Expenditures of Rural Societies and Volost Boards in the 1880s – 1890s (Based on the Materials of the Middle Volga Region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Pershina ◽  
Tatyana V. Shitova
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Structural Methods

Introduction. The comparative analysis of the expenditure part of rural and township budgets of the Middle Volga provinces in the 1880s – 1890s is presented. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the comparative method. Quantitative, problem-chronological, system analysis and structural methods were of auxiliary importance. Results. The comparison of data on the Middle Volga provinces shows that in the 1880s – early 1890s, the mundane expenses of rural societies were twice as high as the costs of the volost boards. A significant part of the worldly fees went to pay employees of volost boards; much more modest funds were allocated to representatives of peasant self-government bodies, and, in their totality, these funds were steadily declining at the end of the XIX century. Discussion. In many areas of the Middle Volga region in the 1890s, rural electors did not receive any payment at all. The item of expenditure of local self-government bodies designated as “other expenses for the management and conduct of all kinds of public affairs”, which included the costs of renting apartments for officials, paying for the travel of officials and elected officials, delivering taxes to the treasury, the costs of conducting court cases, hiring servants and accounting officials was quite noticeable for rural societies at the very beginning of the 1890s, but gradually decreased. The amounts spent under this article by rural societies significantly exceeded the volost ones. During the period under review, the protection of public safety and fire-fighting measures were financed mainly from the fees of rural societies. An important component of the “mundane budgets” were the so-called “agricultural expenditures”, which included a wide range of operations aimed at organizing agriculture and animal husbandry. Conclusion. The reform of taxation and the system of local self-government in Russia in the 60–70s of the XIX century provided rural societies with wider opportunities for spending funds to meet urgent needs. A certain independence in the approval of expenditure items can be traced in the specifics of the costs of individual volosts and rural societies of the Middle Volga provinces. Allocating a significant part of worldly fees for payments to employees of volost boards, the peasantry preferred to minimize their own expenses on self-government bodies. The costs of “managing and conducting all kinds of public affairs” were quite palpable for the villagers at the very beginning of the 1890s, but also gradually decreased.

MONETARY FORMS OF PAYMENT OF WORK IN THE RUSSIAN PATRIMONY INDUSTRY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

2018 ◽  
pp. 263-275
Author(s):  
Viktor M. Arsentyev
Keyword(s):  
Volga Region ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Economic Coercion ◽  
Dual Character ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of changes which took place in the system of remuneration for work in the patrimonial industry of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. The methods of mobilizing of workers for industrial enterprises are considered, the value of the monetary form of payment for different categories of workers is characterized. The methods of labor stimulation applied by noblemen-industrialists with a view of increase of labor activity of workers and increase in labor productivity are investigated. Methods and Materials. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes that took place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was applied. When processing quantitative data, a statistical method was used, and for a more detailed immersion in the subject of the study, a micro-historical approach was applied. Results. The conducted research showed that capitalist experiments at the patrimonial enterprises of the Middle Volga region, connected with increasingly firmly established industry in the first half of the XIX century the tradition of applying monetary forms of labor for their own serf and household people, was used by many noble entrepreneurs in their industrial manufactures. The monetary forms of remuneration were methods of intensifying forced labor and were aimed at increasing the profitability of the patrimonial enterprises. Discussion and Conclusion. In the patrimonial industry of the Middle Volga region in the first half of the XIX century, the use of labor of serfs and household people was gradually transferred to a commercial basis, and only serfs were employed in the form of corvee labor for auxiliary servicing. While maintaining the connection with the land and legal dependence on the owner, the position of the working patrimonial manufactory acquired a dual character: on the one hand, elements of contractual employment relations were present on a market basis, and on the other, feudal features of forced recruitment were preserved. The statistical analysis of payroll data in patrimonial factories, mainly cloth, revealed significant differences in its size, depending on gender, age, professional specialization and skill level of workers. But in general, the size of the monetary payment of labor remained rather low. The absence of any formally fixed rates often allowed the factory owners, at their own discretion, to evaluate certain types of labor, and on this basis to compile the wage pay tables for industrial workers, the vast majority of whom were also in a state of non-economic coercion.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the birds of the Middle Volga Region (South-East of the European part of Russia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Klenina ◽  
Alexander Ruchin ◽  
Evgenii Bykov
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acoustic Methods ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
First Time

