scholarly journals Compound adjectives in the Erzya language

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Word Compound ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Regional Languages ◽  
Russian Dictionary ◽  
Stem Composition

Introduction. The changes occurring in the modern world have an impact on the language, in particular, this results in an increased appearance of complex word forms. Regarding the Erzya language, this is also relevant, as in it stem-composition is the most productive way of building new words. There is a constant interest in compound adjectives in the academic world; they are studied based on the material derived from regional languages, in the comparative aspect, in terms of their functional and stylistic characteristics, syntactic analysis and inner structure. The purpose of the article is to study the ways of building complex adjectives, their spelling, functional and stylistic aspects. Materials and Methods. Compound adjectives in the Erzya language were examined on the material taken from the Erzya-Russian dictionary [Erzyan-Ruzon Valks = Erzya-Russian Dictionary 1993]. The following research methods were employed throughout study: induction (methods of observation, comparison, generalization and interpretation), quantitative calculations, component analysis. Results and Discussion. The article targets to study the mechanisms of word-building pertaining to compound adjectives, their spelling, functional and stylistic aspects. The Erzya-Russian dictionary entries showed that stem-composition in relation to adjectives is not the predominant way of word-building. In particular, there are very few adjectives of a subordinating type. Among compound adjectives of a coordinating type two groups were revealed: 1) adjectives built by the blending of two adjectives (among them, a stem-compound (complex word) formed by the blending of two descriptive adjectives and complex words made up of descriptive adjectives, denoting colors), 2) compound adjectives, built by the blending of two derivative adjectives (among them, compounds made up of two similar or identical in meaning adjectives and compound adjectives, formed as a result of repetition of derivative adjectives). Conclusion. Although the question of how to write complex words in the Erzya language remains disputable, in respect to compound adjectives the established tradition requires that compound adjectives of a subordinating type to be written in one word, compound adjectives of a coordinating type are hyphenated.

How word frequency affects morphological processing in monolinguals and bilinguals

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
MINNA LEHTONEN ◽  
MATTI LAINE
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Medium Frequency ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Differential Pattern ◽  
Complex Words

The present study investigated processing of morphologically complex words in three different frequency ranges in monolingual Finnish speakers and Finnish-Swedish bilinguals. By employing a visual lexical decision task, we found a differential pattern of results in monolinguals vs. bilinguals. Monolingual Finns seemed to process low frequency and medium frequency inflected Finnish nouns mostly by morpheme-based recognition but high frequency inflected nouns through full-form representations. In contrast, bilinguals demonstrated a processing delay for all inflections throughout the whole frequency range, suggesting decomposition for all inflected targets. This may reflect different amounts of exposure to the word forms in the two groups. Inflected word forms that are encountered very frequently will acquire full-form representations, which saves processing time. However, with the lower rates of exposure, which characterize bilingual individuals, full-form representations do not start to develop.

Issues in Neurolinguistic Studies of Morphology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fiorentino
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Brain

Research in neurolinguistics examines how language is organized and processed in the human brain. The findings from neurolinguistic studies on language can inform our understanding of the basic ingredients of language and the operations they undergo. In the domain of the lexicon, a major debate concerns whether and to what extent the morpheme serves as a basic unit of linguistic representation, and in turn whether and under what circumstances the processing of morphologically complex words involves operations that identify, activate, and combine morpheme-level representations during lexical processing. Alternative models positing some role for morphemes argue that complex words are processed via morphological decomposition and composition in the general case (full-decomposition models), or only under certain circumstances (dual-route models), while other models do not posit a role for morphemes (non-morphological models), instead arguing that complex words are related to their constituents not via morphological identity, but either via associations among whole-word representations or via similarity in formal and/or semantic features. Two main approaches to investigating the role of morphemes from a neurolinguistic perspective are neuropsychology, in which complex word processing is typically investigated in cases of brain insult or neurodegenerative disease, and brain imaging, which makes it possible to examine the temporal dynamics and neuroanatomy of complex word processing as it occurs in the brain. Neurolinguistic studies on morphology have examined whether the processing of complex words involves brain mechanisms that rapidly segment the input into potential morpheme constituents, how and under what circumstances morpheme representations are accessed from the lexicon, and how morphemes are combined to form complex morphosyntactic and morpho-semantic representations. Findings from this literature broadly converge in suggesting a role for morphemes in complex word processing, although questions remain regarding the precise time course by which morphemes are activated, the extent to which morpheme access is constrained by semantic or form properties, as well as regarding the brain mechanisms by which morphemes are ultimately combined into complex representations.

