Awareness in metaphor understanding

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Stöver
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Reflective Reasoning ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Difference

This paper argues that a cognitive account of metaphor comprehension needs to include awareness of metaphoricity in order to fully explain the processes involved. In Relevance Theory as well as in other cognitively oriented approaches, much can be gained by making explicit the difference between conscious and subconscious processing: whether a communicator is aware of an expression’s metaphoricity or not may have an impact on the type of cognitive processing involved. A theoretical investigation is offered which explores the potential role of reflective reasoning in metaphor understanding. The discussion is based on the relevance-theoretic account, which explains the subconscious inferential processes involved. However, it leaves open the question of the potential impact of conscious availability of the tension between literal and figurative meaning, which is reminiscent of domain mappings in Cognitive Linguistics. Within metaphor research, a focus on awareness offers valuable findings for cognitively oriented schools of thought.

Visual and Multimodal Communication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Forceville
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Multimodal Communication ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Verbal Messages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relevance Principle

Successful communication requires optimal relevance to a target audience. Relevance theory (RT) provides an excellent model based on this insight, but the impact of the theory has until now been restricted due to an almost exclusive focus on spoken face-to-face communication. Visual and Multimodal Communication: Applying the Relevance Principle is the first book to systematically demonstrate how RT can fulfill its promise to develop into an inclusive theory of communication. In this book, Charles Forceville refines and adapts RT’s original claims to show its applicability to static visuals and multimodal discourses in popular culture genres. Using colorful examples, he explains how RT can be expanded and adapted to accommodate mass-communicative visual and visual-plus-verbal messages. Forceville addresses issues such as the difference between drawing prospective addressees’ attention to a message and persuading them to accept it; the thorny continuum from implicit to explicit information; and the role of genre. Case studies of pictograms, advertisements, cartoons, and comics provide contemporary and accessible examples of the importance of genre and of how the RT model can be connected to other approaches. By expanding the application of relevance theory to include mass-communicative messages, Visual and Multimodal Communication reintroduces a central framework of cognitive linguistics and pragmatics to a new audience and paves the way for an inclusive theory of communication.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structures of human TMEM120A and TMEM120B

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Ke ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Changjian Zhao ◽  
Shirong Lai ◽  
Qiang Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Fatty Acid Elongase ◽  
Coiled Coil Domain ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
The Difference

TMEM120A (Transmembrane protein 120A) was recently identified as a mechanical pain sensing ion channel named as TACAN, while its homologue TMEM120B has no mechanosensing property1. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of both human TMEM120A and TMEM120B. The two structures share the same dimeric assembly, mediated by extensive interactions through the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the N-terminal coiled coil domain (CCD). However, the nearly identical structures cannot provide clues for the difference in mechanosensing between TMEM120A and TMEM120B. Although TMEM120A could mediate conducting currents in a bilayer system, it does not mediate mechanical-induced currents in a heterologous expression system, suggesting TMEM120A is unlikely a mechanosensing channel. Instead, the TMDs of TMEM120A and TMEM120B resemble the structure of a fatty acid elongase, ELOVL7, indicating their potential role of an enzyme in lipid metabolism.

Fracture of SnBi/Ni(P) interfaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Liu ◽  
J.K. Shang
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mechanism ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Substrate Interface ◽  
Interfacial Segregation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cu Interconnect ◽  
Electroless Ni ◽  
Bi Segregation

Fracture resistance of the interface between electroless Ni(P) and the eutectic SnBi solder alloy was examined in the as-reflowed and aged conditions, to investigate the potential role of Ni in inhibiting interfacial segregation of Bi in SnBi–Cu interconnect. In the as-reflowed condition, the fracture resistance of the SnBi/Ni(P) interface was about the same as that of the SnBi/Cu interface. Upon aging at 120 °C for 7 days the fracture resistance of the SnBi/Ni(P) interface was much higher than that of the SnBi/Cu interface. Such a difference was shown to result from the difference in fracture mechanism as the crack remained along the solder–intermetallic interface in the aged SnBi–Ni interconnect but propagated along the intermetallic–substrate interface in the aged SnBi–Cu interconnect. While fracture of the intermetallic–substrate interface in SnBi–Cu interconnect was due to Bi segregation onto that interface, no Bi was detected at the intermetallic-substrate interface in SnBi–Ni interconnects, implying that Ni(P) was effective in inhibiting the interfacial segregation of Bi.