Birds are the most numerous and widespread group of higher vertebrates. Due to the peculiarities of their biology, birds play an important role in nature and in human life. Ornithological studies described in this publication were conducted in seven regions of the Middle Volga Region (Chuvashia, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk and Penza Regions) from 1978 to 2021. Visual and acoustic methods were used to study the species composition during field studies. In total, 5065 birdoccurrences belonging to 157 species, 48 families and 19 orders were registered. All occurrences have a geographical reference. The large volume of data collected, the wide geographical coverage and the long-term nature of the observations determined the value of their inclusion in the GBIF and the need for publication in the Biodiversity Data Journal. We are publishing our original data on the coordinates of bird occurrences in the Middle Volga Region for the first time. Most of the original information about bird occurrences was contained in field diaries and was not available to a wide range of researchers. All 5065 occurrences are new to GBIF.

scholarly journals Agritourism and architecture of typical churches in Cossack settlements in the Middle Volga

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 10009
Author(s):  
Elena Ponomarenko ◽  
Ludmila Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Middle Volga

The article analyzes the tourist potential of the cult architectural heritage of the Middle Volga region for agrotourism. The urgency of the problem under investigation is determined by the ever-increasing interest in architectural traditions of ethnical and sub-ethnical communities in various Russia’s regions, including the Cossacks. The methodology of the study is based on a comprehensive architectural historical analysis of the layouts and design of churches in Cossack settlements in the region. The author analyzes a wide range of issues related to the architectural layout, composition and character of churches in Cossack settlements in the 16th–20th centuries. The paper reveals an interesting stratum of regional heritage. It contains a description and analysis of little-known architectural monuments based on the author’s field surveys of the remaining settlements. The work includes examination of comprehensive archival data from local and central archives, as well as rich graphical material. The findings in this paper can provide a framework to further research in the area of architecture culture of the Cossacks in the Mid Volga regions.

scholarly journals Forced Labour in the Industry of the Middle Volga Region in the First Half of the XIX Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Viktor M. Arsentyev
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Russian Industry ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. Industrial development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century characterized by the existence of various forms and methods of labour organization in the industrial production system. The owners of large enterprises used different practices of attracting labour force, which gave rise to socio-economic and legal heterogeneity of workers. The article considers the importance of compulsory forms of labour organization, which played a significant role in Russian industry until the early 1860s. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes taking place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was used. The need to process a significant array of quantitative data required the use of a statistical method. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature on the topic, the main categories of workers employed in the industry of the Middle Volga region within the boundaries of the Kazan, Penza and Simbirsk provinces were identified, their quantitative analysis was carried out, and some parameters were considered that show the specifics of their social-economic and legal situation. The study showed that the army of forced labor in the industrial sphere of the region in question was represented mainly by possessive workers, as well as serfs, who were reoriented to industrial labor by their owners. During the implementation of the research program, the conclusion was drawn: despite the growth in the use of hired labour in domestic industry in the first half of the 19th century, the Middle Volga region remained one of the regions where the practice of using forced labour in industrial enterprises not only persisted, but also intensified. Discussion and Conclusion. As the study shows, the dynamics of the change in the ratio of forced and civilian labour was multidirectional. In particular, in the industry of the Kazan province, the prevalence of civilian workers was noted, the proportion of which steadily increased throughout the period under study. On the contrary, with regard to the Penza and Simbirsk provinces, there was an increase in the use of forced labor, which was associated with the intensification of industrial entrepreneurship of the nobles. In the sectoral plan, the most active use of serf labor in industry was recorded in the cloth and distillery industries. It should be noted that in the second quarter of the XIX century the practice of using monetary forms of payment by industrial nobles for the labour of their own serfs. In the Kazan province, forced labour was represented mainly by the possessory workers of the Kazan cloth factory. By the early 1850s they were removed from the system of “possession law” and passed into the free estates. The presence of possessional workers was also recorded at metallurgical plants in the Penza province, which continued to remain on the “possession rights” until the early 1860s. In general, we can conclude that a specific feature of Russian industry in the pre-reform period was the extreme limitation of the “legal” free labor market, which led to the preservation of a large role for compulsory forms of labor organization.

