Compound adjectives in the Erzya language

Introduction. The changes occurring in the modern world have an impact on the language, in particular, this results in an increased appearance of complex word forms. Regarding the Erzya language, this is also relevant, as in it stem-composition is the most productive way of building new words. There is a constant interest in compound adjectives in the academic world; they are studied based on the material derived from regional languages, in the comparative aspect, in terms of their functional and stylistic characteristics, syntactic analysis and inner structure. The purpose of the article is to study the ways of building complex adjectives, their spelling, functional and stylistic aspects. Materials and Methods. Compound adjectives in the Erzya language were examined on the material taken from the Erzya-Russian dictionary [Erzyan-Ruzon Valks = Erzya-Russian Dictionary 1993]. The following research methods were employed throughout study: induction (methods of observation, comparison, generalization and interpretation), quantitative calculations, component analysis. Results and Discussion. The article targets to study the mechanisms of word-building pertaining to compound adjectives, their spelling, functional and stylistic aspects. The Erzya-Russian dictionary entries showed that stem-composition in relation to adjectives is not the predominant way of word-building. In particular, there are very few adjectives of a subordinating type. Among compound adjectives of a coordinating type two groups were revealed: 1) adjectives built by the blending of two adjectives (among them, a stem-compound (complex word) formed by the blending of two descriptive adjectives and complex words made up of descriptive adjectives, denoting colors), 2) compound adjectives, built by the blending of two derivative adjectives (among them, compounds made up of two similar or identical in meaning adjectives and compound adjectives, formed as a result of repetition of derivative adjectives). Conclusion. Although the question of how to write complex words in the Erzya language remains disputable, in respect to compound adjectives the established tradition requires that compound adjectives of a subordinating type to be written in one word, compound adjectives of a coordinating type are hyphenated.

Analysis of The English Open Compound Words

Compound words are one of the elements found in the field of morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements of language that have meaning and contribute to support meaning. The morphology field will involve two elements, namely the free element and the bound element. The problem in this study is to analyze the compound word found in the Jakarta post. The word compound which is discussed is the compound word that is open (separate word writing).This research is a type of research belonging to the field of linguistics. This study also uses Qualitative Descriptive research methods. This research method refers to the form of the word. In addition, this research also uses library research or library research. Putaka's research only discusses the data that has been provided by processing and donating data obtained from data sources by using the basic theory that supports the research. In this study the writer took data sources from one edition of the Jakarta Post. All data needed comes from the data source.The initial step used by the writer is to extract raw data taken from the source. After all the raw data is collected, the author will classify the data in several groups. Since the writer only discusses three topic issues, the information is in accordance with the problem. The first problem is the form of the compound word separated which is found in the Jakarta Post Newspaper. Second is what is the meaning of the compound words before and after combined. And the last is the rule that is owned by the compound. Based on this research, the writer find the uniqueness that results from a separate word combination. Among them is if one word is combined with another word it will have a different meaning. Based on this research the author understands in depth about the separate word combination.

Saving the Survivors: Yezidi Women, Islamic State and the German Admissions Program

