Efficiency of β-glucan utilisation in fish culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4A) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Do Huu Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Sustainable Aquaculture ◽  
Major Benefit

In the last three decades aquaculture is a rapidly developing sector worldwide and antibiotics are used popularly as growth promoter. Antibiotic use was banned because research proved that antibiotic has caused many effects on environment and human health. Therefore, finding antibiotic alternatives is the first priority. The most prospect products today are probiotic and prebiotic. β-glucan is one of the immunostimulants which showed a variety of benefits to the health of many aquaculture species. In this paper only the results of β-glucan, a kind of prebiotic supplied in aquaculture, were summarized. The major benefit of β-glucan are to boost growth, to reduce mortality, to enhance tolerance or stress resistance to environmental or pathogen challenges. Although the applications of β-glucan are popular worldwide, its use in aquaculture in Vietnam is still limited. This paper provides an important reference for β-glucan utilisation which may help to develop a sustainable aquaculture in Vietnam.

scholarly journals Where future emerging pathogens will come from and what approaches can be used to find them, besides VFARs

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S75-S93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Sobsey ◽  
Suresh D. Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Waterborne Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Human Health Effects

A consideration of available evidence for some known and well-characterized waterborne pathogens suggests that the diversity of pathogen virulence mechanisms and properties is too great to specifically predict the emergence and future human health impacts of new waterborne pathogens. However, some future emerging pathogens are existing microbes that will be discovered to cause disease. Some will arise from existing ones by either predictable evolutionary and adaptation changes or by unpredictable changes involving a variety of biotic and abiotic mechanisms. Many, and perhaps most, emerging waterborne human pathogens will be zoonotic agents or come from other non-human reservoirs. The emergence of some waterborne pathogens will be related to antibiotic use, resulting in emerging antibiotic-resistant waterborne pathogens. Reliably predicting pathogen emergence and human health effects based on VFARs or other properties of microbes and their hosts is not possible at this time. This is because of (1) the diversity of microbes and their virulence and pathogenicity properties, (2) their ability to change unpredictably, (3) their intimate and diverse interrelationships with a myriad of hosts and dynamic natural and anthropogenic environments and (4) the subtle variations in the immune status of individuals. The best available approach to predicting waterborne pathogen emergence is through vigilant use of microbial, infectious disease and epidemiological surveillance. Understanding the microbial metagenome of the human body can also lead to a better understanding of how we define and characterize pathogens, commensals and opportunists.

scholarly journals Better living through chemistry: Addressing emerging antibiotic resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 243 (6) ◽  
pp. 538-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan P Coussens ◽  
Ashley L Molinaro ◽  
Kayla J Culbertson ◽  
Tyler Peryea ◽  
Gergely Zahoránszky-Köhalmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs

The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is recognized as a major threat to human health worldwide. While the use of small molecule antibiotics has enabled many modern medical advances, it has also facilitated the development of resistant organisms. This minireview provides an overview of current small molecule drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans, the unintended consequences of antibiotic use, and the mechanisms that underlie the development of drug resistance. Promising new approaches and strategies to counter antibiotic-resistant bacteria with small molecules are highlighted. However, continued public investment in this area is critical to maintain an edge in our evolutionary “arms race” against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Impact statement The alarming increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a rapidly emerging threat to human health throughout the world. Historically, small molecule drugs have played a major role in controlling bacterial infections and they continue to offer tremendous potential in countering resistant organisms. This minireview provides a broad overview of the relevant issues, including the diversity of FDA-approved small molecule drugs and mechanisms of drug resistance, unintended consequences of antibiotic use, the current state of development for small molecule antibacterials and financial challenges that impact progress towards novel therapies. The content will be informative to diverse stakeholders, including clinicians, basic scientists, translational scientists and policy makers, and may be used as a bridge between these key players to advance the development of much-needed therapeutics.

scholarly journals Comparison of different approaches to antibiotic restriction in food-producing animals: stratified results from a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e001710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L Tang ◽  
Niamh P Caffrey ◽  
Diego B Nóbrega ◽  
Susan C Cork ◽  
Paul E Ronksley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundWe have previously reported, in a systematic review of 181 studies, that restriction of antibiotic use in food-producing animals is associated with a reduction in antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. While informative, that report did not concretely specify whether different types of restriction are associated with differential effectiveness in reducing resistance. We undertook a sub-analysis of the systematic review to address this question.MethodsWe created a classification scheme of different approaches to antibiotic restriction: (1) complete restriction; (2) single antibiotic-class restriction; (3) single antibiotic restriction; (4) all non-therapeutic use restriction; (5) growth promoter and prophylaxis restriction; (6) growth promoter restriction and (7) other/undetermined. All studies in the original systematic review that were amenable to meta-analysis were included into this substudy and coded by intervention type. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models, stratified by intervention type.ResultsA total of 127 studies were included. The most frequently studied intervention type was complete restriction (n=51), followed by restriction of non-therapeutic (n=33) and growth promoter (n=19) indications. None examined growth promoter and prophylaxis restrictions together. Three and seven studies examined single antibiotic-class and single antibiotic restrictions, respectively; these two intervention types were not significantly associated with reductions in antibiotic resistance. Though complete restrictions were associated with a 15% reduction in antibiotic resistance, less prohibitive approaches also demonstrated reduction in antibiotic resistance of 9%–30%.ConclusionBroad interventions that restrict global antibiotic use appear to be more effective in reducing antibiotic resistance compared with restrictions that narrowly target one specific antibiotic or antibiotic class. Importantly, interventions that allow for therapeutic antibiotic use appear similarly effective compared with those that restrict all uses of antibiotics, suggesting that complete bans are not necessary. These findings directly inform the creation of specific policies to restrict antibiotic use in food-producing animals.

