Fracture of SnBi/Ni(P) interfaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Liu ◽  
J.K. Shang
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mechanism ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Substrate Interface ◽  
Interfacial Segregation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cu Interconnect ◽  
Electroless Ni ◽  
Bi Segregation

Fracture resistance of the interface between electroless Ni(P) and the eutectic SnBi solder alloy was examined in the as-reflowed and aged conditions, to investigate the potential role of Ni in inhibiting interfacial segregation of Bi in SnBi–Cu interconnect. In the as-reflowed condition, the fracture resistance of the SnBi/Ni(P) interface was about the same as that of the SnBi/Cu interface. Upon aging at 120 °C for 7 days the fracture resistance of the SnBi/Ni(P) interface was much higher than that of the SnBi/Cu interface. Such a difference was shown to result from the difference in fracture mechanism as the crack remained along the solder–intermetallic interface in the aged SnBi–Ni interconnect but propagated along the intermetallic–substrate interface in the aged SnBi–Cu interconnect. While fracture of the intermetallic–substrate interface in SnBi–Cu interconnect was due to Bi segregation onto that interface, no Bi was detected at the intermetallic-substrate interface in SnBi–Ni interconnects, implying that Ni(P) was effective in inhibiting the interfacial segregation of Bi.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structures of human TMEM120A and TMEM120B

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Ke ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Changjian Zhao ◽  
Shirong Lai ◽  
Qiang Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Fatty Acid Elongase ◽  
Coiled Coil Domain ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
The Difference

TMEM120A (Transmembrane protein 120A) was recently identified as a mechanical pain sensing ion channel named as TACAN, while its homologue TMEM120B has no mechanosensing property1. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of both human TMEM120A and TMEM120B. The two structures share the same dimeric assembly, mediated by extensive interactions through the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the N-terminal coiled coil domain (CCD). However, the nearly identical structures cannot provide clues for the difference in mechanosensing between TMEM120A and TMEM120B. Although TMEM120A could mediate conducting currents in a bilayer system, it does not mediate mechanical-induced currents in a heterologous expression system, suggesting TMEM120A is unlikely a mechanosensing channel. Instead, the TMDs of TMEM120A and TMEM120B resemble the structure of a fatty acid elongase, ELOVL7, indicating their potential role of an enzyme in lipid metabolism.

Current-induced growth of P-rich phase at electroless nickel/Sn interface

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 2767-2774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiliang Yang ◽  
Panju Shang ◽  
Jing D. Guo ◽  
Zhiquan Liu ◽  
Jian-Ku Shang
Keyword(s):  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Columnar Growth ◽  
Rich Phase ◽  
Reaction Fronts ◽  
Current Stressing ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electroless Ni

The role of high current stressing during growth of the P-rich phase at the electroless Ni/Sn interface was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Prior to current stressing, two layers of Ni12P5, columnar Ni12P5 and noncolumnar Ni12P5, were formed after soldering. Upon electric stressing, the two layers of P-rich phase showed opposite growth patterns at the two opposing electrode interfaces. At the cathode, columnar growth of the P-rich phase was greatly enhanced while growth of the noncolumnar layer was inhibited. By contrast, the opposite was found at the anode where the current stressing promoted the noncolumnar growth but suppressed the growth of the columnar layer. Such a strong polarity effect resulted from directional electromigration of the key reaction species, nickel, to and from the interfacial reaction fronts. As a result of the difference in reaction mechanism, overall growth of the P-rich phase was much faster at the cathode during current stressing.

scholarly journals TERT Genotyping for Evaluation of Reproduction Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Noemi Meszaros ◽  
Nicoleta Ioana Andreescu ◽  
Simona Sorina Farcas ◽  
Andreea Iulia Dobrescu ◽  
Lavinia Elena Stelea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Tert Gene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Further Development

Reproduction failure was associated with advanced maternal age, but the mechanism underlying this events were still under debate. Telomere length of the oocytes has been correlated with the embryo quality, the chance of successful pregnancy and further development of the conception. The study included a total of 35 women with pregnancy loss and 35 fertile proven females. Cytogenetic analysis of the chorionic villi was done for all the women from the study lot that exhibit a pregnancy loss. The TERT rs2736100 genotyping was performed after enrollment of the last patient, and the laboratory staff was blinded to the patients� data. Comparing the frequency of the genotypes in the study groups was found that in the study lot the AC genotypes was the most frequent (51.4%), while in the control lot the AA genotypes was the prevalent genotype (60%). The difference between genotypes frequencies in the study lot and the control lot were statistically significant. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the potential role of a single nucleotide variant in TERT gene in relation with miscarriage.