Morpheme frequency effects in Dutch complex word reading: A developmental perspective

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUDO VERHOEVEN ◽  
ROB SCHREUDER
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Complex Words

ABSTRACTThis study examined to what extent advanced and beginning readers, including dyslexic readers of Dutch, make use of morphological access units in the reading of polymorphemic words. Therefore, experiments were carried out in which the role of singular root form frequency in reading plural word forms was investigated in a lexical decision task with both adults and children. Twenty-three adult readers, 37 8-year-old children from Grade 3, 43 11-year-old children from Grade 6, and 33 11-year-old dyslexic readers were presented with a lexical decision task in which we contrasted plural word forms with a high versus low frequency of the singular root form. For the adults, it was found that the accuracy and speed of lexical decision is determined by the surface frequency of the plural word form. The frequency of the constituent root form played a role as well, but in the low-frequency plural words only. Furthermore, a strong developmental effect regarding the accuracy and speed of reading plural word forms was found. An effect of plural word form frequency on word identification was evidenced in all groups. The singular root form frequency also had an impact of the reading of the plural word forms. In the normal reading and dyslexic children, plurals with a high-frequency singular root form were read more accurately and faster than plurals with a low singular root frequency. It can be concluded that constituent morphemes have an impact on the reading of polymorphemic words. The results can be explained in the light of a word experience model leaving room for morphological constituency to play a role in the lexical access of complex words as a function of reading skill and experience and word and morpheme frequency.

Left hemisphere activation during processing of morphologically complex word forms in adults

1999 ◽  
Vol 271 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Laine ◽  
Juha O Rinne ◽  
Bernd J Krause ◽  
Mika Teräs ◽  
Hannu Sipilä
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Word Forms

scholarly journals Mismatch negativity effects of alternating vowels in morphologically complex word forms

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Scharinger ◽  
Aditi Lahiri ◽  
Carsten Eulitz
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Word Forms

scholarly journals Morphologically complex words in L1 and L2 processing: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENITA SILVA ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Striking Contrast

This paper reports results from masked priming experiments investigating regular past-tense forms and deadjectival nominalizations with -ness and -ity in adult native (L1) speakers of English and in different groups of advanced adult second language (L2) learners of English. While the L1 group showed efficient priming for both inflected and derived word forms, the L2 learners demonstrated repetition-priming effects (like the L1 group), but no priming for inflected and reduced priming for derived word forms. We argue that this striking contrast between L1 and L2 processing supports the view that adult L2 learners rely more on lexical storage and less on combinatorial processing of morphologically complex words than native speakers.

scholarly journals MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING COMPLEX WORDS IN THE KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
The Core ◽  
Stage Scheme ◽  
Complex Mathematical Model ◽  
Complex Words

The article examines the morphology of the Karakalpak language, which belongs to the Kipchak group of the Turkic language family. The forms of word formation in the Karakalpak language, their sequences and the affixes added to the core are analyzed. On the basis of the analyzed affixes and suffixes, a complex mathematical model of word formation in the Karakalpak language was developed. On the basis of the developed mathematical model, an algorithm for creating a complex word in the Karakalpak language was developed. Using the developed mathematical model, a four-stage scheme was created for creating complex words of the Karakalpak language.

scholarly journals Modeling Maltese Noun Plural Classes without Morphemes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nieder ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek ◽  
Enum Cohrs ◽  
Ruben van de Vijver
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Discriminative Learning ◽  
Plural Noun ◽  
Model Classification ◽  
Computational Implementation ◽  
Semitic Language ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Complex Words

