scholarly journals Forced Labour in the Industry of the Middle Volga Region in the First Half of the XIX Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Viktor M. Arsentyev
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Russian Industry ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. Industrial development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century characterized by the existence of various forms and methods of labour organization in the industrial production system. The owners of large enterprises used different practices of attracting labour force, which gave rise to socio-economic and legal heterogeneity of workers. The article considers the importance of compulsory forms of labour organization, which played a significant role in Russian industry until the early 1860s. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes taking place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was used. The need to process a significant array of quantitative data required the use of a statistical method. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature on the topic, the main categories of workers employed in the industry of the Middle Volga region within the boundaries of the Kazan, Penza and Simbirsk provinces were identified, their quantitative analysis was carried out, and some parameters were considered that show the specifics of their social-economic and legal situation. The study showed that the army of forced labor in the industrial sphere of the region in question was represented mainly by possessive workers, as well as serfs, who were reoriented to industrial labor by their owners. During the implementation of the research program, the conclusion was drawn: despite the growth in the use of hired labour in domestic industry in the first half of the 19th century, the Middle Volga region remained one of the regions where the practice of using forced labour in industrial enterprises not only persisted, but also intensified. Discussion and Conclusion. As the study shows, the dynamics of the change in the ratio of forced and civilian labour was multidirectional. In particular, in the industry of the Kazan province, the prevalence of civilian workers was noted, the proportion of which steadily increased throughout the period under study. On the contrary, with regard to the Penza and Simbirsk provinces, there was an increase in the use of forced labor, which was associated with the intensification of industrial entrepreneurship of the nobles. In the sectoral plan, the most active use of serf labor in industry was recorded in the cloth and distillery industries. It should be noted that in the second quarter of the XIX century the practice of using monetary forms of payment by industrial nobles for the labour of their own serfs. In the Kazan province, forced labour was represented mainly by the possessory workers of the Kazan cloth factory. By the early 1850s they were removed from the system of “possession law” and passed into the free estates. The presence of possessional workers was also recorded at metallurgical plants in the Penza province, which continued to remain on the “possession rights” until the early 1860s. In general, we can conclude that a specific feature of Russian industry in the pre-reform period was the extreme limitation of the “legal” free labor market, which led to the preservation of a large role for compulsory forms of labor organization.

MONETARY FORMS OF PAYMENT OF WORK IN THE RUSSIAN PATRIMONY INDUSTRY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

2018 ◽  
pp. 263-275
Author(s):  
Viktor M. Arsentyev
Keyword(s):  
Volga Region ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Economic Coercion ◽  
Dual Character ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of changes which took place in the system of remuneration for work in the patrimonial industry of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. The methods of mobilizing of workers for industrial enterprises are considered, the value of the monetary form of payment for different categories of workers is characterized. The methods of labor stimulation applied by noblemen-industrialists with a view of increase of labor activity of workers and increase in labor productivity are investigated. Methods and Materials. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes that took place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was applied. When processing quantitative data, a statistical method was used, and for a more detailed immersion in the subject of the study, a micro-historical approach was applied. Results. The conducted research showed that capitalist experiments at the patrimonial enterprises of the Middle Volga region, connected with increasingly firmly established industry in the first half of the XIX century the tradition of applying monetary forms of labor for their own serf and household people, was used by many noble entrepreneurs in their industrial manufactures. The monetary forms of remuneration were methods of intensifying forced labor and were aimed at increasing the profitability of the patrimonial enterprises. Discussion and Conclusion. In the patrimonial industry of the Middle Volga region in the first half of the XIX century, the use of labor of serfs and household people was gradually transferred to a commercial basis, and only serfs were employed in the form of corvee labor for auxiliary servicing. While maintaining the connection with the land and legal dependence on the owner, the position of the working patrimonial manufactory acquired a dual character: on the one hand, elements of contractual employment relations were present on a market basis, and on the other, feudal features of forced recruitment were preserved. The statistical analysis of payroll data in patrimonial factories, mainly cloth, revealed significant differences in its size, depending on gender, age, professional specialization and skill level of workers. But in general, the size of the monetary payment of labor remained rather low. The absence of any formally fixed rates often allowed the factory owners, at their own discretion, to evaluate certain types of labor, and on this basis to compile the wage pay tables for industrial workers, the vast majority of whom were also in a state of non-economic coercion.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Industrial Injuries in the industry of the Middle Volga Region at the Beginning of the XX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-128
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Worker ◽  
Industrial Environment ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Industrial Injuries