Awareness in metaphor understanding

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Stöver
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Reflective Reasoning ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Difference

This paper argues that a cognitive account of metaphor comprehension needs to include awareness of metaphoricity in order to fully explain the processes involved. In Relevance Theory as well as in other cognitively oriented approaches, much can be gained by making explicit the difference between conscious and subconscious processing: whether a communicator is aware of an expression’s metaphoricity or not may have an impact on the type of cognitive processing involved. A theoretical investigation is offered which explores the potential role of reflective reasoning in metaphor understanding. The discussion is based on the relevance-theoretic account, which explains the subconscious inferential processes involved. However, it leaves open the question of the potential impact of conscious availability of the tension between literal and figurative meaning, which is reminiscent of domain mappings in Cognitive Linguistics. Within metaphor research, a focus on awareness offers valuable findings for cognitively oriented schools of thought.

Comparing the Cost of Food to Blacks and to Whites—A Survey

1971 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

The difference in food prices to blacks and to whites is one source of urban unrest. The author surveys the answers to the question, “Do blacks pay more?” An effort is made to show what is known and where further research is needed. This article is an example of the potential role of marketing research in public policy.

scholarly journals An Established Th2-Oriented Response to an Alum-Adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine Is Not Reversible by Sequential Immunization with Nucleic Acid-Adjuvanted Th1-Oriented Subunit Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Han Cao ◽  
Shengran Yang ◽  
Yunfei Wang ◽  
Ning Luan ◽  
Xingxiao Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Cpg Odn ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Protection Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Eosinophil Accumulation

A recently reported parallel preclinical study between a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine and an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine adjuvanted with alum showed pulmonary immunopathology typical of eosinophil accumulation in a mouse pneumonia model for the latter, which implied a potential role of cellular immunity in the difference in the protection rate between these two forms of vaccines. For those who have been vaccinated with alum-adjuvanted subunit or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, whether the Th2 responses that have been established and the absence of induced cellular immunity could be changed is an open question. Using two heterologous boosts with Th1-oriented CpG ODN-adjuvanted S1-based SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines for mice that were primed with two doses of Th2-oriented alum-adjuvanted S1-based SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines, we demonstrated that established Th2 orientation could not be reversed to Th1 orientation and that no cellular immunity was induced, which should have been induced if the boosting vaccines were used as the prime vaccines. These results remind us that if widely administered alum-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 vaccines cannot overcome the challenge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and that if cellular immunity is important for the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the future, the choice of more powerful heterologous boosting vaccine forms that can induce cellular immunity should be considered very carefully before application.

scholarly journals Common ALDH3A1 Gene Variant Associated with Keratoconus Risk in the Polish Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Mariusz Berdyński ◽  
Piotr Krawczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Safranow ◽  
Beata Borzemska ◽  
Jacek P. Szaflik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Uv Damage ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Inheritance Model ◽  
The Difference

Background: ALDH3A1 protein is important in maintaining corneal physiology and protecting the eye from UV damage. However, none of the genome-wide association studies has indicated that the ALDH3A1 locus is associated with keratoconus. In this study, we examined the potential role of ALDH3A1 variants as risk factors for keratoconus incidence and severity in a large group of Polish keratoconus patients. Methods: In the first stage we analyzed the coding region sequence of the ALDH3A1 in a subgroup of keratoconus. Then, we genotyped three selected ALDH3A1 variants in a larger KC group of patients (n = 261) and healthy controls (n = 317). Results: We found that the rs1042183 minor allele A is a risk factor for keratoconus in the dominant model (OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.42–2.98, p = 0.00013). The rs2228100 variant genotypes appear to be associated with an earlier age of KC diagnosis in the Polish population (p = 0.055 for comparison of three genotypes and p = 0.022 for the dominant inheritance model). Conclusions: The rs1042183 variant in ALDH3A1 is associated with keratoconus risk in the Polish population. The differences in the allele frequency between both populations could be partially responsible for the difference in the disease prevalence.

The role of differential phase contrast in electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Pure Phase ◽  
Differential Phase Contrast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
First Moment

Dekkers and de Lang (1977) have discussed a practical method of realising differential phase contrast in a STEM. The method involves taking the difference signal from two semi-circular detectors placed symmetrically about the optic axis and subtending the same angle (2α) at the specimen as that of the cone of illumination. Such a system, or an obvious generalisation of it, namely a quadrant detector, has the characteristic of responding to the gradient of the phase of the specimen transmittance. In this paper we shall compare the performance of this type of system with that of a first moment detector (Waddell et al.1977).For a first moment detector the response function R(k) is of the form R(k) = ck where c is a constant, k is a position vector in the detector plane and the vector nature of R(k)indicates that two signals are produced. This type of system would produce an image signal given bywhere the specimen transmittance is given by a (r) exp (iϕ (r), r is a position vector in object space, ro the position of the probe, ⊛ represents a convolution integral and it has been assumed that we have a coherent probe, with a complex disturbance of the form b(r-ro) exp (iζ (r-ro)). Thus the image signal for a pure phase object imaged in a STEM using a first moment detector is b2 ⊛ ▽ø. Note that this puts no restrictions on the magnitude of the variation of the phase function, but does assume an infinite detector.

POPDC proteins and cardiac function

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brand
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

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