PROPHYLAXIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN INFANTS AND TODLLERS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Audronė Mulevičienė ◽  
Lina Ragelienė
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Iron Supplements ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Umbilical Cord Clamping

Iron deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiency in infancy and childhood. The main long lasting effect of iron deficiency anemia in infancy is poor neurocognitive development. Despite early treatment with iron supplements, lower cognitive performance remains even after reaching adulthood. Therefore iron deficiency anemia should be regarded not only as a haematological problem, but as a result of imperfections in the social system. Preventive strategies occupie most important place ensuring the normal development of the child. The main recommendations regarding iron deficiency prophylaxis are as follows: delayed umbilical cord clamping, exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age, iron fortified formula for non-breastfed infants, iron supplements for infants with risk factors, complementary feeding starting at 6 months of age, avoiding cow‘s milk until 12 months of age and restriction of intake to less than 500 ml per day for toddlers. The article analyzes iron deficiency impact on the development of central nervous system, the characteristics of iron homeostasis in children, iron deficiency anemia causes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on the latest scientific literature iron deficiency prevention strategies and practical recommendations are provided.

scholarly journals Modulation of intestinal sulfur assimilation metabolism regulates iron homeostasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 3000-3005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Hudson ◽  
Andrew T. Hale ◽  
Ryan P. Irving ◽  
Shenglan Li ◽  
John D. York
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Sulfur Assimilation ◽  
Nucleotide Hydrolysis ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Organismal Development

Sulfur assimilation is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays an essential role in cellular and metabolic processes, including sulfation, amino acid biosynthesis, and organismal development. We report that loss of a key enzymatic component of the pathway, bisphosphate 3′-nucleotidase (Bpnt1), in mice, both whole animal and intestine-specific, leads to iron-deficiency anemia. Analysis of mutant enterocytes demonstrates that modulation of their substrate 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate (PAP) influences levels of key iron homeostasis factors involved in dietary iron reduction, import and transport, that in part mimic those reported for the loss of hypoxic-induced transcription factor, HIF-2α. Our studies define a genetic basis for iron-deficiency anemia, a molecular approach for rescuing loss of nucleotidase function, and an unanticipated link between nucleotide hydrolysis in the sulfur assimilation pathway and iron homeostasis.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding exclusively and iron deficiency anemia during the first 6 months of age

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa F.S.V. Marques ◽  
José A.A.C. Taddei ◽  
Fábio A. Lopez ◽  
Josefina A.P. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Objective The objective was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among exclusively breastfed infants from one to six months of life and to identify associated risk factors. Methods This is a cohort study of the hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels of 102 healthy full-term infants, weighing more than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds) at birth, evaluated for growth development and supported to promote exclusive breastfeeding. Hemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured in the first, fourth, and sixth months of life. The hemoglobin and ferritin levels of the mothers were also measured in the first month postpartum. Results At four months, 5.7% presented iron deficiency and 3.4% had iron deficiency anemia. At six months, the percentage of children with iron deficiency increased more than four times, reaching 26.1%, while iron deficiency anemia was present in 23.9% of the infants studied. Iron deficiency at six months of age was significantly correlated to growth velocity. Conclusion According to the results of this study, exclusive breastfeeding protects infants from iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia for the first four months of life. After this age, in accordance with the literature, the findings of this study demonstrated an increase in anemia and iron deficiency rates, adding to evidence that supports the monitoring of iron levels in exclusively breastfed children presenting higher weight gains beginning at four months of age.

scholarly journals Molecular Aspects and Treatment of Iron Deficiency in the Elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3821
Author(s):  
Antonino Davide Romano ◽  
Annalisa Paglia ◽  
Francesco Bellanti ◽  
Rosanna Villani ◽  
Moris Sangineto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Gastrointestinal Lesions ◽  
Aged Subjects