scholarly journals Semi-intensive rearing of Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) in some selected areas of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Md Yousuf Ali ◽  
Nathu Ram Sarker ◽  
Md Ershaduzzaman ◽  
Razia Khatun ◽  
Shamim Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Medication Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Intensive Rearing

There were 17 districts under Dhaka, Chottogram, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Khulna and Mymensingh divisions selected for this study on the basis of Turkey farming. The total 52 number of farmers interviewed to conduct this study. Turkey rearing is a profitable agricultural practice to meet the protein requirement in developing countries like Bangladesh. This is not only a source of protein but also a rich source of minerals and vitamins. The semi-intensive rearing of turkey requires low capital investment and labor cost. The main objectives of the study were to know the present status of feeding and rearing system, problems and prospects and benefit cost ratio of turkey rearing in Bangladesh. The information that collected from the respondents were age, education, main occupation, family members, training, annual income, number of turkey in each batch, name of strain, mortality rate, vaccination and medication practice, current situation of antibiotic and growth promoter use, use of footbath, use of disinfectant for spraying in inside and outside of the farm, percentage of antibiotic and feed additives withdrawal period before marketing, source of vaccine and medicine at farmer level, consultants of the farmers for vaccine and medicine specially antibiotic use, vaccination and medication cost in a batch. The average cost for production of one kg meat is BDT 231.177 and average market price of one kg meat was about BDT 452.34. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2019, 3(1), 48-52    

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use and resistance among the veterinarians in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Samun Sarker ◽  
Iftekhar Ahmed ◽  
Shariful Islam ◽  
Ruhena Begum ◽  
Ayesha Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics ◽  
First Time ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is growing public health concern around the world. When a number of studies have emphasized the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) regarding antibiotic use and resistance in humans, little attention has been paid to the veterinary sector. The aim of this study was to understand the KAP towards antibiotic use and resistance among the veterinarians in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional online based questionnaire survey was conducted from August to September 2020 among the registered veterinary practitioners. A self-administered Google form questionnaire consists of 46 questions on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding antibiotic use and their resistance. Results A total of 208 registered veterinarians participated in this study. 85.1% of the participants were male and 55% of the participants had a Masters degree. Around 50% of the veterinarians were poultry practitioners. All respondents were familiar with antimicrobials. 91.35% of the participants knew that antibiotics can not cure viral infections while 97.6% believed that frequent antibiotic prescription rendered them less effective. Participants claimed that only they are eligible to prescribe drugs for the treatment of animals. Of the total participants, 87.02% believed that a local antimicrobial guideline would be more effective than an international one while around 80% disagreed with adding antibiotics with feed/water as a growth promoter in livestock. However, gaps in practices were highlighted, suggesting training deficiencies. Conclusion The study for the first time conducted in Bangladesh dictates the future interventions like courses, workshops, and seminars on antibiotic usage and resistance are needed to ameliorate the awareness and change the behavior of veterinarians with regards to the rational use of antibiotics while also considering individual motivations and justifications for using antibiotics.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Animals: Influence of Livestock Environment on the Emergence and Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Vidovic ◽  
Sinisa Vidovic
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Modern Trend ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Control And Management

The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among human, animal and zoonotic pathogens pose an enormous threat to human health worldwide. The use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, and especially the use of large quantities of antibiotics in livestock for the purpose of growth promotion of food animals is believed to be contributing to the modern trend of the emergence and spread of bacteria with antibiotic resistant traits. To better control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance several countries from Western Europe implemented a ban for antibiotic use in livestock, specifically the use of antibiotics for growth promotion of food animals. This review article summarizes the recent knowledge of molecular acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and the effects of implementation of antibiotic growth promoter bans on the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in animals and humans. In this article, we also discuss the main zoonotic transmission routes of antimicrobial resistance and novel approaches designed to prevent or slow down the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Finally, we provide future perspectives associated with the control and management of the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Controlling the Human Health Impact

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Tollefson ◽  
Margaret Ann Miller
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Health Impact ◽  
Food Animals

Abstract Resistance to antimicrobial drugs has compromised control of many bacterial pathogens. For foodborne pathogens, the most likely source of resistance is use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals. To control the human health impact from use of antimicrobials in animals, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently announced plans to assess the microbial safety of all antimicrobials intended for use in food-producing animals. This paper describes the history of antimicrobial use and regulation in animals, the public health concern, the current animal drug approval process in the United States, the international perspective, and FDA's proposed procedures to evaluate the human health impact of the antimicrobial effects associated with animal drugs intended for use in food-producing animals. The primary public health goal of the improved regulatory paradigm is to ensure that significant human antimicrobial therapies are not lost due to use of antimicrobials in food animals.

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