Introduction. Early industrial modernization, which entered the active phase at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, gave rise to a new reality, which significantly changed the position of man. The facets of this new reality were very different. In the article we will focus on one of them – the influence of the growing industrial environment on one of the main actors of industrialization, the industrial worker. The main objective of this work is to track the dynamics of accidents in the industry of the provinces of the Middle Volga region (Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk and Penza) at the beginning of the 20th century, and also to identify how it correlated with changes in the most important indicators of industrial development – the number of workers and the number of factories and plants. Consideration of these parameters will allow to obtain new arguments in considering the effectiveness and efficiency of measures taken by the factory inspection and authorities aimed at strengthening the activities of the owners and administration of industrial enterprises to ensure safety and sanitary standards, as well as neutralizing the harmful effects of the industrial environment on the health of workers. Methods. To solve the set tasks, we used elements of the methods of socio-economic analysis, which allowed us to consider the object of study in the context of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on it. In the work, methods of information-statistical analysis were used, the results of which were visualized using a graphical representation of the obtained statistical data. The use of modernization theory made it possible to integrate the processes under consideration into the trend of industrial modernization, considering it at the level of subprocesses of a socio-economic type. Results. Based on the analysis of official statistics, the dynamics of changes in the intensity of industrial injuries in the factories and plants of the Middle Volga, supervised by the factory inspection was revealed. The tendency of a rather substantial increase in the total number of accidents with a simultaneous decrease in mortality among workers was revealed. It is shown that the growth of industrial injuries was disproportionately high compared with the change in two important indicators of industrial development: the number of industrial enterprises and the number of workers. The largest scale of industrial injuries was observed in the Saratov and Samara provinces, which generally corresponds to their relatively higher level of industrial development. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of occupational injuries statistics in the factories of the Middle Volga region, subordinated to the supervision of the factory inspection, clearly showed that the acceleration of the processes of early industrial modernization observed at the beginning of the 20th century posed new threats to the life and health of workers. Basically, they were technogenic in nature and were directly related to a new round of scientific and technological progress, the result of which was an increase in the scale of production and labor intensity, which increased the danger of work-related injuries and the growth of occupational diseases. Among other factors that aggravated the situation, one can note the low level of qualification of workers, their non-observance of labor discipline, as well as the lack of efforts on the part of the owners and administration of industrial enterprises in the field of labor protection.

scholarly journals LAWS AND INTERESTS: Factory Inspection Relationships with Owners and the Administration of Industrial Enterprises of Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials from the Middle Volga Region)

2018 ◽  
pp. 409-428
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
State Management ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. Factory inspection was one of the key institutions that influenced the industrial development of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The factory inspection, closely integrated into the state management system, went through several stages of its formation and development. Being at the very center of social contradictions within the framework of an increasingly acute “work issue”, the factory inspectorate was often criticized by various political forces, as well as by entrepreneurs and the public. Research methods. The range of applied research methods when considering this topic is determined by the intersection of several subject areas: social, economic and legal. In order to reflect all the complexities of their interaction, the methods of socio-institutional analysis were used. The use of the modernization theory made it possible to include the approval of factory-labor legislation in Russia in the trend of industrial modernization. The method of micro-history allows you to see the specific practice of the relationship of factory inspection with the owners and administration of industrial enterprises. Results. In this article, based on the study of predominantly archival sources, an analysis was made of the activities of factory inspection of the provinces of the Middle Volga region in the beginning of the 20th century in the context of confrontation with entrepreneurs, the essence of which was the desire to oblige them to comply with the norms and rules of factory labor legislation. As the study showed, it was not unclouded, it raised many questions and controversial issues, often caused by the frank reluctance of the owners and administrations of industrial enterprises to comply with the requirements of factory-labor legislation, and in some cases the insufficient functioning of the factory’s institute inspection, as well as mechanisms for its implementation. Discussion and conclusion. As the study shows, carrying out mediation in resolving labor disputes and conflicts between workers and entrepreneurs, factory inspectors became essentially the main actors in the formation of the legal space in the sphere of industrial production in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually, they became an effective force that could resist the desire of the owners and management of enterprises to preserve the so-called “old factory orders”, where the decisive role was played not by the “letter of the law”, but by the will of the owner and a well-established custom. The way in which the new practice of production and labor relations was successfully implemented largely depended on the personality of the factory inspector, on his principledness and desire to resist the entrepreneurs and the administration of factories in their desire not to comply with the norms of factory labor legislation. Keywords: industry, actory inspection, workers, entrepreneurs, Middle Volga region, factory labor legislation