Brutality and sexual violence perpetrated by the Islamic State (IS) group against women and girls held in captivity have left traumatic effects on survivors and their communities. In this context, the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg launched a novel ‘Special Quota’ Humanitarian Admissions Programme to receive one thousand vulnerable women and children. They are predominantly from the Yezidi religious minority in Iraq and its autonomous Kurdistan Region. The programme serves as a noble precedent for new and expanded forms of international protection to those affected by conflict-related sexual violence and associated trauma. This article draws, however, on interviews with participants of the programme in order to consider critically the gendered assumptions embedded within its design, implementation and related discourse. Research findings indicate that explicit exclusion of all adult male family members from accompanying the vulnerable “womenandchildren” [1]to Germany is against the wishes and self-perceived best interests of some women survivors. Moreover, women’s inability to maintain family unity compounds their lack of agency to determine the conditions of their own recovery and future within the programme framework.[1] This article borrows the one-word compound term coined by feminist writer Cynthia Enloe to evoke the treatment of women within a conflated conceptual category of diminished personal agency and essentialised vulnerability.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIXelaskirina yên saxmayî. Jinên êzidî, Dewleta Îslamî û bernameya Almanyayê ya qebûlê Wehşet û şideta cinsî ya ji hêla Dewleta Îslamî pêk hatî li hember jin û keçên dîl tesîrên trawmatîk li ser ên xelasbûyî û li ser cemaetên wan hiştiye. Di vê çarçoveyê de, eyaleta Alman a Baden-Württemberg bernameyeke nû “Kotaya Taybet” a Bernameya Însanî ya Qebûlkirinê da destpêkirin da ku hezar jin û zarokên di rewşa hesas de qebûl bike. Ew jî bi piranî ji kêmîneya olî ya êzidiyan pêk tên li Iraqê û li Herêma Otonom ya Kurdistanê. Bername wek pêşengeke hêja ye ji bo awayên nû û berfireh ên vehewandin û parastina navneteweyî ji wan kesan re ku ketine ber şideta seksî ya ji ber şer û trawmayên ji wê çêbûyî. Ev meqale xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên ligel beşdarên bernameyê ji bo ku bi awayekî rexneyî li wan pêşferzên cinsî yên di binyad û dîzayn û tetbîq û gotara wê de. Encamên lêkolîne nîşan didin ku bi eşkereyî rênedana hemû endamên mêr ên malbatê da ligel “jin û zarokên” di rewşa hesas de werin Almanyayê li dijî daxwaz û baştirîn feydeya (bi baweriya wan) hin ji wan jinên xelasbûyî ye. Herwiha, zehmetiya jinan ji bo parastina yekîtiya malbatên xwe kêmasiya bikeriya wan jî xurttir dike ku ew bi xwe karibin biryarê bigrin ji bo şert û mercên qencbûna xwe û dahatûya xwe di nav çarçoveya bernameyê de.ABSTRACT IN SORANIRizgarkrdinî zîndûmawan, jinanî êzdî, Dewlletî Îslamî û programî wergirtinî EllmanîEw weḧşiyet û tundûtîjîye sêksîyey û ke le layen grupî Dewlletî Îslamîyewe le dijî jinan û kiçanî be dîlgraw hatote encam dan, karîgerîy tirawmatîkî le ser zîndûmawan û komellgakanyan be cê hêştûwe. Lem kontêkste da wîlayetî fîdirrallîy Baden Wurtembêrgî Ellmanya programêkî be nawî pişkî taybet (Special Quota) dest pê kird ke brîtîye le prrogramêkî xêrxwazîy bo wergirtin, bo pêşwazîkirdin le yek hezar jin û mindallî brînbar. Zortirînyan ser be kemîney ayînî êzdîn le 'Êraq û herêmî Kurdistanin. Ew prrograme wek despêşxerîyekî nayab şwênî xoy kirdotewe bo brewdan be şêwazî nwêtir û berfrawantirî parastinî nêwneteweyî bo ewaney ke kewtûnete jêr karîgerîy tundûtîjîy sêksî û ew tirawmayey ke bew hoyewe tûşyan bûwe. Le ser binemay çawpêkewtingelî encamdraw legell beşdarbûwanî programeke da em meqaleye be şêweyekî rexnegirane ew grîmane cenderîyane şî dekatewe ke le naw nawerrok û şêwazî cêbecêkirdin û gutarî peywendîdar dan. Encamekanî lêkollînewe derî dexen ke xistinederî tewawî endame nêrînekanî xêzan ke hawşanî "jinan û mindallan"î brînbar birron bo Ellmanya le dijî wîst û pêdawîstîye kesîyekanî hendêk le jine zîndumawekane. Herweha nebûnî twanayîy ewey ke jinekan xêzanekanyan be yekgirtûwîy bihêllinewe, rêga le karabûnyan degirêt le pêkhênanî mercekanî çareserî û dahatûyan le çwarçêwey ew programe da.

IDENTIFYING THE TYPES OF ACCOUNTING TERMS IN ENGLISH ACCOUNTING BOOK AND THEIR EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN

Translation has important role to the development of science field, especially in accounting field which has been expanding in this globalization era. Hence, it is very interesting to analyze the translation of English accounting terms into Indonesian because it contains many accounting typical terms and specific vocabulary usually used by accountant. Furthermore, this research focuses on identifying of accounting terms in English accounting book and their equivalences in Indonesian. The data was collected by note taking and comparing techniques. Then, the data analysis is performed to search the form and category of the English accounting terms. Parallel corpora were used in presenting source language and target language data. Descriptive qualitative methods were applied to analyze all research problems. The theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) was applied in order to find translation techniques chosen by translator in translating English accounting terms and the theory of grammatical proposed by Quirk et al (1985) to find the categories of word, compound word and phrase. This research is expected to contribute to further research related to accounting vocabularies consist of a set of words, compound words and phrase which are considered available in all languages of the world.

Titles of Scientific Letters and Research Papers In Astrophysics: A Comparative Study of Some Linguistic Aspects and Their Relationship with Collaboration Issues

In this study we compare the titles of scientific letters and those of research papers published in the field of astrophysics in order to identify the possible differences and/or similarities between both genres in terms of several linguistic and extra-linguistic variables (length, lexical density, number of prepositions, number of compound groups, number of authors and number of countries mentioned in the paper bylines). We also carry out a cross-genre and cross-journal analysis of the referred six variables. Our main findings may be summarized as follows: (1) When compared to research paper titles, scientific letter titles are usually shorter, they have a lower lexical density, they include a higher number of prepositions per number of words and a lower number of compound groups per number of words, although they have more up to 4-word compound groups, i.e. the simplest ones. As a consequence, scientific letter titles include less information, which is also less condensed, than research paper titles. (2) The predominance of compound adjectives over compound nouns in the titles of both genres highlights the scientificity of astrophysical discourse. (3) In general terms, our data show a positive correlation between title length and the number of countries mentioned in the bylines for both genres. The positive correlation between title length and number of authors is only met in the case of research papers. In light of these findings, it may be concluded that scientific letters are a clear example of a timeliness and more “immediate” science, whereas research papers are connected to a more timeless and “elaborate” science. It may also be concluded that two different collaboration scenarios are intertwining on the basis of three separate geographic and linguistic publication contexts (Mainland Europe, The United Kingdom and The United States of North America).

