building ◽

The Impact

In social scientific studies of Europe’s new democracies, there has emerged an analytical approach which transcends the teleology of ‘transitology’ and, focusing on the impact of culture and history, is sensitive to the contingencies and ‘eventfulness’ of social transformations. The main thrust of this article is that such a culturo-historical approach may prove useful not only in assessing the different results to which the processes of democratization lead at the national level, but also to assess the general direction of political change after 1989 towards democracy. Building on Eisenstadt’s notion of modernity as a cultural and political program, this article therefore attempts to understand the revolutions of 1989 not only as the mere sum of particular national events, but also as part of an ‘entangled history’, that is, as a common, transnational phenomenon which was based on and articulated a shared cultural understanding.

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Subnational mortality estimates for India in 2019: a baseline for evaluating excess deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. e007399

Author(s):

Chalapati Rao ◽

Amrit Jose John ◽

Ajit Kumar Yadav ◽

Mansha Siraj

Keyword(s):

Excess Mortality ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

The Elderly ◽

Registration System ◽

Infant Deaths ◽

Civil Registration ◽

The Impact ◽

Mortality Estimates

BackgroundEstimates of excess mortality are required to assess and compare the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across populations. For India, reliable baseline prepandemic mortality patterns at national and subnational level are necessary for such assessments. However, available data from the Civil Registration System (CRS) is affected by incompleteness of death recording that varies by sex, age and location.MethodsUnder-reporting of CRS 2019 deaths was assessed for three age groups (< 5 years, 15–59 years and ≥60 years) at subnational level, through comparison with age-specific death rates from alternate sources. Age-specific corrections for under-reporting were applied to derive adjusted death counts by sex for each location. These were used to compute life expectancy (LE) at birth by sex in 2019, which were compared with subnational LEs from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Study.ResultsA total of 9.92 million deaths (95% UI 9.70 to 10.02) were estimated across India in 2019, about 2.28 million more than CRS reports. Adjustments to under-five and elderly mortality accounted for 30% and 56% of additional deaths, respectively. Adjustments in Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh accounted for 75% of all additional deaths. Adjusted LEs were below corresponding GBD estimates by ≥2 years for males at national level and in 20 states, and by ≥1 year for females in 12 states.ConclusionsThese results represent the first-ever subnational mortality estimates for India derived from CRS reported deaths, and serve as a baseline for assessing excess mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusted life expectancies indicate higher mortality patterns in India than previously perceived. Under-reporting of infant deaths and those among women and the elderly is evident in many locations. Further CRS strengthening is required to improve the empirical basis for local mortality measurement across the country.

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Declines in Pneumonia Mortality Following the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Latin American and Caribbean Countries

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa614 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lucia H de Oliveira ◽

Kayoko Shioda ◽

Maria Tereza Valenzuela ◽

Cara B Janusz ◽

Analía Rearte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

National Level ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Level ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Conjugate Vaccines ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines ◽

The Impact ◽

Latin American And Caribbean

Abstract Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are recommended for use in pediatric immunization programs worldwide. Few data are available on their effect against mortality. We present a multicountry evaluation of the population-level impact of PCVs against death due to pneumonia in children < 5 years of age. Methods We obtained national-level mortality data between 2000 and 2016 from 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries, using the standardized protocol. Time series models were used to evaluate the decline in all-cause pneumonia deaths during the postvaccination period while controlling for unrelated temporal trends using control causes of death. Results The estimated declines in pneumonia mortality following the introduction of PCVs ranged from 11% to 35% among children aged 2–59 months in 5 countries: Colombia (24% [95% credible interval {CrI}, 3%–35%]), Ecuador (25% [95% CrI, 4%–41%]), Mexico (11% [95% CrI, 3%–18%]), Nicaragua (19% [95% CrI, 0–34%]), and Peru (35% [95% CrI, 20%–47%]). In Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic, the declines were not detected in the aggregated age group but were detected in certain age strata. In Guyana and Honduras, the estimates had large uncertainty, and no declines were detected. Across the 10 countries, most of which have low to moderate incidence of pneumonia mortality, PCVs have prevented nearly 4500 all-cause pneumonia deaths in children 2–59 months since introduction. Conclusions Although the data quality was variable between countries, and the patterns varied across countries and age groups, the balance of evidence suggests that mortality due to all-cause pneumonia in children declined after PCV introduction. The impact could be greater in populations with a higher prevaccine burden of pneumonia.

