Contextualizing an Iron Age IIA Hoard of Astragali from Tel Abel Beth Maacah, Israel

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-83
Author(s):  
Matthew Susnow ◽  
Nimrod Marom ◽  
Ariel Shatil ◽  
Nava Panitz-Cohen ◽  
Robert Mullins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Extensive Discussion ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Parts

Astragali, the knuckle or ankle bones of mammals, have been collected, used and modified by humans in different parts of the world for millennia. Large hoards dating from Iron Age IIA (tenth–ninth centuries BC) are attested at a number of sites in the southern Levant, and a recently discovered hoard of 406 astragali at Tel Abel Beth Maacah in northern Israel presents an opportunity to investigate this phenomenon, shedding light on the function of these bones and why they bore special status and meaning that crossed cultural and temporal boundaries. In this study, the zooarchaeological analysis of the astragali provides the basis for an extensive discussion of the hoard’s formation process and function that explores ethnographic literature, archaeological data and ancient Near Eastern and classical documentary sources. The findings of this study demonstrate that while the individual bones had many different functions, once deposited together the astragali took on a new meaning, possibly related to divinatory practices.

scholarly journals “KESARJANAAN REVISIONIS” DALAM STUDI Al-QUR’AN (Upaya Merekonstruksi Sumber Awal Kemunculan Teks al-Qur’an)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Mr. Muzayyin
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Different Parts

The challenge on the Qur’anic studies will never be end. For many centuries, The Qur’an always attracted many people attention all over the world, to treat or to examine the truth; whether the Qur’an as the word of God or the word of Muhammad ?. This is therefore, starting from that point, This paper particularly will attempt to explores a new trend of Qur’anic studies by the emerging of Revisionist Western scholarship theories of Islamic origins. In their analysis shown that the documentary sources or the beginnings of historical writing in the Islamic tradition must be considered in controversies. One might argues that the Qur’an contains several different kinds of material, hypothesizes that different parts of the Qur’an originated in different communities, some or all of which, were located not in Arabia, but in Iraq or Syria. Moreover, the analysis come to the conclusion  that the Qur’anic text as we now know coalesced only slowly and does not assume final form until the late second/eighth century or even later. Taking the notion that the traditions about Islamic origins are the products of long and partly oral evolution. The aim of this paper then will describe the fact on how the revisionist western scholarship try to reconfigurate the reliable information about Islamic origin.

scholarly journals Correlation of “virtual identity” problems and issues of preserving traditional values in modern society

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
A. G. Klimashin
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Human Identity ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Virtual Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Identity Problems ◽  
Different Parts

The emergence of social networks has joined people from different parts of the world which has brought unconditional benefit to humanity. At the same time, the possibility of communication between citizens of different countries using the same platforms, foreign hosting companies and providers has created a new form of human identity – virtual identity. In turn, this has contributed to a new phenomenon, such as digital socialization of the individual. This has created comfort and additional opportunities for integration into society, but at the same time, this form has led to the blurring of traditional values, national cultures and the fragmentation of political consciousness.

scholarly journals The stability of the world image in creating a global sense of security.

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Stanisław Ciupka
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
World Picture ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Global World ◽  
World Image

The concept of safety has changed over the centuries and has been taken into account by many different factors. This was because some stability only covered some areas of human life and others were subject to change. Often the changes were created by different temporary fashions and trends. By referring to different philosophical concepts over the centuries, we would like to point out that many researchers claim that there is a constant trend to question a stable, certain world picture in global dimensions. If this thesis is true, then it begins to live and function, both in the individual and social dimension in an increasingly dangerous global world.

The Archaeological Potential for Reconstructing the History of Labor Relations in East Africa, c. 1500–1900

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 277-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Lane
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Many ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractPrevious studies of past labor relations in different parts of Africa have relied almost entirely on documentary sources. While such records can provide valuable insights into the range of different labor categories that have existed and the relative proportions of the population involved, for much of the continent they are severely restricted in a temporal sense. Thus, for many areas suitable documentary materials covering the periods prior to 1850 are scarce; as is the case, for example, for much of East Africa. To extend scholarly understanding of the nature of labor relations prior to this date, alternative sources need to be utilized. This paper presents a brief overview of the potential scope for utilizing archaeological data, with specific reference to mainland Tanzania. The paper also highlights the many limitations of archaeological data and offers some thoughts on how these might be addressed from both a conceptual and methodological perspective. The paper concludes with an appeal for more studies oriented toward investigation of the archaeological remains of the last five hundred years and greater dialogue between the region’s historians and archaeologists.

scholarly journals On some problems of the use of phraseological units as artistic means

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
N.I. Osmonova
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
New Variant ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Emotional Value ◽  
Different Parts