Word and Paradigm morphology proposes that morphologically complex words are stored as wholes in the mental lexicon, and by doing so it avoids problems that are related to the notion of the morpheme. However, it is not yet clear to what degree it is possible to computationally model classification and production of complex word forms without morphemes.We take up this question by modeling the classification and production of the Maltese noun plural system. Maltese is a Semitic language that has two broad classes of plurals: concatenative ones and non-concatenative ones. We model the classification in two models, and the production in a third one. The first model for classification, the Tilburg Memory Based Learner (TiMBL), is a computational implementation of exemplar models. TiMBL is impartial as to the existence of morphemes in the mental lexicon, and allows us to directly compare the classification with and without morphemes. It turns out that the classification with and without morphemes of Maltese nouns is equally good. The second classification model is the Naive Discriminative Learner (NDL). NDL is a computational implementation of discriminative learning. It can be understood as an implementation of the Word and Paradigm model and thus eschews morphemes. It differs from TiMBL in its assumptions about learning, and they way in which the classifications are obtained. NDL, too, classifies Maltese nouns well. A classification task is very different from a production task, and therefore we used neural networks to model the production of plurals. In these models we address the question whether the production of a plural noun for a given singular can be modeled without recourse to morphemes. We used two neural networks architectures (LSTM and GRU) that have been applied to linguistic phenomena, and find that they are able to correctly produce plurals, without making use of morphemes.We conclude that the Maltese noun plural system can be modeled on the basis of whole words alone without morphemes. These results, therefore, support the Word and Paradigm theory of the mental lexicon.

Processing of German noun plurals: Evidence for first- and second-order schemata

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Klaus-Michael Köpcke ◽  
Sarah Schimke ◽  
Verena Wecker
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
First Order ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
Complex Words

This article addresses the question of how morphologically complex words are represented in the mental grammar of monolingual adult speakers of German. We contend that in perception, speakers assign a plural or singular meaning according to the degree of reliability to which a given shape is associated with the function singular or plural. In this article, we present the results of two lexical decision experiments with nonce words. In experiment 1, the nonce words presented are preceded by the article form die, and, in experiment 2, the same nonce words are presented as bare nouns. It turns out that the results for experiment 1 and 2 differ. Nevertheless, we argue that the results for both experiments can straightforwardly be explained by a schema account. More precisely, we distinguish between first- and second-order schemata. First-order schemata rely on the pure word form onto which a specific function is mapped. But, recent developments of the schema approach argue that in the speaker's representation of word forms not only single schemata are stored and mapped onto specific functions, but rather schema-pairs, e.g. a singular and its most likely plural partner, referred to as ‘second-order schema’. The results of our experiments support the assumption of first- and second-order schemata and their interaction.

Long vowel oo in nominal word forms in the subdialects of Ulagan dialect of Telengit language (in the comparative aspect)

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-223
Author(s):  
N. D. Almadakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Vowel ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Word Forms

This paper discusses nominal word forms with a long vowel oо in the subdialects of the Ulagan dialect of the Telengit language. The Telengit language is considered as an independent language divided into two large dialects: Ulagan and Chuya. The diphthong oa in the Telos (Cholushman) subdialect of the Ulagan dialect corresponds to the long vowel oo of the first syllable in Balyktuyul, Saratan-Yazuli, Kara-Kuduyur, Chibilin, Chibit subdialects. The long vowel aa in other subdialects corresponds to the long vowel oo in the second syllable of bisyllables in the Chibit subdialect. As opposed to the literary language, in the Altai-Kizhi dialect, bisyllable word forms with a long vowel oo in the first syllable and a variant with a short vowel o in the first syllable are used. In addition, unlike literary language but as in the Ulagan and Chuya dialects of the Telengit language, Altai-Kizhi dialect has bisyllable word forms, with the long syllable oo of the first syllable followed by the labial vowel u in the second syllable. The long vowel oo and the diphthongs oa, ua are formed due to the drop of intervocalic consonants g, y, n, v. The duration (quantitativeness) of the vowel oo in the first syllables depends on the position in front of the narrow vowel in the second syllable and in front of the sonorous consonants r, l, m, n. The longitude of the vowel oo is formed during the morphological buildup of the possessive indicators and affix of the participle with the narrow vowel u.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document