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Pay for performance in primary care: the contribution of the Programme for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ) on avoidable hospitalisations in Brazil, 2009–2018

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005429 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. e005429

Author(s):

Letícia Xander Russo ◽

Timothy Powell-Jackson ◽

Jorge Otavio Maia Barreto ◽

Josephine Borghi ◽

Roxanne Kovacs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Pay For Performance ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Hospitalisation Rate ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Access And Quality ◽

The Impact

BackgroundEvidence on the effect of pay-for-performance (P4P) schemes on provider performance is mixed in low-income and middle-income countries. Brazil introduced its first national-level P4P scheme in 2011 (PMAQ-Brazilian National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality). PMAQ is likely one of the largest P4P schemes in the world. We estimate the association between PMAQ and hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) based on a panel of 5564 municipalities.MethodsWe conducted a fixed effect panel data analysis over the period of 2009–2018, controlling for coverage of primary healthcare, hospital beds per 10 000 population, education, real gross domestic product per capita and population density. The outcome is the hospitalisation rate for ACSCs among people aged 64 years and under per 10 000 population. Our exposure variable is defined as the percentage of family health teams participating in PMAQ, which captures the roll-out of PMAQ over time. We also provided several sensitivity analyses, by using alternative measures of the exposure and outcome variables, and a placebo test using transport accident hospitalisations instead of ACSCs.ResultsThe results show a negative and statistically significant association between the rollout of PMAQ and ACSC rates for all age groups. An increase in PMAQ participating of one percentage point decreased the hospitalisation rate for ACSC by 0.0356 (SE 0.0123, p=0.004) per 10 000 population (aged 0–64 years). This corresponds to a reduction of approximately 60 829 hospitalisations in 2018. The impact is stronger for children under 5 years (−0.0940, SE 0.0375, p=0.012), representing a reduction of around 11 936 hospitalisations. Our placebo test shows that the association of PMAQ on the hospitalisation rate for transport accidents is not statistically significant, as expected.ConclusionWe find that PMAQ was associated with a modest reduction in hospitalisation for ACSCs.

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Impact of COVID-19 national lockdown on asthma exacerbations: interrupted time-series analysis of English primary care data

Thorax ◽

10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216512 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. thoraxjnl-2020-216512

Author(s):

Syed A Shah ◽

Jennifer K Quint ◽

Bright I Nwaru ◽

Aziz Sheikh

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Time Series ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Healthcare Setting ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Asthma Exacerbations ◽

The Impact ◽

Care Database

BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 and ensuing national lockdown on asthma exacerbations is unclear.MethodsWe conducted an interrupted time-series (lockdown on 23 March 2020 as point of interruption) analysis in asthma cohort identified using a validated algorithm from a national-level primary care database, the Optimum Patient Care Database. We derived asthma exacerbation rates for every week and compared exacerbation rates in the period: January to August 2020 with a pre-COVID-19 period and January to August 2016–2019. Exacerbations were defined as asthma-related hospital attendance/admission (including accident and emergency visit), or an acute course of oral corticosteroids with evidence of respiratory review, as recorded in primary care. We used a generalised least squares modelling approach and stratified the analyses by age, sex, English region and healthcare setting.ResultsFrom a database of 9 949 387 patients, there were 100 165 patients with asthma who experienced at least one exacerbation during 2016–2020. Of 278 996 exacerbation episodes, 49 938 (17.9%) required hospital visit. Comparing pre-lockdown to post-lockdown period, we observed a statistically significant reduction in the level (−0.196 episodes per person-year; p<0.001; almost 20 episodes for every 100 patients with asthma per year) of exacerbation rates across all patients. The reductions in level in stratified analyses were: 0.005–0.244 (healthcare setting, only those without hospital attendance/admission were significant), 0.210–0.277 (sex), 0.159–0.367 (age), 0.068–0.590 (region).ConclusionsThere has been a significant reduction in attendance to primary care for asthma exacerbations during the pandemic. This reduction was observed in all age groups, both sexes and across most regions in England.

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