scholarly journals Fulfilling of nuclear safeguards requirements for nuclear facilities at the nuclear materials authority and its role in completing the nuclear infrastructure in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4(61)) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Osama Mostafa Atout
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Nuclear Safeguards ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
The Future ◽  
Specialized Unit

The object of research is applying the requirements of nuclear safeguards to the processing and mining facilities through which the Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA). One of the most problematic places is the NMA carries out its related nuclear activities as the body responsible for managing and operating those facilities, which must have a prominent role in imposing physical protection on these materials to protect them. During use, storage, or internal transportation, NMA should take all security and legal measures and precautions to prevent Nuclear materials from any seizure and its recovery in the event of any seizure. In the course of the research it is shown that the implementation of these requirements requires obtaining the necessary license to practice these activities, and that these activities are subject to the control of the Nuclear and Radiation Control Authority, by establishing a system for the safety and security of this nuclear equipment and materials. So that the system covers all equipment, tools, tasks, supplies, equipment, and materials present in any of the Authority’s projects and sectors Scientific. As a result of the research we have reached the importance of applying nuclear safeguards to nuclear facilities in completing the nuclear infrastructure in Egypt and completing the construction of the Egyptian peaceful nuclear program considering international standards issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the future, the proposed approach is In the future, the proposed approach is to establish a general framework for the application of nuclear safeguards procedures to the processing and mining facilities of the NMA. These safeguards are applied as a basis for completing the nuclear legislative infrastructure, the safety of Nuclear Facilities and fulfilling the requirements of IAEA. This is done by establishing a specialized unit that includes many engineers, geologists and chemists to collect all engineering and technological data, information, designs, and drawings for all nuclear and radiological facilities, activities, and practices existing at the authority under the safety standards written about equipment, tools, devices, supplies, and tasks.

The Regulatory Framework for Safe Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants in Korea

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangmyeon Ahn ◽  
Jungjoon Lee ◽  
Chanwoo Jeong ◽  
Kyungwoo Choi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Safety Requirement ◽  
Regulatory Review ◽  
Safety Standards

We are having 23 units of nuclear power plants in operation and 5 units of nuclear power plants under construction in Korea as of September 2012. However, we don’t have any experience on shutdown permanently and decommissioning of nuclear power plants. There are only two research reactors being decommissioned since 1997. It is realized that improvement of the regulatory framework for decommissioning of nuclear facilities has been emphasized constantly from the point of view of IAEA’s safety standards. It is also known that IAEA will prepare the safety requirement on decommissioning of facilities; its title is the Safe Decommissioning of Facilities, General Safety Requirement Part 6. According to the result of IAEA’s Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS) mission to Korea in 2011, it was recommended that the regulatory framework should require decommissioning plans for nuclear installations to be constructed and operated and these plans should be updated periodically. In addition, after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan in March of 2011, preparedness for early decommissioning caused by an unexpected severe accident became important issues and concerns. In this respect, it is acknowledged that the regulatory framework for decommissioning of nuclear facilities in Korea need to be improved. First of all, we focus on identifying the current status and relevant issues of regulatory framework for decommissioning of nuclear power plants compared to the IAEA’s safety standards in order to achieve our goal. And then the plan is established for improvement of regulatory framework for decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Korea. It is expected that if the things will go forward as planned, the revised regulatory framework for decommissioning could enhance the safety regime on the decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Korea in light of international standards.

scholarly journals Of Broken Seals and Broken Promises: Attributing Intention at the IAEA

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Weichselbraun
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Nuclear Safeguards ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Negotiated Agreements ◽  
Binary Signal ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

In the world of global politics, talk is cheap. States sign negotiated agreements, but a treaty without an enforcement mechanism is considered weak, because states are not expected to adhere to commitments whose materiality is merely that of ink and paper. To verify the terms of state commitments to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which entered into force in 1970, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nuclear safeguards inspectors place tamper-evident seals in nuclear facilities. While seals appear to work simply as a binary signal, their meanings are multivalent. This article draws on fieldwork at the IAEA, and on broken seals in Iran between 2004 and 2006 that escalated into an international crisis, to examine the relationship between the material properties of the seal and its signifying potentialities. Bringing the perspective of semiotic ontology to the question of materiality, this essay argues that seals constitute a semiotic infrastructure of nuclear governance that materializes international law.

Engaging the Estranged: Reciprocity and Cooperation on the Korean Peninsula

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-198
Author(s):  
Taehyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Uranium Enrichment ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Bilateral Agreement

North Korea has become the focus of international attention once again. In October 2002 it admitted to a visiting U.S. envoy of having a clandestine nuclear program through uranium enrichment, which is a violation of, among other things, the bilateral agreement it signed with the United States eight years ago. In retaliation, the United States canceled shipment of heavy fuel oil to North Korea, that shipment being part of the agreement to compensate for North Korea's abandonment of its nuclear program. Since then, North Korea has astonished the world with a series of highly provocative moves: it restarted the nuclear facilities that it had frozen since 1994; expelled the inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); declared immediate withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT); and threatened to resume test-firing long-range missiles that it voluntarily stopped in 1998.