scholarly journals Metamorphoses of Industrial Statistics in Surveys of the Provinces of the Middle Volga Region at the Beginning of the 20th сentury

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-398
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
The State ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
General Description ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. The statistics collected as part of the preparation of the governor’s reports is an important source array that makes it possible to display individual parameters of the development of industrial production in Russia. Statistical reviews published annually for virtually all Russian provinces contain a general description of industrial development, as well as summaries on the number of industrial enterprises, the number of workers and the cost of production. Leaving the general characteristics of this source outside the scope of the study, we will attempt to analyze the information contained in it on the state of industry, as well as assess the possibilities of using its heuristic potential for statistical analysis of the main parameters of the development of industry in the provinces of the Middle Volga region at the beginning of the 20th century. Methods. The methodological basis is the principle of historicism, on the basis of which the subject of research is considered taking into account the peculiarities of the historical environment and in the context of its evolutionary dynamics within the chosen chronological period. To solve the set tasks, elements of the methods of historical and legal analysis were used, which made it possible to consider the object of research in the context of the development of Russian legislation. Operating with a fairly large amount of digital data has led to the active use of methods of information and statistical analysis. Results. Based on a comparative analysis of the content of the annual reviews of Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk and Penza provinces for 1900–1913 the features of the presentation of information on the state of the industrial sphere were identified, the structure and content of the sections devoted to the analysis of industrial statistics were considered. It was concluded that there is no uniformity in the content of the relevant sections between the reviews not only of different provinces, but also of the same provinces over different years. Discussion and Conclusion. As the conducted research shows, the information on the industrial development of the provinces collected in the framework of the preparation of the governor’s reports cannot be regarded as a homogeneous and comparable statistical array. This was largely due to the vagueness of the criteria for industrial accounting, which impeded a clear division of large factories, on the one hand, and small handicraft enterprises, on the other. In addition, there was a lack of uniformity in the compilation of industrial statistics in the practice of preparing surveys of the provinces. The structure and content of the sections devoted to the characteristics of industrial development had significant differences both in reviews of different provinces and in reviews of the same province over different years. Nevertheless, the revealed nuances do not give any reason to write off this source. The use of the data contained in it can reveal rather important aspects of the industrial development of the region.

