scholarly journals Evidences of Existence of Serotoninergic Nerves, Enhancing Duodenal Motility

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-726
Author(s):  
Viktor Mihajlovich Smirnov ◽  
Dmitrij Sergeevich Sveshnikov ◽  
Igor Leonidovich Myasnikov ◽  
Tat'jana Evgen'evna Kuznecova ◽  
Jurij Nikolaevich Samko
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sympathetic Trunk ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Electrical Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Duodenal Motility ◽  
5Ht Receptors ◽  
Stimulation Of

The review is devoted to the mechanism of duodenal motility activation caused by sympathetic nerves. The authors have found that stimulation of the sympathetic trunk in the thoracic cavity in dogs in most cases provide not inhibitory but excitatory motor responses of the duodenum. Excitatory effects were eliminated during 5HT-receptors blockade by promedol and lysergol. Analysis of publications showed that sympathetic trunk contains serotoninergic fibers, providing excitatory motor responses of the duodenum to electrical nerve stimulation. According to histochemical and physiological studies, amount of serotonergic fibers in the sympathetic trunk is several times more than the adrenergic. This means that the body has sertoninergic nerves. Serotoninergic nerve as well as the sympathetic is a collective notion. There are: sympathetic trunks, their ramifications and branches that innervate the internal organs. Since promedol blocks serotonergic nerves, this is plausible cause of constipation in patients after surgical treatment along with the application of this drug.

Motor reflexes of stomach elicited by phenyldiguanide in the rat

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Intragastric Pressure ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Efferent System ◽  
Efferent Pathway ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Stimulation Of

Intragastric pressure (IGP) as an index of gastric motor activity was used to investigate gastric motor responses elicited by phenyldiguanide (PDG) in rats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. Phenyldiguanide injected into the atrium produced an inhibitory gastric motor response whereas an aortic injection resulted in an increase in IGP. Intracarotid injections were without effect. Atropine reduced the response to atrial PDG but not to aortic PDG. Cervical vagotomy abolished the response to both atrial and aortic PDG. Guanethidine and spinal transection abolished the response to atrial PDG only. It is concluded that PDG acts by stimulation of nonmedullated vagal afferents. The efferent pathway for PDG-evoked gastric relaxation is through sympathetic nerves and the efferent system for gastric contraction involves a noncholinergic, nonadrenergic excitatory mechanism.

scholarly journals Stomach Region Stimulated Determines Effects on Duodenal Motility in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenjun T TAN ◽  
Matthew Ward ◽  
Robert J Phillips ◽  
Xueguo Zhang ◽  
Deborah M Jaffey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Site ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Duodenal Motility ◽  
Serosal Surface ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Excitatory Responses ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Stimulation Of

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is used clinically to promote proximal GI emptying and motility. In acute experiments, we measured duodenal motor responses elicited by GES applied at 141 randomly chosen electrode sites on the stomach serosal surface. Overnight-fasted (H2O available) anesthetized male rats (n = 81) received intermittent biphasic GES for 5 min (20s-on/40s-off cycles; I = 0.3mA; pw = 0.2ms; 10 Hz). A strain gauge on the serosal surface of the proximal duodenum of each animal was used to evaluate baseline motor activity and the effect of GES. Using ratios of time blocks compared to a 15-min pre-stimulation baseline, we evaluated the effects of the 5-min stimulation on concurrent activity; on the 10-min immediately after the stimulation, and on the 15-min period beginning with the onset of stimulation. We mapped the magnitude of the duodenal response (3 different motility indices) elicited from the 141 stomach sites. Post hoc electrode site maps associated with duodenal responses suggested three zones similar to the classic regions of forestomach, corpus and antrum. Maximal excitatory duodenal motor responses were elicited from forestomach sites, whereas inhibitory responses occurred with stimulation of the corpus. Moderate excitatory duodenal responses occurred with stimulation of the antrum. Complex, weak inhibitory/excitatory responses were produced by stimulation at boundaries between stomach regions. Patterns of GES efficacies coincided with distributions of previously mapped vagal afferents, suggesting that excitation of the duodenum is strongest when GES electrodes are situated over stomach concentrations of vagal intramuscular arrays, putative stretch receptors in the muscle wall.

