scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE OBSTRUÇÕES EM GOTEJADORES E EFICIÊNCIA DO CONTROLE USANDO DOIS TIPOS DE ÁCIDOS

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Manoel Januário da Silva Júnior ◽  
José Francismar de Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Variation Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
And Control

desenvolvimento de obstruçõesEM GOTEJADORES e eficiÊnciado controle usando dois tipos de ácidos  Manoel Januário da Silva Júnior1; José Francismar de Medeiros21Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP,  [email protected] de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal Rural Do Semi-Árido,  Mossoró, RN  1 RESUMO Em irrigação localizada a qualidade da água é fundamental para o desempenho dos emissores. Uma conseqüência é a obstrução que reduz a uniformidade de emissão. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o efeito da qualidade da água sobre o desenvolvimento de obstruções, bem como testar a eficiência de dois tipos de ácidos no controle dessas obstruções. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, no esquema fatorial 4x2 com duas repetições. Os tratamentos foram quatro tipos de água e dois ácidos (nítrico e clorídrico). Foi feita uma avaliação do sistema antes e outra após a acidificação. Para cada tratamento foram calculados a vazão, o coeficiente de variação de fabricação e a uniformidade de emissão. A qualidade da água de irrigação não influenciou a vazão, o coeficiente de variação de fabricação e a uniformidade de emissão. O uso de ácido nítrico e clorídrico foi eficiente no controle de obstruções. O uso do ácido clorídrico fica limitado a águas com menores teores de bicarbonatos. UNITERMOS: Gotejamento, qualidade de água, uniformidade de emissão, acidificação  SILVA JÚNIOR, M. J. da; MEDEIROS, J. F. de. DEVELOPMENT OF DRIPPER CLOGGING AND CONTROL EFFICIENCY USING TWO TYPES OF ACIDS  2 ABSTRACT In drip irrigation water quality is fundamental for emitter performance. Clogging is a consequence that reduces emission uniformity. Thus, this paper aimed to study water quality effect on the development of clogging and efficiency of acid types in clogging control. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design with a 4x2 factorial scheme and two replications. The treatments were four types of water and two acids (nitric and hydrochloric). System evaluations were made before and after the acidification. For each treatment the following were calculated:  flow, manufacturer’s variation coefficient and emission uniformity. Water quality did not affect flow, manufacturer’s variation coefficient and emission uniformity. The use of nitric and hydrochloric acids was efficiency on clogging control. The use of hydrochloric acid is limited to waters with low bicarbonate levels. KEYWORDS: Drip irrigation, water quality, emission uniformity, acidification

scholarly journals 163 THE EFFECTS OF HYDROPHILIC GELS ON PETUNIA GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN A COMMERCIAL GREENHOUSE

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 452b-452
Author(s):  
Karen L. Panter
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
And Control

A study was undertaken between June 30 and September 15, 1993 to determine the effects of five different hydrophilic gels on petunia `Supercascade Red' dry weights, stem lengths, and bud counts. Data were compiled on growing medium and plant tissue analyses as well as days between waterings of gel-amended versus control media. A completely randomized design was utilized with six treatments (five gels and control), 15 pots per treatment, five plants per ten-inch banging basket. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences either within or among treatments for stem lengths or bud counts, or among treatments for plant dry weights. Two cases of significant differences among pots within treatments did occur. Plant tissue analyses run before and after the study showed consistent increases in N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and B; decreases in Fe, Cu, and Na; and mixed changes in K and Mn over the 11-week study. Growing medium analyses run before and after the study showed consistent increases in Fe; decreases in EC, % organic matter, NH4-N, K, Mg, SO4 S, Mn, and Cu; and mixed changes in pH, NO3-N, P, Ca, and Zn. There were no significant differences in either the number of waterings or the days between waterings among the six treatments.

scholarly journals Assessment of ground water quality of lahar block, Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Kant ◽  
Y.V. Singh ◽  
Lokesh Kumar Jat ◽  
R. Meena ◽  
S.N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality Index

<p>In sustainable groundwater study, it is necessary to assess the quality of groundwater in terms of irrigation purposes. The present study attempts to assess the groundwater quality through Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) in hard-rock aquifer system and sustainable water use in Lahar block, Bhind of district, Madhya Pradesh, India. The quality of ground water in major part of the study area is generally good. In order to understand the shallow groundwater quality, the water samples were collected from 40 tube wells irrigation water. The primary physical and chemical parameters like potential Hydrogen (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>), sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>), potassium (K<sup>+</sup>), bicarbonate (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>), chloride (Cl<sup>-</sup>), and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) were analyzed for (irrigation water quality index ) IWQI. The secondary parameters of irrigation groundwater quality indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Soluble Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), and Kellies Ratio (KR) were also derived from the primary parameter for irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The IWQI was classified into excellent to unfit condition of groundwater quality based on their Water Quality Index (WQI). The IWQI (82.5%+15.0%) indicate that slightly unsustainable to good quality of ground water. Due to this quality deterioration of shallow aquifer, an immediate attestation requires for sustainable development.</p>

scholarly journals Classification of groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes using a comprehensive approach based on the AHP and GIS techniques in North Kurdufan Province, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsiddig Eldaw ◽  
Tao Huang ◽  
Adam Khalifa Mohamed ◽  
Yahaya Mahama
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
Deep Aquifers

