Mortality and Death Causes in Revolutionary Veracruz, Mexico (Based on Analyses of the Civil Registry Death Records)

This article is devoted to a detailed analysis of death causes in Mexico during the Revolution and Civil War period. Our study is based on the death registration records in six government-controlled municipalities in Veracruz State which promoted registration accuracy. A total of 2 876 records from 1918 were analyzed, most of which contained information about the causes of death. The main objectives of the study were to determine the main causes of death, to identify territorial, age and gender differences, to establish the time and extent of the spread of the Spanish flu epidemic and the overall mortality rate in 1918. The 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), developed by the World Health Organization, was used as a basis for coding the causes of death. Thus, the causes of diseases that led to the death of the inhabitants of Veracruz were divided into eight main classes: infectious; respiratory; related to pregnancy or childbirth; those caused by difficulties in the perinatal period of fetal development; external violent reasons; unclassifiable, those associated with infancy and childhood; the unclassifiable; and finally, the missing. The analysis revealed registration problems, especially in the agrarian regions, caused by the poor development of medical infrastructure and aggravated by wartime conditions. Based on the analysis of individual level data on the causes of death, the authors identified the 161 diagnostic options found in the sources, identified the main ten death causes for each of the six cities of Veracruz, determined the level and accuracy of registration and the age characteristics of the spread of certain classes of fatal diseases. The most common cause of death was infectious diseases, particularly children from one to five years old suffered from these. The rate of respiratory diseases was also high, the proportion of deaths from these rose sharply in the last quarter of 1918, which was caused by the spread of the Spanish flu. The analysis of the nominative data made it possible to refute the official statement of the Mexican government about the cessation of influenza at the end of 1918. The high mortality rate from various respiratory diseases in December 1918 among young men suggests that the flu pandemic was hidden behind various other concepts.

Download Full-text

A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 and Its Association With Other Chronic Diseases

10.20944/preprints202004.0308.v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar ◽

P.R. Renjith ◽

C. Priscilla ◽

Selva Kumar Ganesan ◽

N.G. Rajesh

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

United States Of America ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

The World

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected, followed by the United States of America. It has taken more than 350000 lives until now. In this study, we have assessed the severity of Covid-19 by analyzing the mortality rate of Covid-19 and other chronic diseases. The Covid-19 data and “death rate” data caused by other diseases were downloaded from the world health organization (WHO) website. A normalized method was used to see the mortality rate of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths caused by Covid-19 in April 2020 have overtaken the average number of deaths caused by Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases, and other diseases in Belgium, the United Kingdom (UK), Spain, France, and Ireland. Covid-19 was found to be strongly correlated with non-communicable respiratory diseases and Cancer with correlation coefficients 0.73 and 0.67 respectively. The severity of Covid-19 in the United States of America (USA) was moderate. The severity of Covid-19 in Asian countries was found to be low. Europe showed the highest diversity in the mortality rate of Covid-19. On average, except for a few European countries, Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and non-communicable respiratory diseases were still more lethal and caused more deaths than Covid-19.

Download Full-text

Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases — In Progress

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/s0007125000295585 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 152 (S1) ◽

pp. 29-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. R. Brämer

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Statistical Study ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

International Statistical Classification ◽

Standard Classification ◽

Uniform Nomenclature ◽

Health Organization

Classification is fundamental to science and a standard classification of diseases and injury is essential for the systematic statistical study of illness and death. This was recognised as early as the seventeenth century when such studies started and in 1853 Dr William Farr of London and Marc d'Espine of Geneva were entrusted with the task of preparing ‘a uniform nomenclature of causes of death applicable to all countries’. This led eventually to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). In 1948, when the World Health Organization (WHO) was created, the newborn agency was asked to review and revise the classification regularly. The ICD is now undergoing its tenth revision.

Download Full-text

Evolution of infant mortality in Ukraine

Modern pediatrics. Ukraine ◽

10.15574/sp.2021.113.6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 6-14

Author(s):