scholarly journals MOSCOW’S INFLUENCE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF RURAL CLASSICAL CHURCHES IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Elena V. PONOMARENKO
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Rural Architecture ◽  
The 19Th Century

A study done at the expense of the State program of the Russian Federation “Science and technology” in the framework of the plan of basic scientifi c research Ministry of Russia and the RUSSIAN. In the article, an att empt has been made to the analysis of a wide range of issues related to the formation of the rural architecture of Orthodox churches in the territory of the Middle Volga region in the 19th century. Considered layout, composition and stylistic features of the architecture of Orthodox churches in the region. Peculiarities of regional religious architecture of the Middle Volga region. Provides extensive material fi eld surveys.

scholarly journals ARCHITECTURE OF RURAL CHURCHES OF THE XVIII CENTURY IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Elena V. PONOMARENKO
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Rural Churches ◽  
State Program ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Middle Volga

The study was carried out at the expense of the State Program of the Russian Federation “Development of Science and Technology” for 2013-2020 in the framework of the Plan of Basic Scientifi c Research of the Ministry of Construction of Russia and the RAASN, topic 1.2.14. The article att empts to analyze a wide range of issues related to the formation of the architecture of rural Orthodox churches in the middle Volga region in the 18th century. The layout, composition and stylistic features of the architecture of the region’s Orthodox churches are considered. The features of the regional religious architecture of the Middle Volga region are revealed. The extensive material of fi eld surveys is presented.

scholarly journals Safety and Sanitary Conditions of Industrial Enterprises of the Middle Volga in the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-371
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Industrial Safety ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Introduction. The acceleration of the processes of industrial modernization, observed in the late XIX – early XX centuries, led to the formation of an industrial environment that inevitably had a negative impact on humans. In these conditions the task of monitoring by the authorities the situation at industrial enterprises in terms of the development of certain indicators and standards in the field of protecting the life and health of workers, as well as the responsibility of entrepreneurs for their non-compliance, was updated. In this paper an attempt was made to consider the situation of workers employed at large industrial enterprises of the Middle Volga region in the late XIX – early XX centuries, from the standpoint of ensuring safety and sanitary standards, as well as measures taken by business, public and state structures to neutralize the harmful effects techno genic environment on the health of industrial workers. Methods. To solve the tasks set, we used elements of the methods of socio-institutional and legal analysis, which allowed us to consider the object of study in a wide range of socio-economic and institutional-legal relations. The use of modernization theory allowed us to include the activities carried out in the late XIX – early XX centuries to ensure safety and sanitary standards at industrial enterprises in the trend of industrial modernization at the level of social sub-processes. Results. Based on a study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature on the topic, the process of institutionalization and the formation of a legal base for activities to monitor compliance with industrial safety and sanitary standards in the late XIX – early XX centuries was considered. The analysis of the situation of workers in the factories of the provinces of the Middle Volga in terms of labor safety and sanitary conditions. The activities of the factory inspection to identify violations of established rules and standards, as well as the investigation of accidents with industrial workers associated with inadequate security and non-compliance with safety measures, are investigated. Discussion and Conclusion. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a system of public and state control over safety measures and sanitary conditions at industrial enterprises was formed in Russia. And the most important role was given to the factory inspection institute. At the same time there was a process of developing a regulatory framework and technical regulations designed to provide support for such activities. All this made possible to achieve certain successes in this area, which were the result of efforts undertaken by society and state institutions. Nevertheless, in the field of ensuring safety and sanitary standards, a large number of problems remained at the industrial enterprises of the Middle Volga provinces. This is evidenced, in particular, by the growth of industrial injuries in the factories and plants of the Middle Volga Region supervised by factory inspections, which was observed at the beginning of the 20th century. However, for the most part this was due to an increase in the number of industrial enterprises and workers employed by them, the complication of technical and technological processes, as well as an increase in labor intensification. At the same time, the positive results achieved in ensuring the safety of industrial labor are evidenced by a significant decrease in the number of fatal accidents. In many respects, this was the result of the activities of the factory inspection, which insistently demanded that the owners of factories take the necessary measures to ensure safety and sanitary standards when organizing industrial work and punishable for violation of applicable rules.

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