Clearance/Exemption Levels for Slightly Radioactive Materials Arising From Nuclear Decommissioning and Non-Nuclear Industries

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pescatore ◽  
Lucien Teunckens ◽  
Shankar Menon
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Substantial Fraction ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Nuclear Decommissioning ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The management of the relatively large volumes of slightly radioactively contaminated material, arising from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, represents a substantial fraction of the cost of such projects. The recycling of a relevant fraction of this material (or its reuse or disposal) without radiological restrictions, was identified by a Task Group of the OECD/NEA Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning, as a significant means of reducing such costs. The lack of internationally accepted “clearance levels” of radioactivity, at which the material could be utilised without radiological restrictions, seriously limits recycling as a waste management option. The emergence of the NORM/TENORM issue is of great significance for the discussion of clearance regulations. TENORM arisings occur in huge quantities, two to three orders of magnitude larger than those used in European studies on recycling in the nuclear industry, and the activity levels are generally the same as in very low to low-level nuclear waste. The regulation of TENORM is in its early stages. Their occurrence in a large number of industries, as well as their activity levels and quantities, has not been generally appreciated, even by regulatory authorities, until fairly recently. National and international bodies have suggested or are in the process of suggesting regulations for TENORM. The most important development is the publication of the European Commission Directive of May 1996 (ratified in May 2000) laying down basic safety standards for protection against ionising radiation, arising both in the nuclear and non-nuclear industries. The International Atomic Energy Agency has also started looking into this area in connection with the revision of its Safety Series 89 document. Significant to note is that both these bodies suggest release criteria into the general economy that are more relaxed for the radioactive materials from non-nuclear industries than for similarly contaminated material from nuclear industries. This issue is being taken up by several other bodies as well. This paper reviews the current debate and underlines the need for consistency in developing regulations and criteria for exemption and clearance of all radioactive materials regardless of their origin.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF EGYPT'S ACCESSION TO THE CONVENTION ON THE PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL FOR THE NUCLEAR LEGISLATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
Osama, M. Atout
Keyword(s):  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
The Impact

The topic of the article relates to the legal framework for nuclear material security represented in the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, which provides for certain levels of physical protection during the international transfer of nuclear materials, and sets a general framework for cooperation between states in the field of protection, recovery, and return of stolen nuclear materials, in addition to that it aims to prevent and detect Addressing criminal and other unauthorized acts directed against nuclear or other radioactive materials and related facilities and activities and urges states parties to track them down and adopt a system for extradition or prosecution of criminals. This article aims to highlight the importance of the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material in completing the legislative infrastructure of countries wishing to acquire a nuclear program, as it is one of the important legal tributaries to avoid the dangers resulting from the illicit trade in nuclear materials, their seizure, and their illegal use, sabotage or sabotage of nuclear facilities, Eliminate the threats posed by international terrorism and organized crime. The article also aims to shed light on the legal problems that hinder the achievement of the desired goals of the nuclear programs if the codes of conduct regarding the safety and security of radioactive sources are not followed, and that stem from the material protection Convention, and the case of illegal possession or use of radioactive material or a radioactive nuclear device, or assault Nuclear facilities and their harm. The article reviewed the need to complete the legal infrastructure necessary for the Egyptian nuclear program through Egypt's accession to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, so that through this, an integrated legal environment of services and support is available to ensure the preparation of the nuclear program to the fullest extent, raise its growth rates, and increase its efficiency, which leads To increase the chances of its success and its sustainability, by imposing prior protection on the prohibited activities, thus contributing to their elimination. The article presented the infrastructure of the Egyptian nuclear legislation, in particular the law on regulating nuclear and radiological activities and its implementing regulations, and the Egyptian system for accounting and control of nuclear materials to demonstrate the adequacy of these legislations to fully protect nuclear materials, and whether they cover important aspects related to supporting nuclear non-proliferation and combating terrorism. Strengthening the physical protection of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities for peaceful purposes. The conclusion of the article that Egypt's accession to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material will strengthen the infrastructure for nuclear legislation, and then strengthen and maintain the security of the Egyptian nuclear program, in addition to strengthening international cooperation in developing effective measures that guarantee the physical protection of nuclear materials. And nuclear facilities, without prejudice to national sovereignty or prejudice to the nuclear technology necessary for a peaceful nuclear program.

scholarly journals ANÁLISES DE AMOSTRAS AMBIENTAIS PARA FINS DE SALVAGUARDAS NUCLEARES NO BRASIL

Química Nova ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Lisbôa ◽  
Olívio Oliveira Júnior ◽  
Delvonei Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
International Atomic Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Nuclear Safeguards ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Highly Sensitive

ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES FOR NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS PURPOSES IN BRAZIL. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is responsible for preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons by detecting early the misuse of nuclear material or technology, and by certifying that States are honouring their safeguards obligations.The analysis of environmental samples taken by IAEA inspectors during inspections is a powerful tool for nuclear safeguards. This tool was implemented in 1996, after a successful application in Iraq, when a clandestine nuclear weapons program was discovered. The science involved in this type of analysis depends on highly sensitive and selective analytical measurements for detecting traces of nuclear materials collected in the nuclear facility’s “environment”. The purposes of this article are to draw attention to the relevance of this subject in order to address a significant global problem and to present what have been developed in Brazil. Through compatible results with certified standards and IAEA requirements, Brazil has already demonstrated the potential of measuring the amount and isotopic composition of uranium and plutonium at the levels expected in typical environmental samples. Finally, this work suggests the necessary measurements to implement a reliable and consistent environmental samples program for nuclear safeguards in Brazil.

«IAEA Additional Protocol» and its impact on relations between Brazil and Argentina

2021 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Marcelo Bezerra
Keyword(s):  
Development Program ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Uranium Enrichment ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Over the past 30 years, since the signing of the "Nuclear Cooperation Treaty between Brazil and Argentina" and the establishment of the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC) in 1991, relations between Brazil and Argentina in the nuclear field have reached a high level of mutual trust. However, the nuclear partnership is not immune to instability. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) demands on Brazil and Argentina to join the "Additional Protocol" approved in 1997, which expands and deepens inspections at nuclear facilities, could provoke dissonance between the nuclear policies of Brazil and Argentina and weaken their mutual trust. Brazil and Argentina share the same point of view and refuse to adhere to this protocol because they consider it harmful to the national interest. An eventual adhesion of Argentina under pressure from the AEIA to the "Additional Protocol" will weaken Argentine-Brazilian mutual trust and will do a disservice to the formation of the South American security community. Brazil, defending national technological in its Submarine Development Program (Prosub) is unlikely to adhere to the protocol. In the coming years increasing pressure is expected on the «Centro Experimental Aramar», the Brazilian base of the uranium enrichment laboratory and national ultracentrifuges used to enrich nuclear fuel as part of the «Brazilian Navy's nuclear program». Brazil's position as the only country that does not have a nuclear arsenal, but develops a nuclear military program, will require a new dialogue that can at the same time preserve the security of the nonproliferation regime and the wellbeing of Argentine-Brazilian relations.

Revaluations through Dance: Friedrich Nietzsche's Thought in Isadora Duncan's Speech The Dance of the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-219
Author(s):  
Meindert E. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eternal Recurrence ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mind

Friedrich Nietzsche's influence on Isadora Duncan's work, in particular his idea of the Dionysian, has been widely discussed, especially in regard to her later work. What has been left underdeveloped in critical examinations of her work, however, is his influence on her earlier choreographic work, which she defended in a famous speech held in 1903 called The Dance of the Future. While commentators often describe this speech as ‘Nietzschean’, Duncan's autobiography suggests that she only studied Nietzsche's work after this speech. I take this incongruity as a starting point to explore the connections between her speech and Nietzsche's work, in particular his Thus Spoke Zarathustra. I argue that in subject and language Duncan's speech resembles Nietzsche's in important ways. This article will draw attention to the ways in which Duncan takes her cues from Nietzsche in bringing together seemingly conflicting ideas of religion and an overturning of morality; Nietzsche's notion of eternal recurrence and the teleology present in his idea of the Übermensch; and a renegotiation of the body's relation to the mind. In doing so, this article contributes not only to scholarship on Duncan's early work but also to discussions of Nietzsche's reception in the early twentieth century. Moreover, the importance Duncan ascribes to the body in dance and expression also asks for a new understanding of Nietzsche's own way of expressing his philosophy.

A Rapture of the Nerds? A Comparison between Transhumanist Eschatology and Christian Parousia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-367
Author(s):  
Roberto Paura
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Point Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe

Transhumanism is one of the main “ideologies of the future” that has emerged in recent decades. Its program for the enhancement of the human species during this century pursues the ultimate goal of immortality, through the creation of human brain emulations. Therefore, transhumanism offers its fol- lowers an explicit eschatology, a vision of the ultimate future of our civilization that in some cases coincides with the ultimate future of the universe, as in Frank Tipler’s Omega Point theory. The essay aims to analyze the points of comparison and opposition between transhumanist and Christian eschatologies, in particular considering the “incarnationist” view of Parousia. After an introduction concern- ing the problems posed by new scientific and cosmological theories to traditional Christian eschatology, causing the debate between “incarnationists” and “escha- tologists,” the article analyzes the transhumanist idea of mind-uploading through the possibility of making emulations of the human brain and perfect simulations of the reality we live in. In the last section the problems raised by these theories are analyzed from the point of Christian theology, in particular the proposal of a transhuman species through the emulation of the body and mind of human beings. The possibility of a transhumanist eschatology in line with the incarnationist view of Parousia is refused.

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