Micro and Macromorphology of Recycled Fiber and Wood

1992 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Stokke

AbstractWood is a major industrial raw material, with U.S. consumption approaching that of aluminum, plastics, cement, and steel combined. Partially as a result of the magnitude of wood and wood products in use, these products constitute a substantial portion of the solid waste stream. In order to reduce the amount of wood and wood fiber disposed in landfills, efforts to recycle these materials into useful products such as structural composites are needed. The success of such conversion depends in part on knowledge of the morphological characteristics of various sources of secondary wood and wood fibers, and the influence of wood element morphology on composite properties. An overview of wood and fiber morphology representative of major sources of secondary material is provided, with a discussion of how these morphological features may influence the properties of conventional wood composites and wood fiber/plastic composites.

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Stokke

The versatility of wood as a raw material is emphasized by the realization that the mass of wood consumed annually in the United States is nearly that of the combined total U.S. consumption of aluminum, plastics, cement, and steel (Figure 1). Partly as a result of the enormous quantities consumed, many wood and paper products also make up significant fractions of the materials disposed in landfills, despite accelerated recycling efforts, notably those of the paper industry. With a target recycle rate of 40% by 1995, the paper industry will make further progress in alleviating some of the disposal problems, but additional efforts to recycle wood and wood-fiber-based materials into other types of products will also be needed. Many of these opportunities have been described. A common denominator in these utilization schemes is to consider how the morphology of secondary wood-based materials may limit their use, and how the morphological characteristics of recycled fiber and wood may influence the properties of the materials produced from them. These considerations suggest, at least partly, a materials science approach to the utilization of recycled fiber and wood, particularly for the fabrication of wood-based composites.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Herlina Herlina ◽  
Wiwin Tyas Istikowati, Ph.D. ◽  
Fatriani Fatriani

South Kalimantan has considerable natural forests and many types of timber that have not yet been optimally utilized, such as Bangkal tree (Nauclea officinalis). The purpose of this research was to analyze chemical components, dimensional fibers characteristic, and suitability of Bangkal wood as a raw material of pulp and paper. The results obtained from this study revealed that the chemical content of Bangkal wood consisted of 3.00% extractive, 30.00% lignin, 16% hemicellulose, and 50.50% cellulose. The anatomy of Bangkal wood were 1.40 mm in fiber length 1.40 mm, 1.20 μm in fiber diameter, 5.00 μm in lumen diameter, and 3.25 μm in cell wall thickness. Derived fiber values comprised Runkel Ratio (0.43), Power Weaving (66.00), Muhsteph Ratio (99.80%), Coefficient of Rigidity (0.20), and Flexibility Ratio (0.71). Based on the chemical components and quality of Bangkal wood fiber, that wood could be used as a raw material of pulp and paper.


2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Kozak ◽  
Thomas C Maness ◽  
Tim Caldecott

Many nations are attempting to strengthen the development of secondary wood manufacturing in an attempt to cope with job losses due to declining annual allowable cut levels, increasing global competition and decreasing prices of commodity lumber products. This paper describes the results of a survey conducted in the province of British Columbia aimed at uncovering the impediments to wood supply relationships between secondary and primary manufacturers. The study looks at the raw material needs of different categories of secondary manufacturers pertaining to wood quality, price and service and highlights similarities and differences between these groups. In general, the study found that the majority of secondary manufacturers are experiencing lumber procurement problems. Lumber grading issues are the biggest overall concern of manufacturers, and manufacturers of engineering building components were found to experience the most difficulties. The paper concludes with a discussion and recommendations to improve synergies between primary and secondary wood producers in British Columbia. Key words: value-added wood products, wood quality, supply chain management, customer-oriented manufacturing


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
Thiago Moreira Cruz ◽  
Rafaela Silva de Faria ◽  
Paulo Junio Duarte ◽  
Adriano Reis Prazeres Mascarenhas ◽  
Cilene Cristina Borges ◽  
...  