The surface anatomy of the thorax

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Clinical Skill ◽  
Median Plane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Surface Anatomy ◽  
Bony Landmarks

The thorax is the region of the body commonly known as the chest between the neck and the abdomen. The thoracic cavity is the hollow in the thorax that is occupied by the thoracic viscera, the heart and its associated vessels in the midline, and the lungs laterally. The thoracic viscera are enclosed by the bony and muscular thoracic cage. The bony components of the cage are the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the 12 pairs of ribs and their anterior cartilaginous extensions, the costal cartilages that meet the sternum anteriorly. The intercostal muscles fill the intercostal spaces between the ribs and are involved in ventilation. Another muscle involved in ventilation is the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. If you are not familiar with the basic outline and arrangements of the circulatory and respiratory systems, refer back to Chapters 4 and 5 before reading this section. A good way to appreciate where these structures lie in relation to each other is to examine their surface anatomy, the position of internal organs related to features that can be observed or palpated (felt) on the surface of the body. Relating surface anatomy to deeper structures is a clinical skill essential not only to the study of the thorax, but also of structures in the head and neck important in dental practice. In the clinical examination of the living subject, the position of the internal thoracic organs is defined with reference to a set of vertical and horizontal lines running through the surface of bony landmarks. The significant vertical lines are shown in Figure 9 .1 as the: 1. Mid-sternal line—in the median plane anteriorly; 2. Mid-clavicular line—through the midpoint of the clavicle; 3. Mid-axillary line—midway between the anterior and posterior axillary folds, formed from skin overlying muscles. If you raise your arm while looking into a mirror, the two folds are obvious; they can also be palpated very easily even with clothes on. 4. Median posterior line—in the median plane anteriorly. The horizontal position can be defined with reference to the ribs or, less easily, the vertebrae.

Sympathetic Control of the Circulation in the Hind Leg of the Dog

1957 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragoljub S. Petkovic ◽  
Elias A. Husni ◽  
F. A. Simeone
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Sympathetic Trunk ◽  
Sympathetic Denervation ◽  
Sympathetic Control ◽  
Control Side ◽  
Muscle Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experiments were undertaken to test the effects of ablation or stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic nerves upon the circulation of the skin and skeletal muscle in the hind leg of the dog. Insulation of the skin was abolished by wetting the fur. Insulation of the muscles was abolished by incising and reflecting the skin which covered the part to be studied. As indices of circulation, the temperatures of skin and muscle were recorded by means of thermocouples, and the tensions of oxygen in skin and muscle were recorded as measured by the polarograph. Most of the experiments were conducted in a room in which temperature and humidity were controlled. After chronic sympathetic denervation, the temperature and oxygen tension of skeletal muscle were lower than in the contralateral control. Those of the skin were higher than in the control side. Electric stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk consistently caused a rise in the tension of oxygen in muscle and a fall in skin. This was not attributable to hematometakinesia but to active vasodilation in muscle. Changes in temperature were always in the same direction as changes in oxygen tension.

Neural regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. E939-E947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lene Hansen ◽  
Sarah Lampert ◽  
Hitoshi Mineo ◽  
Jens J. Holst
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Portal Circulation ◽  
Neural Regulation ◽  
Cholinergic Nerves ◽  
Electrical Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
Stimulation Of

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is secreted rapidly from the intestine postprandially. We therefore investigated its possible neural regulation. With the use of isolated perfused porcine ileum, GLP-1 secretion was measured in response to electrical stimulation of the mixed, perivascular nerve supply and infusions of neuroactive agents alone and in combination with different blocking agents. Electrical nerve stimulation inhibited GLP-1 secretion, an effect abolished by phentolamine. Norepinephrine inhibited secretion, and phentolamine abolished this effect. GLP-1 secretion was stimulated by isoproterenol (abolished by propranolol). Acetylcholine stimulated GLP-1 secretion, and atropine blocked this effect. Dimethylphenylpiperazine stimulated GLP-1 secretion. In chloralose-anesthetized pigs, however, electrical stimulation of the vagal trunks at the level of the diaphragm had no effect on GLP-1 or GLP-2 and weak effects on glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and somatostatin secretion, although this elicited a marked atropine-resistant release of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to the portal circulation. Thus GLP-1 secretion is inhibited by the sympathetic nerves to the gut and may be stimulated by intrinsic cholinergic nerves, whereas the extrinsic vagal supply has no effect.

scholarly journals The Photoreceptors of Lampreys

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Lateral Line Nerve ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Do So