Phraseological units that embrace artistry, emotional value, expressiveness in their meaning, can not fully disclose the situation, therefore, between the components of such phraseological units there are free words, word combinations from different parts of speech. This method, contributed to the emergence of additional meanings in phraseological units. The writer, masterfully using in his work changes already established forms of phraseology, on such phenomena as replacement, joining, or promoting the emergence of new meanings of phraseological units by an innovative method, the use of free words, phrases between components of phraseological units, showed his worldview, relentless pursuit, the language essence. The appearance of anew the individual character of phraseological units or the appearance of a new variant, causes not only various artistic and stylistic possibilities, but also contributes to the emergence of different versions of phraseological units, enriching the world of phraseology in the language. Appearing in different situations and conditions, using an individual method to introduce additions from the lexico-semantic side to primary values to components within phraseological units, using phraseological units as aesthetic means, the writer created spiritual value in his works. In this article, this type of problem is revealed using specific examples.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Social Complexity of Early Iron Age Nomads

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 155-179
Author(s):  
Erez Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
The Social

Recent evidence from the Aravah Valley challenges the prevailing assumption that Bedouin ethnography and inferences from ancient Near Eastern archives can adequately compensate for the archaeological lacuna in the study of biblical-era nomads. The evidence indicates that nomadic social organization at the turn of the 1st millennium BCE could have been – and in at least one case was – far more complex than ever considered before. This paper discusses the implications of the now extended spectrum of possible interpretations of nomads to the archaeological discourse on early Iron Age state formation processes in the Southern Levant.

Settlement Structure and Social Space

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Hamerow
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Individual

The way in which a community arranges its living space is only partly due to technical considerations: social relations also play a major role in determining the layout of settlements, as we can see from cross-cultural studies (Rapoport 1980, 9). A correlation exists, for example, between increased economic complexity and complexity and regularity in settlement structure. Thus, while hunter-gatherer settlements tend to have a fairly flexible structure, societies which emphasize concepts of property and territory are more likely to develop fixed ‘rules’ regarding settlement layout (Fraser 1968). The early Middle Ages saw profound changes in socio-political structures as early states were formed, as well as major developments in food-production strategies and technology. We should, therefore, expect to see these changes reflected, at least indirectly, in the layouts of settlements. Spatial order in a settlement both reflects and helps to regulate social order and social relations; it provides, quite literally, ‘a framework for living’ (Chapman 1989; Giddens 1979, 207; Leach 1976, 10). This presents the archaeologist with a daunting prospect, for it is far easier to explain the arrangement of early medieval settlements in terms of function or geometry than in terms of kinship structure, household composition, marriage patterns, and so on, factors which we can at best only glimpse through documentary sources. If, for example, we are to interpret the significance of an exceptionally large house or farmstead accurately, we first need to know whether power was vested in the heads of households or lineages, a council of elders, or in some form of paramount chiefdom. Despite these limitations, settlement layout is an important source of evidence for the social and economic structures of early medieval communities. The individual household appears to have been the basic unit of agricultural production in northwest Europe from the Roman Iron Age to the Carolingian/Viking periods. The economic importance and, to some degree, independence of the household is underscored by the fact that in most cases each lay within its own enclosure and had its own storage facilities (in contrast, for example, to the shared compounds of the earlier Iron Age, as seen, for example, at Hodde in Denmark: Hvass 1985).

scholarly journals ON SOME PROBLEMS OF THE USE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AS ARTISTIC MEANS

2018 ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Наргул Осмонова ◽  
Nargul Osmonova
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
New Variant ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Emotional Value ◽  
Different Parts

Phraseological units that embrace artistry, emotional value, expressiveness in their meaning, cannot fully disclose the situation, therefore, between the components of such phraseological units there are free words, word combinations from different parts of speech. This method, contributed to the emergence of additional meanings in phraseological units. The writer, masterfully using in his work changes already established forms of phraseology, on such phenomena as replacement, joining, or promoting the emergence of new meanings of phraseological units by an innovative method, the use of free words, phrases between components of phraseological units, showed his worldview, relentless pursuit, the language essence. The appearance of anew the individual character of phraseological units or the appearance of a new variant, causes not only various artistic and stylistic possibilities, but also contributes to the emergence of different versions of phraseological units, enriching the world of phraseology in the language. Appearing in different situations and conditions, using an individual method to introduce additions from the lexico-semantic side to primary values to components within phraseological units, using phraseological units as aesthetic means, the writer created spiritual value in his works. In this article, this type of problem is revealed using specific examples.

New walls to keep the bad out: populism and the totalitarian psyche

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Coline Covington
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Psychological Understanding ◽  
Psychic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cold War

The Berlin Wall came down on 9 November 1989 and marked the end of the Cold War. As old antagonisms thawed a new landscape emerged of unification and tolerance. Censorship was no longer the principal means of ensuring group solidarity. The crumbling bricks brought not only freedom of movement but freedom of thought. Now, nearly thirty years later, globalisation has created a new balance of power, disrupting borders and economies across the world. The groups that thought they were in power no longer have much of a say and are anxious about their future. As protest grows, we are beginning to see that the old antagonisms have not disappeared but are, in fact, resurfacing. This article will start by looking at the dissembling of a marriage in which the wall that had peacefully maintained coexistence disintegrates and leads to a psychic development that uncannily mirrors that of populism today. The individual vignette leads to a broader psychological understanding of the totalitarian dynamic that underlies populism and threatens once again to imprison us within its walls.

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