Resumo A variabilidade das condições ambientais no Brasil influencia no crescimento das árvores, por isso esses fatores são fundamentais no estudo das propriedades da madeira visando ao seu processamento. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência das condições edafoclimáticas em dois locais de cultivo de Eucalyptus urophylla quanto aos seus parâmetros dendrométricos, densidade básica da madeira, densidade básica da casca e morfologia de fibras. Em cada local de plantio, abateram-se três árvores, das quais retirou-se discos das posições 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura comercial ao longo do fuste das árvores para obtenção dos parâmetros físicos e anatômicos. Os parâmetros dendrométricos não foram influenciados pelas condições edafoclimáticas. Na densidade da madeira e da casca, registrou-se acréscimo de 13,95% e 7,69% no sítio da região com menor precipitação. O comprimento da fibra e a espessura da parede celular não foram afetados pela condição de sítio, por outro lado, no diâmetro da fibra e diâmetro do lúmen houve acréscimos de 7,21% e 26,46%, respectivamente, na região em que se observou maiores precipitações pluviométricas anuais. Os parâmetros dendrométricos de Eucalyptus urophylla foram menos sensíveis ao local de plantio em relação aos parâmetros tecnológicos da madeira. A avaliação da madeira, com base no local onde foi produzida, permite classificar a matéria-prima visando às exigências do mercado dos produtos madeireiros. Palavras-chave: Anatomia; casca; densidade básica; fibras; índice de sítio.   Abstract Wood properties of Eucalyptus urophylla at different planting sites in the Northeast region of Brazil The variability of environmental conditions in Brazil influences the growth of trees, so these factors are fundamental in the study of the properties of wood with a view to its processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of edaphoclimatic conditions in two Eucalyptus urophylla cultivation sites regarding their dendrometric parameters, basic wood density, basic bark density and fiber morphology. At each planting site, three trees were cut, from which disks were removed from positions 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height along the shaft of the trees to obtain physical and anatomical parameters. The dendrometric parameters were not influenced by the edaphoclimatic conditions. An increase of 13.95% and 7.69% in the density of wood and bark was registered at the site of the region with the lowest rainfall. The length of the fiber and the thickness of the cell wall were not affected by the site condition, on the other hand, there were increases of 7.21% and 26.46% in the diameter of the fiber and diameter of the lumen, respectively, in the region in which greater annual rainfall was observed. The dendrometric parameters of Eucalyptus urophylla were less sensitive to the planting site in relation to the technological parameters of the wood. The evaluation of the wood based on the place where it was produced allows us to classify the raw material aiming at the demands of the market of wood products. Key words: Anatomy; bark; basic density; fiber; site index.        Resumen Propiedades de la madera de Eucalyptus urophylla en diferentes sitios de plantación en la región Noreste de Brasil La variabilidad de las condiciones ambientales en Brasil influye en el crecimiento de los árboles, por lo que estos factores son fundamentales en el estudio de las propiedades de la madera con miras a su procesamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de las condiciones edafoclimáticas en dos sitios de cultivo de Eucalyptus urophylla en cuanto a sus parámetros dendrométricos, densidad básica de la madera, densidad básica de la corteza y morfología de las fibras. En cada sitio de plantación, se cortaron tres árboles, de los cuales se sacaron discos de las posiciones 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100% de la altura comercial a lo largo del fuste de los árboles para obtener parámetros físicos y anatómicos. Los parámetros dendrométricos no fueron influenciados por las condiciones edafoclimáticas. Un aumento de 13,95% y 7,69% en la densidad de madera y corteza fue registrado en el sitio de la región con menor precipitación. La longitud de la fibra y el espesor de la pared celular no se vieron afectados por la condición del sitio, por otro lado, en el diámetro de la fibra y el diámetro del lumen hubo incrementos de 7,21% y 26,46%, respectivamente, en la región donde se observaron mayores precipitaciones anuales. Los parámetros dendrométricos de Eucalyptus urophylla fueron menos sensibles al sitio de plantación en relación a los parámetros tecnológicos de la madera. La evaluación de la madera en función del lugar donde se produjo permite clasificar la materia prima atendiendo a las demandas del mercado de productos de madera. Palabras Clave: Anatomía; corteza; densidad básica; fibras; índice del sitio.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesema Hailu Asrat ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Bachheti ◽  
Mesfin Getachew ◽  
Limenew Abate

