scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF POPULATION IMMUNITY PECULIARITIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF MEASLES AND RUBELLA PREVALENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Toptygina ◽  
M. A. Smerdova ◽  
M. A. Naumova ◽  
N. P. Vladimirova ◽  
T. A. Mamaeva
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccines ◽  
Measles Incidence

According to the lasting serological investigations of patients with rubella and measles, a major factor that determines the resistance to the infections is specific antibodies, that are still circulating in blood of recovered persons during their life. Since vaccinated people are also included in this concept, serological monitoring of people different ages who get vaccinated against rubella and measles is conducted in Russia. However the discrepancy between specific immunity intensity and the measles incidence was showed last years. Using “Vector Best” kits, the study of the anti-measles and antirubella population immunity in scale of age: under 1 year, 1–2 years, 3–6 years, 7–14 years, 15–17 years, 18–30 years, 31–40 years, 41–50 years, and 51–60 years was carried out in Moscow and Moscow region in 2013 (period of unfavorable epidemic situation). The serum probes were obtained from 654 random healthy donors and 646 patients with serologically confirmed measles infection. As a result, gradual increase of percentage of people with protective antibodies to rubella and measles have been demonstrated: 81.3% donors aged 7–14 years were protected from measles and more than 90% — from rubella. Moreover, percentage of individuals who have had immunity to rubella were the same in adults too. The most marked increase of percentage of seronegative persons to measles virus (40% and more) was in age from 18 to 30 years, and in groups over the age 40 years old protection reaches 85–95%. Comparison between percentage of measles patients different ages and percentage of persons with protective antibodies in serum have demonstrated significant negative correlation between measles prevalence and the level of specific antibody in population (r = –0.76). According to the results, increase (to 28%) and decrease (to 2.9%) of measles patients aged 18 to 30 and 51 to 60 years are based on decrease (to 55%) and increase (to 95%) of persons with protective immunity, respectively. Results of analysis of measles prevalence in different ages have demonstrated, that among adult measles patients (18–50 years) 14.5% responded on infection by secondary immune response; among children and teenagers there were no such patients, that proves the significant effectiveness of prophylactic vaccines.

scholarly journals Chimeric Measles Virus (MV/RSV), Having Ectodomains of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) F and G Proteins Instead of Measles Envelope Proteins, Induced Protective Antibodies against RSV

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Akihito Sawada ◽  
Takashi Ito ◽  
Yoshiaki Yamaji ◽  
Tetsuo Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
G Proteins ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Pathological Finding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Syncytial Virus

In our previous study, fusion (F) or glyco (G) protein coding sequence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was inserted at the P/M junction of the measles AIK-C vector (MVAIK), and the recombinant measles virus induced protective immune responses. In the present study, the ectodomains of measles fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins were replaced with those of RSV F and G proteins, and a chimeric MV/RSV vaccine was developed. It expressed F and G proteins of RSV and induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in epithelial cell lines (Vero, A549, and HEp-2 cells), but not in lymphoid cell lines (B95a, Jurkat, and U937 cells). A chimeric MV/RSV grew similarly to AIK-C with no virus growth at 39 °C. It induced NT antibodies against RSV in cotton rats three weeks after immunization through intramuscular route and enhanced response was observed after the second dose at eight weeks. After the RSV challenge with 106 PFU, significantly lower virus (101.4±0.1 PFU of RSV) was recovered from lung tissue in the chimeric MV/RSV vaccine group than in the MVAIK control group with 104.6±0.2 PFU (p < 0.001) and no obvious inflammatory pathological finding was noted. The strategy of ectodomain replacement in the measles virus vector is expected to lead to the development of safe and effective vaccines for other enveloped viruses.

scholarly journals Rise in 2017-2018 measles morbidity in Serbia and Northwest Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-734
Author(s):  
V. D. Stoiljkovic ◽  
M. A. Bichurina ◽  
I. N. Lavrentieva ◽  
S. B. Filipovic-Vignjevic ◽  
M. D. Bancevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Test System ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Measles Incidence