SPACE CATEGORY IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF LATGALE REGION

<p>The space is a significant parameter of world’s existence, and a component making human’s experience and the view of the world; any culture’s understanding of the underlying principles of world’s formation, human’s place and purpose within it is associated with it. Language signs of the linguistic landscape are one of the external factors promoting and influencing formation of the world and its feeling, as well as territorial identity, overcoming or narrowing geographical and psychological borders.</p><p>The object of the research – a category of the space in the linguistic landscape of four administrative- territorial units – Daugavpils, Rēzekne, Līvani cities and Vārkava district, the object – language signs with a word or word compound explicitly expressing space.</p><p>The aim of the research – to find out how and with which language means language signs with additional space indications make concepts on space and feeling of identity to a certain area in Latgale regional linguistic landscape.</p><p>A method of the linguistic landscape was used to collect data, a content analysis was important for data selection; post-structural and descriptive methods were applied to develop the research.</p><p>Basic categories of the space within the context of the linguistic landscape are as follows: language space, information space, geographical space and public space, as the existence of the language signs are not possible outside them. The selected language signs confirm that words and word compounds representing real and mythical space are additionally given in the linguistic landscape of Latgale region.</p><p>The most significant conclusions:</p><p>1. The most often used words expressing space in the linguistic landscape of the research areal are: nomenclature words – a centre, a shop, a bank, a salon, a pharmacy, a school – and place-name Latgale (all of them are mentioned more than 20 times). The most involved words in making word compounds – a centre, and a salon (e. g., Centre of Friends; Fortunetelling Salon, Salon of Alcoholic Drinks).</p><p>2. The language signs expressing actual space are predominant – house-names (e. g., a shop, a bank, a pharmacy, a bar, etc.) related to the public and material area, and place-names (Latgale, Rēzekne, Vārkava, Daugavpils, Līvani). A choice of house-names suggests that human needs, desires and opportunities to meet them are set as a primary issue; money circulation is the main criterion for movement through the space. Usage of place-names, in its turn, proves that the larger is the territorial unit, the more seldom it is additionally emphasized in the language signs.</p><p>3. Features characterizing mythical space – polycentrism – creation of several centres and a sign even in the level of one street (e. g., there are pharmacies of 2 different companies the „Pharmacy Centre of Līvāni” in Rīga Street in Līvāni); worlds or lands of self-made goods or services (e. g., Photo World, Health Island, Alkoland, etc.); usage of words related to the celestial area – „above” (e. g., Moon Pharmacy, Sun Store, Cloud, Star Bookstore, etc.). Focusing on oneself, and things that are familiar, close and secure.</p>

Globalization, Computer-mediated Communications and the Rise of e-Arabic

This article highlights an as yet overlooked consequence of the expansion of computer-mediated communication in the Arab world, the emergence and extensive use of a new language (e-Arabic). This is a language that mixes, borrows and adapts, uses numbers, Roman letters, Arabic script characters, emotions and words from other languages (English and French) to engage not only with the globalized discourse, but also to examine the specific ways in which the local frames the global. Using an analysis of the language used in e-literature (novels) such as Nessyane Com (2009), 'Ayza atgawiz (2008) and Banat al-Riyadh (2005), this article explores whether globalization processes have changed modern standard Arabic (MSA) and colloquial Arabic at the level of the single word, compound and phrase levels, while also examining the metaphorical language that has emerged.

On tone and segmental processes in Akan phrasal words: A prosodic account

Based on where and how phonological rules apply, studies in Lexical Phonology (Mohanan 1986; Kiparsky 1985; Pulleyblank 1986; etc.) distinguish between two levels in the phonology; namely, lexical and post-lexical. At the post-lexical level, the various phonological rules normally require particular domains, without which they fail to apply. The question that follows is where and how we define these domains. Considering Akan Noun-Noun and Noun-Adjective phrasal word (compound) constructions in prosodic phonology (Selkirk 1986, Nespor and Vogel 1986 and Hayes 1989; etc.), this paper touches on some aspects of the prosody-syntax interface on the idea that the domain of a post-lexical rule is drawn from the prosodic component, an intermediate phase of interface analysis. The rules that come to bear are tonal (i.e. H-Deletion, H-Insertion and Boundary assimilation) and segmental (i.e. Prefix deletion and Diphthong simplification) ones that apply on the dictates of particular prosodic domain attainment. Thus, this paper argues that the syntactic structure influences these phonological rules, but indirectly through the prosodic structure (Inkelas 1989). Finally, the paper claims that with the prosodic domains occurrences are better defined and accounted for.