Abstract The world demand for paper has been increased due to the increasing population Therefore, to cop up the limited wood fiber resources introducing raw material in pulp and paper industries is necessary. The aims of this study to evaluate the pulp and paper-making properties of Caesalpinia decapetela based on proximate chemical composition, fiber morphology, pulping, bleaching, and physical test of the final product. The results proximate chemical analysis showed that C. decapetela has holocellulose content of 78.14±0.1 % and lignin content 18.0±0.04 %. Fiber morphology revealed that the fibers were 0.708 mm long, 18.63 μm width, and have 5.1 μm cell wall thicknesses. Kraft pulping of C. decapetale, was performed at different active alkali (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 25 %) and temperature (150, 160 and 170 °C), keeping the sulphidity 25 % constant. The pulp maximum yield 44.1 % was obtained at active alkali content of 15 %, temperature 160 °C, and cooking time 90 minutes. The effect of pulping on fiber morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy which showed the surface of fiber before pulping was tight, orderly arranged and the texture was relatively hard. After pulping, there was the removal of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Due to this fiber become soft loosened and contain micro-pores. Pulp produced was bleached, sheet preparation and testing were performed. The prepared paper sheets have a tensile index of 28.19 Nm/gm, burst index of 1.359 kPa m 2 / gm 1.359\hspace{0.1667em}\text{kPa}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{m}^{2}}/\text{gm} , and tear indices of 4.2 mN m 2 / gm 4.2\hspace{0.1667em}\text{mN}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{m}^{2}}/\text{gm} . This study concluded C. decapetale can be the new raw material for pulp and paper making industries. However, pilot plant studies are required to check this raw material for the full recommendation of the pulp and paper industries.


Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Hammett ◽  
Robert L. Youngs ◽  
Xiufang Sun ◽  
Mudit Chandra

Summary The pulp and paper industry in China has been growing rapidly as the nation's population and economy have grown. As a result, there has been a huge demand for pulp and paper raw materials. China has a long tradition for using non-wood raw materials for pulp and paper due to its limited forest resources and rich supply of agricultural residues and non-wood plants. Agricultural residues, such as rice straw and wheat straw, are traditional raw materials for China's paper industry. Massive plantation of bamboo provides an increasingly important source of raw material for pulp and paper. Problems with non-wood fiber include collection and transportation, storage and handling, washing, bleaching, papermaking, and chemical recovery. Small mills, primary users of non-wood fiber, are typically deficient in pollution control and subject to government closure. This paper reviews non-wood fibers commonly used in China's pulp and paper industry. By increased knowledge of use of non-wood fibers, wood suppliers can plan for access to the growing Chinese market.


Author(s):  
K. W. Robinson

Tension wood (TW) is an abnormal tissue of hardwood trees; although it has been isolated from most parts of the tree, it is frequently found on the upper side of branches and leaning stems. TW has been classically associated with geotropic alignment, but more recently it has been associated with fast growth. Paper made from TW is generally lower in strength properties. Consequently, the paper industries' growing dependence on fast growing, short- rotation trees will result in higher amounts of TW in the final product and a corresponding reduction in strength.Relatively few studies have dealt with the role of TW in the structure of paper. It was suggested that the lower strength properties of TW were due to a combination of factors, namely, its unique morphology, compression failures in the cell wall, and lower hemicellulose content. Central to the unique morphology of the TW fiber is the thick gelatinous layer (G-layer) composed almost entirely of pure cellulose.


2006 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 4759-4763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alinaghi Karimi ◽  
Saleh Nazari ◽  
Ismaeil Ghasemi ◽  
Mehdi Tajvidi ◽  
Ghanbar Ebrahimi

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document