1. The tail of larval and adult L. planeri and adult L. fluviatilis contains a photoreceptive mechanism involving an initial short sensitization period, and a latent period. 2. The impulses initiated by the photochemical change are carried in the lateral line nerves, as is shown by the facts that section of these nerves abolishes the response, whereas section of the spinal cord does not do so. 3. Motor responses are only occasionally seen after illumination of parts of the body other than the tail. These responses are apparently due to direct stimulation of the spinal cord, and can be regularly elicited if the pigment protecting the latter be removed. 4. Motor responses may follow illumination of the head, either of larvae or adults, but only after illumination periods much longer than are necessary to obtain a response from the tail. 5. The responses play a part in the normal behaviour of the animals by assisting them to bury themselves completely in the mud. 6. The stimulus of illumination of the tail simply initiates swimming movements, and there is no orientation of the animal with reference to the direction of the light. This is confirmed by the observation that, following illumination of the tail from one side, the first movement of the head may be either towards or away from the side stimulated. Further, after section of one lateral line nerve only no forced movements occur on illumination. The reaction may thus be described as a photokinesis, and does not involve any true topotaxis, its effect is to prevent the animal remaining in any illuminated area.

The Effect of Auricular Acupuncture on the Pulse Rate: An Exploratory Randomised Controlled Trial

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian White ◽  
Edzard Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Vagal Tone ◽  
Control Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Auricular Acupuncture ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Stimulation Of

Advocates of auricular acupuncture believe that the internal organs are represented in the concha of the ear and can be affected by needling the appropriate area. These two areas of the body have a common innervation from the vagus nerve. The aim of this randomised, single-blind study was to determine whether stimulation of the ear produced changes in the pulse rate, an indicator of vagal tone. Doctor volunteers were needled in either the vagus area or a control area of the ear, and pulse rate changes were measured over the following 30 minutes. No significant differences were found in the pulse rate changes of the two groups. This study, which was limited in size and in other respects, found no evidence to support the concept that the body is represented on the ear.

Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Derinat® in form of spray in practice of district therapist

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
A. P. Babkin ◽  
A. A. Zuikova ◽  
O. N. Krasnorutskaya ◽  
Yu. A. Kotova ◽  
D. Yu. Bugrimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases ◽  
T Helpers ◽  
T Killers ◽  
Stimulation Of

The widespread worldwide spread of acute respiratory diseases is an urgent problem in health care. Expressed polyetiology of respiratory diseases does not allow to limit the use of specific vaccine preparations and dictates the need to use to combat them a variety of non-specific means that stimulate the natural resistance of the human body. The main pharmacological action of sodium deoxyribonucleate is the stimulation of phagocytic activity of T-helpers and T-killers, increasing the functional activity of neutrophils and monocytes/ macrophages, providing regeneration and repair processes in the epithelial component of antiviral protection of the body. Based on the above, the study of the clinical efficacy of Derinat® in the form of spray in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections is relevant.

Influence of DAFS-25+polizon composition on blood and functional state of liver of steers at fattening

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Inna R. Kilmetova ◽  
◽  
Igor A. Rodin ◽  
Nazira I. Khayrullina ◽  
Nikolay G. Fenchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Stimulation Of

Summary. The disbalanced feeding and the uneven distribution of micro- and macroelements in the environment leads to a trace element, in particular hypomelanosis. To accelerate the growth and preservation of young farm animals include in the diet of various biological additives and drugs, which include selenium. For stimulation of weight gain in the livestock industry, as well as for the prevention and treatment of pathological processes in addition to micro - and macrouse amino acids, primarily methionine. The aim of this work was to study the influence of composition of DAFS-25+Polizon on morpho-biochemical parameters of blood and functional state of the liver in fattening bulls of black-motley breed in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Experiments using were conducted on bull-calves of black-motley breed of the properties in the properties age from 6 to 15 months. The first experimental group during the experiment was additionally given the composition of DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg, the animals of the control group received a standard diet. To assess the impact of the composition DAFS-25+Polizon on metabolism cattle studied morphological and biochemical indicators of blood and conducted histological examination of the liver. It is established that the use of the composition of DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg increases the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the experimental group and reduces the amount of white blood cells. The serum content of total protein, phosphorus and calcium increases in the group of experimental animals. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed no changes in the structure of the organ and hepatocytes in the experimental group, whereas in the control group hemodynamic disorders and dystrophic changes in liver cells were observed. Thus, the use of the composition DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg of live weight in fattening bulls black-and-white breed contributes to the increase of redox processes in the body, stimulation of metabolism, prevent the development of liver disorders of cellular mechanisms of metabolism, optimizes the structure of the liver, which generally provides higher productivity.

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