In 2017, the WHO registered 23,927 measles cases in 44 out of 53 countries in the European region. In 2018, measles incidence rate increased up to 82,599 cases registered in 48 countries of the region, with a large number of measles-associated deaths. Overall, 72 measles fatalities were registered in 10 European countries, including Serbia (15 cases).Aim of the study: to characterize 2017—2018 epidemiological upsurge of measles incidence rate observed in the Republic of Serbia (RS) and the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. During the 2017—2018 season, 944 serum samples were collected from patients with measles, rubella, or exanthematous diseases in the NWFD and tested in the Laboratory of Virology at the St. Petersburg Regional Centre for Measles Surveillance (SPbRC). In 2017—2018, 2,946 serum samples from the Republic of Serbia were analyzed in the SPbRC by using ELISA with IgM measles test system (Vector-Best, Russia; or Siemens, Germany). Urine and swab samples were examined by RT-PCR and used for isolation and genotyping of measles viruses.Results. From 2017 to 2018, 5,798 measles cases were registered in the RS, among which 2,946 were laboratory-confirmed (serological testing and/or PCR). Unvaccinated subjects or those with unknown vaccination status accounted for majority of the cases. Children under 5 years of age and adults aged 30 years and over dominated among measles patients. During this season, 15 deaths were reported. Several genotypes of measles virus circulated in the RS, e.g. В3 Dublin, D8 Gir Somnath, and D8 Herborn. In 2018, 109 measles cases were recorded in the NWFD, 5 of which were imported from abroad. Among patients, adults comprised 64.2%, wherein 74.3% were covered by unvaccinated subjects or those with unknown vaccination status. Rise in measles incidence rate linked to multiple importations of various measles virus genotypes: В3 Kabul; B3 Dublin; D8 Frankfurt; D8 Cambridge; and D8 Gir Somnath.

scholarly journals Protective immunity provided by HLA-A2 epitopes for fusion and hemagglutinin proteins of measles virus

Virology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 352 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
SangKon Oh ◽  
Brian Stegman ◽  
C. David Pendleton ◽  
Martin O. Ota ◽  
Chien-Hsiung Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Measles Virus

scholarly journals Specificity and Mechanism of Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-and IgG-Dependent Protective Immunity to LarvalStrongyloides stercoralis inMice

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 6835-6843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Ligas ◽  
Laura A. Kerepesi ◽  
Ann Marie Galioto ◽  
Sara Lustigman ◽  
Thomas J. Nolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complement Activation ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Isotype ◽  
Protective Antibody ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Antibody Isotypes ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Protective Antibodies

ABSTRACT Protective immunity in mice to the infective third-stage larvae (L3) of Strongyloides stercoralis was shown to be dependent on immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement activation, and granulocytes. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether IgG was also a protective antibody isotype and to define the specificity and the mechanism by which IgG functions. Purified IgG recovered from mice 3 weeks after a booster immunization with live L3 was shown to transfer high levels of protective immunity to naïve mice. IgG transferred into mice treated to block complement activation or to eliminate granulocytes failed to kill the challenge larvae. Transfer of immune IgG into IL-5 knockout (KO) mice, which are deficient in eosinophils, resulted in larval attrition, while transfer into FcRγ KO mice did not result in larval killing. These findings suggest that IgG from mice immunized with live L3 requires complement activation and neutrophils for killing of L3 through an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. This is in contrast to the results of investigations using IgM from mice immunized with live L3 and IgG from mice immunized with larval antigens soluble in deoxycholate in which protective immunity was shown to be ADCC independent. Western blot analyses with immune IgM and IgG identified few antigens recognized by all protective antibody isotypes. Results from immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the protective antibodies bound to different regions in the L3. It was therefore concluded that while IgM and IgG antibodies are both protective against larval S. stercoralis, they recognize different antigens and utilize different killing mechanisms.

scholarly journals To the question of the reasons for the activation of the epidemic process of Мeasles at the stage of elimination of infection and the forecast of the situation in the near and long term

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
T. A. Platonova ◽  
A. A. Golubkova ◽  
S. S. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Medical Documentation ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Measles Incidence ◽  
Observation Period

Introduction. Measles infection in recent years has become particularly relevant in connection with the registration of outbreaks of this disease in various territoriesof the Russian Federation and abroad.The aim of the study is to characterize the epidemic process of measles in a large industrial city in the near and long term with the use of modern mathematical modeling technologies for making new management decisions on infection control at the elimination stage.Materials and methods. The research materials were data from statistical reports of measles incidence in Yekaterinburg from 1950 to 2019 (70 years of follow-up), medical documentation of measles cases, population vaccination data (form No. 6 for 2000—2018 and outpatient maps of children under two years of age vaccinated against measles), results of screening for measles IgG ofmedical organizations, data of planned serological monitoringof population immunity to measles in «indicator» groups in the period from 2013 to 2017 and the results of mathematical modeling of measles incidence in different scenarios of its prevention.Results. Under the influence of vaccination, the epidemic process of measles in Yekaterinburg — a city with a population of 1.5million inhabitants-has undergone significant changes. During the observation period, the incidence decreased to sporadic levels, there was no indigenous measles, drifts from endemic areas had no consequences, the epidemic process was under control. However, outbreaks of 72 cases in 2016 and 90 cases in 2019 have changed our view of measles as a eradicated infection.Of the factors that led to the spread of infection in the foci, the most significant were the presence of measles-susceptible children and adults, including those previously vaccinated, mainly in the periods remote from vaccination and revaccination, defects in the clinical diagnosis of measlesin the first and subsequent cases, and violations in the organization and conduct of anti-epidemic measures. Conclusion. Based on the data of mathematical modeling of the epidemic process of measles with different combinations of its determinants, for the elimination of infection, it is necessary to ensure vaccination against measles at the age of 1 year and 6 years in 95—97.5%. In vulnerable groups for infection to discuss the introduction of routine revaccination among people up to 50 years of age with an interval of 10 years.