scholarly journals Shareholder short-termism in the UK: The kay review and the potential role of corporate law

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kokkinis
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Executive Remuneration ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Short Termism

This paper examines the notion of short-termism and assesses the potential impact of short-termist shareholder pressures on corporate governance in light of available empirical evidence on the effects of institutional shareholder ownership on corporate performance. Its main aim is to evaluate the adequacy of the recommendations included in the influential Kay Report and to assess the legal efficacy of the regulatory tools advocated by Kay. It is argued that although most of the Report’s recommendations are likely to alleviate the consequences of short-termism, the Report does not go far enough to ensure a definite change of culture and practice in equity markets. Therefore, further reforms are necessary in the area. In particular, it is expedient to robustly reform the structure of executive remuneration, facilitate a dialogue between companies and long-term investors, and reform shareholder voting rights to deter short-termist behavior and reward long-term investors

scholarly journals SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF VERBAL ASPECTUALITY IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN DISCOURSES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
E. V. Limarova ◽  
E. E. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Symbolic Logic ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Gone With The Wind ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Conceptual Organization ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics

The relevance of the proposed article stems from the scientific interest in investigation of different means of conceptual organization of knowledge in the process of production and interpretation of English and Russian utterances. Thus, it aims at establishing the role of aspect in English and Russian discourse through interpreting aspectual situations which are analyzed at the level of sentences and textual fragments borrowed from two translation versions of M. Mitchell’ s novel “Gone with the Wind”.The theoretical framework for the research is provided by Relevance theory as developed in recent works on procedural meaning to handle H. Reichenbach’s symbolic logic for tense and aspect and Relevance theory proposed by D. Sperber and D. Wilson. We suggest that the following means are involved in expressing the type of action: a combination of lexical and grammatical properties of the verb; grammatical forms of the verb; meanings of time adverbs. These means are capable of characterizing R, a conceptual notion, which can be inferred by contextual assumptions.Systematization of referential relations among the above mentioned components taking into account the influence of pragmatic interpretive component and contextual analysis of informational organization of discourse proves the hypothesis that referential characteristics being combined contribute to the description of a discourse situation as stative, habitual, inchoative or punctual.The article will be interesting for researchers in contrastive and cognitive linguistics.

Language statistics and individual differences in processing primary metaphors

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling Hutchinson ◽  
Max Louwerse
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Conceptual Processing ◽  
Temperature Experiment ◽  
Language Statistics ◽  
Metaphor Processing

AbstractResearch in cognitive linguistics has emphasized the role of embodiment in metaphor comprehension, with experimental research showing activation of perceptual simulations when processing metaphors. Recent research in conceptual processing has demonstrated that findings attributed to embodied cognition can be explained through language statistics. The current study investigates whether language statistics explain processing of primary metaphors and whether this effect is modified by the gender of the participant. Participants saw word pairs with valence (Experiment 1: good–bad), authority (Experiment 2: doctor–patient), temperature (Experiment 3: hot–cold), or gender (Experiment 4: male–female) connotations. The pairs were presented in either a vertical configuration (X above Y or Y above X) matching the primary metaphors (e.g., HAPPY IS UP, CONTROL IS UP) or a horizontal configuration (X left of Y or Y left of X) not matching the primary metaphors. Even though previous research has argued that primary metaphor processing can best be explained by an embodied cognition account, results demonstrate that statistical linguistic frequencies also explain the response times of the stimulus pairs both in vertical and horizontal configurations, because language has encoded embodied relations. In addition, the effect of the statistical linguistic frequencies was modified by participant gender, with female participants being more sensitive to statistical linguistic context than male participants.

Emerging Life-Style Movements: Alternative to Overdevelopment?

