scholarly journals Marital status and education as risk factors for colorectal cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ruseva ◽  
D. Tochev ◽  
Z. Boneva ◽  
Y. Assyov ◽  
L. Georgieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Colorectal Neoplasm ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Significant Disease

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a socially significant disease. It is often looking for its relationship with lifestyle and heredity. For its development, factors as marital status and education are also important. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the influence of the marital status and education on the colorectal cancer risk. The time of impact is five years, before the diagnose is made. There are 540 persons participating in the study. Participants are separated into two groups – cases and control group. Both groups are unified by known confounders gender and age. Information is collected via questionnaire and as interview. Data is introduced and processed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. For the level of significance, whereby the null hypothesis is rejected, we accepted p <0.05. We demonstrate the definitive influence of the education as a risk factor for CRC. Participants with secondary and primary education have higher risk of developing colorectal neoplasm, compared to those with higher education. We also establish that marital status had protective effect in some cases of CRC.

The Effect of Applying POSSE (Predict- Organize-Search-Summarize-Evaluate) on the Students’ Reading Comprehension

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Rejeki Maha ◽  
Berlin Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was aimed at finding out The Effect of Applying POSSE (Predict-Organize-Search-Summarize-Evaluate) Strategy on the Students’ Reading Comprehension. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of SMA Negeri 2 Medan. There were sixty students taken as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental and control group. The experimental group was taught by applying POSSE strategy while control group was taught without applying POSSE strategy. The instrument of collecting the data was multiple choice test which consists of 40 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21). The calculation shows the reliability was 0.81(high). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (4.76) is higher than t-table (2.00) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that there was a significant effect of applying POSSE strategy on the students’ reading comprehension. Keywords: POSSE Strategy, Reading Comprehension.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Applying Somatic Auditory Visual (SAVI) Approach On Students’ Speaking Achievement In Oral Descriptive Text Of 2018/2019 Eleventh Year Students’ Of SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan Bangsa Kabupaten Langkat

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Ummi Umara
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

ABSTRACT This study is conducted as an attempt to find out the effect of applying SAVI approach on Students’ speaking Achievement in oral descriptive text. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study is the students of SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan Bangsa . The sample of this study was the 2018/2019eleventh grade students of SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan Bangsa . This study is conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental group and control group. The control group is taught by conventional method while experimental group is taught by applying SAVI Approach. The instrument used in this study was an oral test. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used t-test formula.. The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (2.50) is higher than t-table (1.666) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 74. Therefore, null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that SAVI approach significantly affect the students’ speaking achievement in oral descriptive text.

THE EFFECT OF TEACHING MEDIA ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN SPEAKING

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resti Santa Mona Sidabutar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Story Retelling ◽  
The Media ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This research concerned on The Effect of Teaching Media on Students’ Achievement in Speaking. This study used the experimental design. The population of the study was the students of SMP Negeri 1 Air Putih. There were twenty students from five classes as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with two groups namely experimental and control group. The experimental group was taught by applying English comics while control group was taught with written texts. The instrument of collecting the data was used tape recorder. The data was analyzed by using t-test formula. The calculation shows that t-observed (2.378) is higher than t-table (2.086) at the level of significance 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. It means that teaching speaking by applying English comics as the media has more significant effects than without using English comics.   Keywords: English Comics, Story Retelling, Students’ Achievement in Speaking, Experimental Research

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING SAVI MODEL ON STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ACHIEVEMENT IN ORAL DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azrina Manja And Anni Holila Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was conducted as an attempt to find out the effect of applying SAVI model on Students’ students’ speakingAchievement in oral descriptive text. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of MAN Kualuh Hulu. The subject of this study was the 2013/2014 tenth grade students of MAN Kualuh Hulu. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental group and control group. The control group was taught by conventional method while experimental group was taught by applying SAVI model. The instrument used in this study was an objective test. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) formula. The calculation shows that the reliability was 0.67 (reliabity). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (5.36) is higher than t-table (1.996) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 68. Therefore, null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that SAVI Model significantly affect the students’ speaking achievement in oral descriptive text.