scholarly journals The Analysis of the Factors Determining Efficiency of Vaccination against Tick-Borne Encephalitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Shchuchinova ◽  
L. V. Shchuchinov ◽  
V. I. Zlobin
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Protective Antibodies

Long-term persistence of immunity was assessed in 1756 healthy adults (4 - 74 years of age) with documented immunization against tick-borne encephalitis. Serologic studies indicate that the protective immunity is associated with age, number of vaccine doses and time since the last vaccine dose. 411 persons were vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis over 10 years ago. Most of them (67,5%) had protective antibodies. In some cases, the immunity lasts up to 34 years after last vaccination.

scholarly journals Measles and rubella in the North-West of Russia in period of elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
M. A. Bichurina ◽  
N. V. Zheleznova ◽  
A. A. Sharova
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Measles Elimination ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
High Level ◽  
Measles Incidence ◽  
Virus Strains

Aim: To evaluate the epidemic situation on measles and rubella and to carry out the laboratory diagnostics of these infections in the North-West of Russia in the period of elimination.Materials and Methods. In 2016-2019 a total of 534 blood serum samples from patients with measles diagnosis, 210 – from patients with rubella diagnosis and 1251 – from patients with exanthema were studied by ELISA using “VectoMeasles-IgM” and “EIA-Rubella-IgM” test-systems.Results. Measles incidence in NWR varied from 0 to 0.96 per 100,000 in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Among measles patients the proportion of children and adults changed in 2018-2019, adults constituted 65.9%. Patients not vaccinated against measles and those with the unknown vaccination status were mainly involved in epidemic process (85%). High level of patients with revaccination status was revealed in 2018 (18.4%). These patients demonstrated high levels of IgG (>3.0 IU/ml) as well as high percentage of IgG avidity (>94.3%) on 4-7th day of rash onset thus evidencing secondary immune response. Molecular studies of the samples from patients revealed the circulation of D8 and B3 genotypes of measles virus. Strains of D8 and B3 genotypes were represented by 3 and 4 variants, respectively. Rubella incidence did not exceed 0.13 per 100,000. Strains of rubella virus of genotype 1E were detected.Conclusion. The data of annual measles incidence and molecular studies of circulating wild type measles viruses prove the on-going measles elimination process in the NorthWest of Russia. For rubella, the persistent phase of elimination was demonstrated in the region. 

scholarly journals Report of simultaneous measles outbreaks in two different health regions in Portugal, February to May 2017: lessons learnt and upcoming challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Figueiredo Augusto ◽  
Andreia Silva ◽  
Natália Pereira ◽  
Teresa Fernandes ◽  
Ana Leça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
First Case ◽  
Rapid Control ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

In Portugal, measles vaccination coverage and population immunity are high, and no endemic measles cases had been reported since 2004. The World Health Organization classified measles as eliminated in the country in 2015 and 2016, based on data from the previous 3 years. However, in a context of increasing incidence in several European countries in 2016 and 2017, Portugal experienced two simultaneous measles outbreaks with a total of 27 laboratory-confirmed cases (0.3 cases/100,000 population) in two health regions between February and May 2017. Nineteen cases (70.1%) were adults, of whom 12 were healthcare workers. Overall, 17 cases (63.0%) were not vaccinated, of whom five were infants younger than 12 months of age. One unvaccinated teenager died. Genotype B3 was identified in 14 cases from both regions. Measles virus sequencing identified different possible origins of the virus in each region affected. Although measles transmission was stopped in less than 2 months from the first case being notified, these outbreaks represent an opportunity to reinforce awareness of measles diagnosis. We highlight the intensity of the control measures taken and their impact on the rapid control of the outbreaks and also the fact that high vaccination coverage was crucial to stop transmission.

scholarly journals Vaccine Design and Vaccination Strategies against Rickettsiae

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Anke Osterloh
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rickettsial Infections ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccines ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

Rickettsioses are febrile, potentially lethal infectious diseases that are a serious health threat, especially in poor income countries. The causative agents are small obligate intracellular bacteria, rickettsiae. Rickettsial infections are emerging worldwide with increasing incidence and geographic distribution. Nonetheless, these infections are clearly underdiagnosed because methods of diagnosis are still limited and often not available. Another problem is that the bacteria respond to only a few antibiotics, so delayed or wrong antibiotic treatment often leads to a more severe outcome of the disease. In addition to that, the development of antibiotic resistance is a serious threat because alternative antibiotics are missing. For these reasons, prophylactic vaccines against rickettsiae are urgently needed. In the past years, knowledge about protective immunity against rickettsiae and immunogenic determinants has been increasing and provides a basis for vaccine development against these bacterial pathogens. This review provides an overview of experimental vaccination approaches against rickettsial infections and perspectives on vaccination strategies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document