AbstractDeterioration of groundwater quality due to drastic human interventions is rising at an alarming rate particularly in lower- and middle-income countries. Yet, limited research effort has been devoted to monitoring and ascertaining groundwater quality. The present study develops a comprehensive irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for rating water quality of shallow and deep aquifers in North Kurdufan province, Sudan. The new approach is developed to overcome the deficiencies of the existing irrigation indices and coming up with a unified decision for classifying water quality for irrigation purposes. Because of these indices like permeability index (PI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), etc., depending on specific elements, entirely subjective, as well as the great variations in their results, particularly when classifying water quality. Thus, IWQI is created based on eight indices that are generally used to evaluate irrigation water quality, plus three physicochemical parameters have been proven an impact on water quality. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to minimize the subjectivity at assign parameter weights under multiple criteria decision analysis tools (MCDA). The spatial distribution of IWQI agrees with the spatial distribution of the most parameters. The results of our approach reveal that the majority of samples are suitable for irrigation uses for both aquifers except few wells in the confined aquifer. Also, noted that there are very variations in the irrigation indices results for classifying water quality. The comparison result showed that the new index robust, fair calculations and has best classifying of water quality.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Groundwater to the Salinization of Reservoir-Based Irrigation Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Michiele Gebrehiwet ◽  
Nata T. Tafesse ◽  
Solomon Habtu ◽  
Berhanu F. Alemaw ◽  
Kebabonye Laletsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Hydrochemical Facies ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Silicate Weathering ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Carbonate Minerals ◽  
Watershed Area

This study evaluates the cause of salinization in an irrigation scheme of 100 ha supplied from a reservoir. The scheme is located in Gumselasa catchment (28 km2), Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. The catchment is underlain by limestone–shale–marl intercalations with dolerite intrusion and some recent sediments. Water balance computation, hydrochemical analyses and irrigation water quality analyses methods were used in this investigation. Surface waters (river and reservoir) and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The water table in the irrigated land is ranging 0.2–2 m below the ground level. The majority of groundwater in the effective watershed area and the river and dam waters are fresh and alkaline whereas in the command area the groundwater is dominantly brackish and alkaline. The main hydrochemical facies in the groundwater in the effective watershed area are Ca-Na-SO4-HCO3, Ca-Na- HCO3-SO4, and Ca-Na-Mg-SO4-HCO3. The river and dam waters are Mg-Na-HCO3-SO4 and HCO3-SO4-Cl types, respectively. In the command area the main hydrochemical facies in the groundwater are Ca-Na-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-Na-Mg-SO4-HCO3. Irrigation water quality analyses revealed that salinity and toxicity hazards increase from the effective watershed to the irrigated land following the direction of the water flow. The results also showed that the analyzed waters for irrigation purpose had no sodicity hazard. The major composition controlling mechanisms in the groundwater chemistry was identified as the dissolution of carbonate minerals, silicate weathering, and cation exchange. One of the impacts of the construction of the dam in the hydrologic environment of the catchment is on its groundwater potential. The dam is indirectly recharging the aquifers and enhances the groundwater potential of the area. This increment of availability of groundwater enhanced dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite, and gypsum), silicate weathering and cation exchange processes, which are the main causes of salinity in the irrigated land. The rising of the brackish groundwater combined with insufficient leaching contributed to secondary salinization development in the irrigated land. Installation of surface and subsurface drainage systems and planting salt tolerant (salt loving) plants are recommended to minimize the risk of salinization and salt accumulation in the soils of the irrigated land.

scholarly journals Production and water yield of cauliflower under irrigation depths and nitrogen doses

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 561-565
Author(s):  
Reginaldo M. de Oliveira ◽  
Rubens A. de Oliveira ◽  
Sanzio M. Vidigal ◽  
Ednaldo M. de Oliveira ◽  
Lorença B. Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Water Depths

ABSTRACT Cauliflower is a brassica produced and consumed in Brazil, whose cultivation depends on the adequate supply of water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation depths and nitrogen doses on the production components and water yield of cauliflower hybrid Barcelona CMS. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water depths (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration) combined with five nitrogen doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a split-plot arrangement. The effects of these factors were evaluated using the response surface methodology. The water yield of the crop decreases with increasing irrigation water depth; therefore, the yield is higher when water replenishment is lower than the recommended. The highest estimated total inflorescence yield is 24,547.80 kg ha-1, with a inflorescence mean diameter of 19.60 cm, a inflorescence mean height of 12.25 cm, and an inflorescence fresh weight of 858.90 g plant-1, obtained with an irrigation water depth equivalent to 132.09% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and a nitrogen dose of 450 kg ha-1. The highest inflorescence diameter and height are obtained with an irrigation depth equivalent to 128.70 and 108.20% of ETc, respectively, and a nitrogen dose of 450 kg ha-1. Therefore, the best productivity response of the Barcelona CMS cauliflower hybrid can be obtained using an irrigation depth greater than the crop evapotranspiration, regardless of the nitrogen doses.

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