A New Look at Stone Drills of the Indus Valley Tradition

1992 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Kenoyer ◽  
Massimo Vidale
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Electron Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Indus Valley ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Drilling Technology ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTDrilling technology of the Indus Valley Tradition was highly specialized and various types of chert and jasper were used to drill different types of materials. Earlier studies used primarily macroscopic observations to define features such as the manufacturing technique of drills, the raw materials and the mechanics of drilling. These generalizations can be revised given the discovery of important workshop areas and the availability of SEM, XRD and electron microprobe analysis. This paper will summarize the current state of. drilling research and define two categories of drills that were used in antiquity; tapered cylindrical drills and constricted cylindrical drills. Directions for future research on the relationship between drilling and other contemporaneous technologies are discussed.

Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA)

2016 ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Ionescu ◽  
Volker Höck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Electron Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
Integrated Interpretation ◽  
Composition Of Minerals ◽  
Technological Constraints

Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) provides information on the chemical composition of minerals and their relationships in archaeological ceramics by utilizing a narrow electron beam to stimulate the emission of X-rays. Among various signals produced, the most important are the back-scattered electrons (BSE), the secondary electrons (SE) and the characteristic X-rays. The possibility to combine BSE images, SE images, elemental mapping and quantitative analysis offers a sound basis for integrated interpretation of the ancient ceramics. The precise compositional and fabric features resulted by EMPA are indicators of the raw materials and their provenance. Even when in small amounts, the composition of the newly formed phases enables narrowing down the technological constraints, such as firing temperature and atmosphere.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis of Malignant Cell Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. I. Johnsson-Hegyeli ◽  
A. F. Hegyeli ◽  
D. K. Landstrom ◽  
W. C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Electron Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron

Last year we reported on the use of reflected light interference microscopy (RLIM) for the direct color photography of the surfaces of living normal and malignant cell cultures without the use of replicas, fixatives, or stains. The surface topography of living cells was found to follow underlying cellular structures such as nuceloli, nuclear membranes, and cytoplasmic organelles, making possible the study of their three-dimensional relationships in time. The technique makes possible the direct examination of cells grown on opaque as well as transparent surfaces. The successful in situ electron microprobe analysis of the elemental composition and distribution within single tissue culture cells was also reported.This paper deals with the parallel and combined use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the two previous techniques in a study of living and fixed cancer cells. All three studies can be carried out consecutively on the same experimental specimens without disturbing the cells or their structural relationships to each other and the surface on which they are grown. KB carcinoma cells were grown on glass coverslips in closed Leighto tubes as previously described. The cultures were photographed alive by means of RLIM, then fixed with a fixative modified from Sabatini, et al (1963).

Archaeometry of medieval Islamic glazed ceramics from North Yemen

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Hallett ◽  
Michael Thompson ◽  
Edward J. Keall ◽  
Robert B. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Lead Oxide ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Electron Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Annealing Temperatures ◽  
Safety Limit ◽  
Cobalt Blue

Microscopic examination and electron microprobe analysis were employed to determine the materials and techniques used to decorate ten glazed types of medieval Islamic ceramics from North Yemen. Eight types were underglaze-painted, one was slip-painted, and one was monochrome glazed. The glazes were of two compositions, soda–silica and lead oxide – silica with annealing temperatures of approximately 835 and 640 °C, respectively. The colourants used in the glazes and paints were cobalt (blue), iron (green), copper (green and blue), and antimony (yellow). Where clay slips or slip-paints were present, alumina enrichment of the glaze had occurred during application or firing, and pigment-paints on top of slip grounds masked enrichment. The Mellor ratio for the lead glazes ranges from 0.68 to 0.74 and is well above the acceptable safety limit of 0.5.

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