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart van Steenbergen ◽  
Gordon Feller
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Voluntary Simplicity ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
The North ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
First World

This essay looks at the actual and potential role of emerging alternative life-style movements in dealing with the crisis of overdevelopment in the advanced industrialized nations. It examines the problems posed by overdevelopment and shows how two alternative life-style movements - the North American Movement for Voluntary Simplicity and the New Life-style Movement in the Netherlands - represent positive responses to them. Their values, objectives, as well as their potential impact upon their societies are analysed and critically examined. In this critique, the authors consider the conditions under which alternative life-styles might be more widely adopted in First World societies in general.

scholarly journals TERT Genotyping for Evaluation of Reproduction Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Noemi Meszaros ◽  
Nicoleta Ioana Andreescu ◽  
Simona Sorina Farcas ◽  
Andreea Iulia Dobrescu ◽  
Lavinia Elena Stelea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Tert Gene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Further Development

Reproduction failure was associated with advanced maternal age, but the mechanism underlying this events were still under debate. Telomere length of the oocytes has been correlated with the embryo quality, the chance of successful pregnancy and further development of the conception. The study included a total of 35 women with pregnancy loss and 35 fertile proven females. Cytogenetic analysis of the chorionic villi was done for all the women from the study lot that exhibit a pregnancy loss. The TERT rs2736100 genotyping was performed after enrollment of the last patient, and the laboratory staff was blinded to the patients� data. Comparing the frequency of the genotypes in the study groups was found that in the study lot the AC genotypes was the most frequent (51.4%), while in the control lot the AA genotypes was the prevalent genotype (60%). The difference between genotypes frequencies in the study lot and the control lot were statistically significant. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the potential role of a single nucleotide variant in TERT gene in relation with miscarriage.

scholarly journals Potential impact of primate-specific SVA retrotransposons during the evolution of human cognitive function

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Vasieva ◽  
Sultan Cetiner ◽  
Abigail Savage ◽  
Gerald G. Schumann ◽  
Vivien J. Bubb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Behavioral Features ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
Potential Impact

The SVA family of hominid-specific non-LTR retrotransposon comprises the youngest group of transposable elements in the human genome. The propagation of the most ancient SVA subfamily took place about 13.5 million years ago, and the youngest SVA subfamily appeared in the human genome after the human/chimpanzee divergence. Functional analysis of genes associated with SVA insertions demonstrated their link to multiple ontological categories, with one of the major categories being attributed to brain function. Further analysis of this subset demonstrated that SVA elements expanded their presence in the human genome at different stages of hominoid evolution and were associated with progressively evolving behavioral features that indicate a potential impact of SVA propagation on the cognitive ability of a modern human. Our analysis suggests a potential role of SVAs in the evolution of human central nervous system and especially in the emergence of functional trends relevant to social and parental behavior. Coevolution of behavioral features and reproductive functions are suggested by our analysis and discussed.

scholarly journals Tumor-Cell–Macrophage Fusion Cells as Liquid Biomarkers and Tumor Enhancers in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yariswamy Manjunath ◽  
David Porciani ◽  
Jonathan B. Mitchem ◽  
Kanve N. Suvilesh ◽  
Diego M. Avella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intercellular Connections ◽  
Cell Fusions

Although molecular mechanisms driving tumor progression have been extensively studied, the biological nature of the various populations of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) within the blood is still not well understood. Tumor cell fusion with immune cells is a longstanding hypothesis that has caught more attention in recent times. Specifically, fusion of tumor cells with macrophages might lead to the development of metastasis by acquiring features such as genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, chemotherapeutic resistance, and immune tolerance. In addition to the traditional FDA-approved definition of a CTC (CD45-, EpCAM+, cytokeratins 8+, 18+ or 19+, with a DAPI+ nucleus), an additional circulating cell population has been identified as being potential fusions cells, characterized by distinct, large, polymorphonuclear cancer-associated cells with a dual epithelial and macrophage/myeloid phenotype. Artificial fusion of tumor cells with macrophages leads to migratory, invasive, and metastatic phenotypes. Further studies might investigate whether these have a potential impact on the immune response towards the cancer. In this review, the background, evidence, and potential relevance of tumor cell fusions with macrophages is discussed, along with the potential role of intercellular connections in their formation. Such fusion cells could be a key component in cancer metastasis, and therefore, evolve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancer precision medicine.

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