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most frequent nutritional deficiency in the whole population worldwide, and the second most common cause of anemia in the elderly. The prevalence of anemia is expecting to rise shortly, because of an ageing population. Even though WHO criteria define anemia as a hemoglobin serum concentration <12 g/dL in women and <13 g/dL in men, several authors propose different and specific cut-off values for the elderly. Anemia in aged subjects impacts health and quality of life, and it is associated with several negative outcomes, such as longer time of hospitalization and a higher risk of disability. Furthermore, it is an independent risk factor of increased morbidity and mortality. Even though iron deficiency anemia is a common disorder in older adults, it should be not considered as a normal ageing consequence, but a sign of underlying dysfunction. Relating to the molecular mechanism in Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), hepcidin has a key role in iron homeostasis. It downregulates the iron exporter ferroportin, inhibiting both iron absorption and release. IDA is frequently dependent on blood loss, especially caused by gastrointestinal lesions. Thus, a diagnostic algorithm for IDA should include invasive investigation such as endoscopic procedures. The treatment choice is influenced by the severity of anemia, underlying conditions, comorbidities, and the clinical state of the patient. Correction of anemia and iron supplementation should be associated with the treatment of the causal disease.

Effect of microalgae as iron supplements on iron-deficiency anemia in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengzheng Gao ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Mingyong Zeng ◽  
Yinong Feng ◽  
Guangxin Feng
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplements ◽  
Nanosized Iron

Microalgae are functional iron nutritive fortifiers that can supply more intestinal nanosized iron.

Simultaneous determination and speciation analysis of arsenic and chromium in iron supplements used for iron-deficiency anemia treatment by HPLC-ICP-MS

Talanta ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uenderson Araujo-Barbosa ◽  
Elena Peña-Vazquez ◽  
Maria Carmen Barciela-Alonso ◽  
Sergio Luis Costa Ferreira ◽  
Ana Maria Pinto dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplements ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Anemia Treatment

scholarly journals Iron-deficiency anemia from matriptase-2 inactivation is dependent on the presence of functional Bmp6

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lenoir ◽  
Jean-Christophe Deschemin ◽  
Léon Kautz ◽  
Andrew J. Ramsay ◽  
Marie-Paule Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Hepatic Iron ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Liver Iron ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Hepcidin is the master regulator of iron homeostasis. In the liver, iron-dependent hepcidin activation is regulated through Bmp6 and its membrane receptor hemojuvelin (Hjv), whereas, in response to iron deficiency, hepcidin repression seems to be controlled by a pathway involving the serine protease matriptase-2 (encoded by Tmprss6). To determine the relationship between Bmp6 and matriptase-2 pathways, Tmprss6−/− mice (characterized by increased hepcidin levels and anemia) and Bmp6−/− mice (exhibiting severe iron overload because of hepcidin deficiency) were intercrossed. We showed that loss of Bmp6 decreased hepcidin levels; increased hepatic iron; and, importantly, corrected hematologic abnormalities in Tmprss6−/− mice. This finding suggests that elevated hepcidin levels in patients with familial iron-refractory, iron-deficiency anemia are the result of excess signaling through the Bmp6/Hjv pathway.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Complementary Feeding on Iron Deficiency Anemia and Growth in Breastfed Infants: Home-Made VS Commercial

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Roedi Irawan ◽  
Nur Aisiyah Widjaja ◽  
Meta Herdiana Hanindita
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Complementary Food ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Breastfed Infants

After approximately 6 months of age, term breastfed infants are increasingly depend on other sources of iron to avoid iron deficiency anemia, due to the depletion of the low concentration of iron in human milk. The appropriate complementary feeding must include a balance composition of foods containing an adequate amount of macro- and micronutrients to avoid iron deficiency anemia. This study aimed to compare the risk of iron deficiency and growth in breastfeed infants receiving commercial fortified complementary foods or home-made. A cross-sectional study was held on April-June 2016 to evaluate infants aged 6-24 months with breast feeding intake for 6 month of life. Complementary feeding practices were determined by questionnaire; an unquantified food frequency and feeding practices questionnaire was used to determine usual food intake. Biochemical assessment of haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF) and serum iron (SI) level were measured. Anthropometric were assessed using WHO Child Growth Standard 2005. Statistical analysis used were Chi-square Test. Thirty eight infants were enrolled, mean age of 16.2 (SD 10.5) months. 17 infants consumed commercial complementary foods and 21 infants use home-made. Infants with home-made had lower Hb level, SF and SI  than those receiving commercial complementary food, and had higher risk of underweight, stunted and wasted. Infants with home-made complementary food had lower haemoglobin, serum feritin and serum iron levels than those in fortified complementary food CF; and a higher risk of stunted and wasted than children with commercial fortified CF.

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