scholarly journals Consumption of Agricultural Machinery and Tools in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials from the Provinces of the Middle Volga Region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-375
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. In the late XIX – early XX centuries agricultural engineering in Russia was considered as a tool for solving several important problems. Against the background of the growth of the export potential of Russian agriculture, an increase in its productivity was considered as a way of obtaining foreign currency funds necessary for settlements on international financial obligations. At the same time, the task of increasing the production of agricultural machinery could not be fully resolved without an increase in demand for it. Therefore, the large-scale agrarian transformations undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century assumed assistance to the peasants in the technical re-equipment of their farms. The preservation of manual labor and archaic methods of agricultural production at the beginning of the 20th century became a threat that could nullify all reform efforts. This article will attempt to determine the extent of consumption of agricultural machinery and implements in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries based on the use of statistical materials on the provinces of the Middle Volga region. Materials and Methods. In solving the research problems, archival materials, published data of official statistics, and also scientific literature were used. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made by the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic. The need for quantitative data processing led to the use of the statistical method. The digital data presented in the work received a graphical interpretation and were visualized in the form of diagrams. The application of modernization theory allowed the inclusion of the growth processes of the technical equipment of agriculture in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Based on a study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature on the topic, a dynamic analysis of the scale of agricultural machinery consumption was carried out in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The study showed a fairly significant increase in this indicator both in Russia as a whole and in relation to the provinces of the Middle Volga region. At the same time, uneven technical equipment of agriculture was revealed in relation to different provinces. The main factors hindering the introduction of agricultural machinery in agricultural practice are considered. Discussion and Conclusion. The above data quite definitely allow us to talk about the growth in the use of agricultural machinery and improved tools in the Middle Volga region at the beginning of the 20th century. However, in relation to different provinces, these dynamics had very significant differences. It looked the most rapid in the Samara and Saratov provinces. It was much less noticeable in the Penza, Simbirsk and Kazan provinces. Such high rates in the Samara and Saratov provinces are due to the active spread of intensive agriculture, which provided for a high level of mechanization of labor. Passing to the expanded production of a market type, the farmers actively introduced agronomic and technical innovations. However, the technological revolution in agriculture did not cover all producers, far more affecting those who went beyond the communal regime and moved into the category of rural private owners. Among the factors that slowed down the implementation of machines, one can single out the conservatism of the peasant consciousness, the inertia of traditions in the practice of farming, the insufficient technical literacy of the peasantry, which made it difficult to maintain and repair complex machines, their high cost, low purchasing power of rural residents, etc. All this not only hindered the development of agriculture, but also significantly restrained the processes of early industrial modernization of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Epidemiology and prevention of modern dysentery

1985 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-310
Author(s):  
A. G. Khisamutdinov ◽  
F. B. Kolpachikhin ◽  
V. E. Grigoriev ◽  
L. I. Kromota ◽  
F. F. Gabbasov
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Population Migration ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Middle Volga

The epidemiology of dysentery in two cities of the Middle Volga region, which are characterized by unusually rapid industrial development and intensive population migration, has been studied.

scholarly journals Creation of a New Industrial Area in the Ulyanovsk District of the Middle Volga Region during the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1943

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-919
Author(s):  
Evgeniy A. Khapaev
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Face ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Middle Volga

The presented article shows huge, multifaceted work, which in one of the most important economic districts of the country was carried out by local authorities, directors of large industrial enterprises, public organizations on restructuring into military form of industry of a separate region - Ulyanovsky district of the Middle Volga region. The presented materials help to reveal those mechanisms and organizational reserves, the correct use of which within two years allowed to create the most powerful production cluster in the territory of the deaf, located in the Russian hinterland of the mainly agricultural area. The subsequent work of the newly created Ulyanovsky Industrial District allowed not only to create the most powerful scientific and production center, but also to turn one of the numerous agrarian districts of vast Russia into a regional center. The materials of the article will make it possible to present visually the difficulties that have been overcome by the organizers of new industrial industries, many of which have been evacuated from the western regions of the country, in the face of an acute shortage of workers, production space, electricity and rolling stock. The work of workers, engineering and technical personnel, who in the face of constant disruptions in the supply of the most necessary, semi-hungry existence, acute shortage of housing showed miracles of labour heroic, is shown. It is told about difficult labor weekdays of defense enterprises, examples are given when workers, working in conditions of lush frost, under the open air not only performed, but also exceeded production plans. A huge contribution was made by factory and university science, when scientists and manufacturing inventors could within a few weeks develop a completely new design of a small-scale engine, a new generator, introduce such innovations into the production process, which allowed to significantly increase productivity. The authors also tried to show the restructuring of enterprises already existing in the Ulyanovsky district. They also managed to adapt quickly to difficult military conditions, so improving the production process, which eventually allowed to increase productivity and output volumes of final products. The effectively organized production and educational process allowed enterprises to organize a labor rise among employees, to create an atmosphere that allowed to mobilize rear workers for serious labor achievements. No industrial enterprise allowed any sabotage, provocation by enemy agents, and serious production accident throughout the war.

scholarly journals Agricultural Engineering in the Middle Volga Region in the late XIX – early XX century