THE EFFECT OF USING FRAYER MODEL ON STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY MASTERY

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis Ekawati Nahampun
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was conducted as an attempt to find out the effect of using Frayer Model on Students’ Vocabulary Mastery. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of SMA Parulian 1 Medan. There were sixty students of first grade senior high school as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental group and control group. The control group was taught by conventional method while experimental group was taught by using Frayer Model. The instrument of collecting data was objective multiple choice test which consisted of 40 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) formula. The calculation shows that the reliability was 0.73 (high). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (5.41) is higher than t-table (2.00) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that teaching vocabulary by using Frayer Model has more significant effect than teaching vocabulary by using conventional method.   Keywords: Vocabulary, Students’ Vocabulary Mastery, Frayer Model

THE EFFECT OF USING SWELL METHOD ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING PROCEDURE TEXT

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Wulandari And Rahmad Husein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Procedure Text ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study aims at investigating the effect of using SWELL Method on Students’ Achievement in Writing Procedure Text. This study was conducted by experimental research. The population of this study was the students of the third grade of SMP NEGERI 2 SELESAI. The total number of the population was one hundred twenty in 4 classes. There were sixty students chosen as the sample using randomly by lottery technique. The sample was divided into two groups, namely experimental group and control group. The experimental group was taught by using SWELL Method and control group was taught by using Demonstration Method. The instrument for collecting the data was writing test. The data was analyzed by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis shows that t-observed value is higher than t-table (2.26>2.00) at level of significance 0.05 with the degree of freedom 58. It means that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. Based on the findings of this study, it was found that there is a significant effect of SWELL Method on students’ achievement in writing procedure text.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PQRST METHOD ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamhot Simatupang And Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was aimed to find out the effect of PQRST Method on students’ reading comprehension. There were sixty students, then they divided into two groups namely experimental and control group. The control was taught by conventional method while experimental group was taught by PQRST Method. The researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) formula to obtain the reliability of the test.. The calculation showed the reliability was 0.91 (high). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation showed t-observed (2.80) is higher than t-table (2.000) at the level of significance (µ) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, null hypothesis (ha) is accepted. It means that PQRST Method has significantly affects students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text.   Key words: PQRST Method, Reading Comprehension.

TEACHING READING BY UTILIZING HOT POTATOES SOFTWARE TOWARD STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Abdullah Farih
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study is to measure whether there is or not significant effect of teaching reading by utilizing Hot Potatoes software toward students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. The variables used were the teaching treatment of Hot Potatoes Software as the independent variable and the students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text as dependent variable. Then, the research designed was Quasi-experimental design and the presentation of data used was quantitative. The data were obtained from the eleventh grade, of which 28 students were taken as sample. The students are divided into two groups; experiment group consisted of 12 students and control group consists of 16 students. To get the data, the pre-test and post-test were applied and then analyzed using t-test formula. The researcher had concluded that there is Significant effect of Hot Potatoes Software toward the students’ reading comprehension achievement. The result showed that mean of students’ post-test was increased. It is proved by the t-test (8.54) which is higher than t-table (2.05) at level of significance 5%. It means that the alternative hypothesis was accepted and it proved that Hot Potatoes Software had significant effect toward students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text

The Effect of Applying Learning Together Method on the Students’ Reading Comprehension

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haryato Siregar ◽  
Elia Masa Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Learning Together

This study was aimed at finding out the effect of applying Learning Together Method on the students’ reading comprehension. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of SMP Negeri 1 Muara. There were sixty students of eighth class as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental and control group. The experimental group was taught by applying Learning Together Method while control group was taught without applying Learning Together Method. The instrument of collecting the data was multiple choice test which consists of 20 items. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) formula. The calculation shows the reliability was 0.82(high). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (4.9) is higher than t-table (2.00) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that teaching reading comprehension by applying Learning Together Method significantly affect reading comprehension. Keywords: Learning Together Method, Reading Comprehension

THE EFFECT OF RAP (READ, ASK, PARAPHRASE) STRATEGY ON STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION IN READING ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika N. And Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study focused on finding out the effect of applying RAP (Read, Ask,Paraphrase) Strategy on students’ reading comprehension in reading analyticalexposition text. This study was conducted in experimental design. The populationof this research was the second year of students in SMA Swasta Katolik BudiMurni 2 Medan. There were seventy students of the second year senior highschool students as the sample of the research. This study was conducted with tworandomized groups namely Experimental Group and Control Group. Theexperimental group was taught by applying RAP Strategy, while the control groupwas taught by applying conventional strategy. The instrument of collecting thedata was multiple choice tests which consisted of 25 items. The data wereanalyzed by using t-test formula. The calculation shown that t-observed (5.36)was higher than t-table (1.994) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degreeof freedom (df) 68. It means that there was a significant effect of applying RAPStrategy on students’ reading comprehension in reading analytical exposition text.

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