The Effect of Water Vapor on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel at 65°c

1995 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Gdowski ◽  
John C. Estill
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Dry Oxidation ◽  
Critical Relative Humidity

AbstractAISI 1020 carbon steel was exposed to air at various relative humidities at 65°C. A “critical relative humidity” (CRH) of 75–85% was determined. The CRH is the transitional relative humidity where oxidation/corrosion changes from dry oxidation to aqueous film electrochemical corrosion. Short term testing suggests that aqueous film electrochemical corrosion results in the formation of an inner oxide of Fe3O4, and an outer oxide of a powdery Fe2O3 and/or Fe2O3·xH2O.

The Application of PEEK to the Packaging of Implantable Electronic Devices: Water Permeation Calculation Method and Maximum Achievable Lifetime with Desiccant

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Dahan ◽  
Nick Donaldson ◽  
Stephen Taylor ◽  
Nuno Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Medical Implants ◽  
Permeable Material ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Permeation ◽  
Internal Relative Humidity ◽  
Device Lifetime

When packaging electronics to protect from the effects of water vapor, it is essential to be able to predict how moisture will permeate the enclosure. In the context of short term medical implants, for instance, packages made of a permeable material such as a polymer may be acceptable, provided calculations and tests show that low internal relative humidity (RH) is guaranteed for the required device lifetime. A method is presented to evaluate the permeation of water vapor into a package with desiccant, and tests are described to evaluate the validity of the model experimentally. Achievable lifetimes for PEEK packages with silica gel are investigated.

The atmospheric oxidation of CH3OOH by the OH radical: the effect of water vapor

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 12331-12342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep M. Anglada ◽  
Ramon Crehuet ◽  
Marilia Martins-Costa ◽  
Joseph S. Francisco ◽  
Manuel Ruiz-López
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Atmospheric Oxidation ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Effect Of Water

The relative humidity can enhance the atmospheric oxidation of CH3OOH by OH into CH3O2 + H2O up to 19% whereas the formation of H2CO + OH + H2O is enhanced up to 5% only under the same conditions.

The effect of water vapor in increasing growth stresses in the oxide scale on martensitic steam plant alloys

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Donchev ◽  
Harald Fietzek ◽  
Vladislav Kolarik ◽  
Daniel Renusch ◽  
Michael Schütze
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Oxide Scale ◽  
Growth Stresses ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Steam Plant

Sulfurous Acid Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel at Ordinary Temperatures - I. Its Nature

CORROSION ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. McLEOD ◽  
R. R. ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Acid Corrosion ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Sulfurous Acid ◽  
Ordinary Temperature

Abstract Corrosion rate data are presented for low carbon steel in (1) a combination of sulfur dioxide, water vapor and air, and (2) aqueous solutions of sulfurous acid in the absence of air, at ordinary temperature. Information as to the nature of the corrosion products is presented and it is shown that this depends on the place in which the corrosion takes place to an important extent.

scholarly journals HGPT2: An ERA5-Based Global Model to Estimate Relative Humidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2179
Author(s):  
Pedro Mateus ◽  
Virgílio B. Mendes ◽  
Sandra M. Plecha
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Precipitable Water Vapor ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
International Gnss Service ◽  
Weighted Mean Temperature

The neutral atmospheric delay is one of the major error sources in Space Geodesy techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and its modeling for high accuracy applications can be challenging. Improving the modeling of the atmospheric delays (hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic) also leads to a more accurate and precise precipitable water vapor estimation (PWV), mostly in real-time applications, where models play an important role, since numerical weather prediction models cannot be used for real-time processing or forecasting. This study developed an improved version of the Hourly Global Pressure and Temperature (HGPT) model, the HGPT2. It is based on 20 years of ERA5 reanalysis data at full spatial (0.25° × 0.25°) and temporal resolution (1-h). Apart from surface air temperature, surface pressure, zenith hydrostatic delay, and weighted mean temperature, the updated model also provides information regarding the relative humidity, zenith non-hydrostatic delay, and precipitable water vapor. The HGPT2 is based on the time-segmentation concept and uses the annual, semi-annual, and quarterly periodicities to calculate the relative humidity anywhere on the Earth’s surface. Data from 282 moisture sensors located close to GNSS stations during 1 year (2020) were used to assess the model coefficients. The HGPT2 meteorological parameters were used to process 35 GNSS sites belonging to the International GNSS Service (IGS) using the GAMIT/GLOBK software package. Results show a decreased root-mean-square error (RMSE) and bias values relative to the most used zenith delay models, with a significant impact on the height component. The HGPT2 was developed to be applied in the most diverse areas that can significantly benefit from an ERA5 full-resolution model.

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