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Engineering Industry ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. Observed in the late XIX – early XX centuries intensification of state participation in the development of the engineering industry was primarily due to the need to solve military-strategic problems against the background of militarization unfolding throughout the world. The support for certain areas of the so-called civil engineering was considered as one of the tools of overall economic growth and a way to increase the well-being of the people. One of these priority areas was agricultural engineering. This article will attempt to consider the development of the production of agricultural machinery and implements in the provinces of the Middle Volga region against the background of the development of this industry segment in Russia as a whole. Materials and Methods. In solving the research problems, archival materials, published data of official statistics, and also scientific literature were used. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made by the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic. The need for quantitative data processing led to the use of the statistical method. The use of modernization theory made it possible to include the development processes of the production of agricultural machinery and implements in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature, the conditions, factors and basic parameters of the development of agricultural engineering in the provinces of the Middle Volga region in the late XIX – early XX centuries were examined in the context of general trends in the development of this industry on a national scale. The study showed that the first decade of the XX century is characterized by a rather dynamic development of domestic agricultural engineering, including in the Middle Volga. Several factors contributed to this: the trend of technical re-equipment of agriculture, improvement of market and transport infrastructure, the success of metallurgy in the region, customs protection, stimulation of producers through soft loans and bonuses, etc. Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the individual, mainly local successes in the development of agricultural engineering in the Middle Volga region, its role in the industrial and industrial structure of the region is hardly worth recognizing. Difficulties in the development of this area of engineering in the Middle Volga region were associated with increased competition from enterprises of industrially developed regions of Russia, foreign manufacturers, as well as handicraft production. The unfolding processes of monopolization had a double effect on agricultural engineering. On the one hand, they increased pressure on manufacturers, primarily from large metallurgical syndicates. On the other hand, the consolidation of agricultural machinery manufacturers at the beginning of the 20th century within the framework of the created monopolistic union contributed to the development of the industry as a whole and the creation of the most favorable conditions for industrial entrepreneurship in this area, including with the participation of the state.

Expenditures of Rural Societies and Volost Boards in the 1880s – 1890s (Based on the Materials of the Middle Volga Region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Pershina ◽  
Tatyana V. Shitova
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Structural Methods

Introduction. The comparative analysis of the expenditure part of rural and township budgets of the Middle Volga provinces in the 1880s – 1890s is presented. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the comparative method. Quantitative, problem-chronological, system analysis and structural methods were of auxiliary importance. Results. The comparison of data on the Middle Volga provinces shows that in the 1880s – early 1890s, the mundane expenses of rural societies were twice as high as the costs of the volost boards. A significant part of the worldly fees went to pay employees of volost boards; much more modest funds were allocated to representatives of peasant self-government bodies, and, in their totality, these funds were steadily declining at the end of the XIX century. Discussion. In many areas of the Middle Volga region in the 1890s, rural electors did not receive any payment at all. The item of expenditure of local self-government bodies designated as “other expenses for the management and conduct of all kinds of public affairs”, which included the costs of renting apartments for officials, paying for the travel of officials and elected officials, delivering taxes to the treasury, the costs of conducting court cases, hiring servants and accounting officials was quite noticeable for rural societies at the very beginning of the 1890s, but gradually decreased. The amounts spent under this article by rural societies significantly exceeded the volost ones. During the period under review, the protection of public safety and fire-fighting measures were financed mainly from the fees of rural societies. An important component of the “mundane budgets” were the so-called “agricultural expenditures”, which included a wide range of operations aimed at organizing agriculture and animal husbandry. Conclusion. The reform of taxation and the system of local self-government in Russia in the 60–70s of the XIX century provided rural societies with wider opportunities for spending funds to meet urgent needs. A certain independence in the approval of expenditure items can be traced in the specifics of the costs of individual volosts and rural societies of the Middle Volga provinces. Allocating a significant part of worldly fees for payments to employees of volost boards, the peasantry preferred to minimize their own expenses on self-government bodies. The costs of “managing and conducting all kinds of public affairs” were quite palpable for the villagers at the very beginning of the 1890s, but also gradually decreased.

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