Yu.G. Antipkin ◽

◽

R.V. Marushko ◽

E.A. Dudina ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

First Year ◽

Perinatal Audit ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

Rate Of Decline ◽

First Year Of Life

Over the past decades in Ukraine, the unfavorable indicators of population reproduction, the state of health of women and children, acquired in the previous period, have become persistent, one of the integrative indicators of which is the mortality of children under one year of age. The infant mortality rate is a sensitive indicator of the general sanitary and socio$economic well-being of the country, a strategic indicator of the health and survival of children, the level and quality of medical and social care, and the effectiveness of obstetric and pediatric services. Purpose — to study, analyze and determine the general and regional features of the state and dynamics of infant mortality and its components in Ukraine. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis and assessment of the dynamics of infant mortality in Ukraine for the period 1990–2019 was carried out in the context of regions and separate states according to state and industry statistics, perinatal audit for the methodology of the WHO «MATRIX-BABIES». Methods of a systematic approach, statistical, graphic representation are applied. Results. The study found that the unfavorable demographic situation in Ukraine is accompanied by a still high, with a positive trend, the mortality rate of children in the first year of life — 12.8‰ in 1990, and 7.0‰ in 2019 (loss rate — 30.9%), a direct dependence of infant mortality rates on indicators of total fertility (r=0.340) and morbidity in children in the first year of life (r=0.888) was found with an excess of mortality under 1 year in boys compared with girls (OR with 95% CI 1.1 (1.0–1.2). Infant mortality rates are relatively low, below the average for Ukraine, in Vinnitsa, Volyn, Kyiv, Lviv, Poltava, Ternopil, Khmelnitsky regions and City Kyiv, and above average — in Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Transcarpathian, Kharkiv regions. The decrease in the overall infant mortality rate was due to the positive dynamics of all its components — early neonatal (5.8‰ in 1990, 3.04‰ in 2019), neonatal (7.3‰, 4.57‰) and postneonatal mortality (5.7‰, 2.52‰, respectively) with a more intensive decrease in postneonatal mortality (rate of decline — 55.8%). However, there are doubts that the registered data on neonatal mortality, as well as on infant mortality in general, are real, since according to the perinatal audit data, the «MATRIX-BABIES» method revealed an underestimation of early neonatal mortality — an underestimation of its real level in general by 2.1–2.3 times. It is shown that the infant mortality rate has decreased from all the main causes of mortality with a more accelerated rate of decrease in infant losses from exogenous, manageable causes — respiratory diseases (rate of decline — 83.7%), infectious and parasitic diseases (rate of decline — 80.7%). At the same time, the key causes of mortality in children under 1 year of age throughout the entire observation period remain separate conditions that arise in the perinatal period (52.8–38.4 per 10,000 live births) and congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (38,6–17.2 per 10,000 live births). It was found that against the background of a decrease in infant losses in the structure of infant mortality by 43.2%, the part of mortality from certain conditions of the perinatal period increased with a significant decrease in the part of losses from exogenous causes of death — respiratory diseases by 66.7%, some infectious and parasitic diseases by 57.8%. Conclusions. In general, despite the positive dynamics of all components of infant mortality, its level characterizes a pronounced lag behind developed countries, and according to the rating of the countries of the world as of 2018, Ukraine ranks 61st among 193 countries of the world and administrative territories without state status. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: infant mortality, morbidity, newborns, children in the first year of life.

Download Full-text

A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 in the World

10.20944/preprints202004.0308.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar ◽

P.R. Renjith ◽

C. Priscilla ◽

Selva Kumar Ganesan

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽

Health Organization

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected followed by the United States of America. In this study we have assessed the severity of Covid-19 by analyzing the mortality rate in Covid-19 and other diseases. The Covid-19 data and “death rate” data caused by other diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, non-communicable respiratory diseases, respiratory infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases) were downloaded from the world health organization (WHO) website. A normalized period based method was used to see the mortality rate of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths occurred by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases were more in number than the Covid-19 caused deaths in the 45 days period where most of the Covid-19 deaths had taken place. The mortality rate of Covid-19 was highest in France followed by Belgium and the lowest in Russia while the share of Covid-19 caused deaths in total deaths by all causes was the highest in Belgium followed by Spain and the lowest in Japan. The severity of Covid-19 in the USA was moderate. The severity of Covid-19 in Asian countries was found to be moderate to low. The severity of Covid-19 was diverse in the world. Europe showed the highest diversity in the mortality rate of Covid-19. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and non-communicable diseases were still more lethal and caused more deaths than Covid-19.

Download Full-text

Measuring Substance-Related Disorders Using Canadian Administrative Health Databanks: Interprovincial Comparisons of Recorded Diagnostic Rates, Incidence Proportions and Mortality Rate Ratios

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/07067437211043446 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 070674372110434

Author(s):

Christophe Huỳnh ◽

Steve Kisely ◽

Louis Rochette ◽

Éric Pelletier ◽

Kenneth B. Morrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nova Scotia ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Canadian Provinces ◽

Administrative Health Databases ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Almost All ◽

Substance Related Disorders

Context Assessing temporal changes in the recorded diagnostic rates, incidence proportions, and health outcomes of substance-related disorders (SRD) can inform public health policymakers in reducing harms associated with alcohol and other drugs. Objective To report the annual and cumulative recorded diagnostic rates and incidence proportions of SRD, as well as mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by cause of death among this group in Canada, according to their province of residence. Methods Analyses were performed on linked administrative health databases (AHD; physician claims, hospitalizations, and vital statistics) in five Canadian provinces (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, and Nova Scotia). Canadians 12 years and older and registered for their provincial healthcare coverage were included. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes) was used for case identification of SRD from April 2001 to March 2018. Results During the study period, the annual recorded SRD diagnostic rates increased in Alberta (2001–2002: 8.0‰; 2017–2018: 12.8‰), Ontario (2001–2002: 11.5‰; 2017–2018: 14.4‰), and Nova Scotia (2001–2002: 6.4‰; 2017–2018: 12.7‰), but remained stable in Manitoba (2001–2002: 5.5‰; 2017–2018: 5.4‰) and Québec (2001–2002 and 2017–2018: 7.5‰). Cumulative recorded SRD diagnostic rates increased steadily for all provinces. Recorded incidence proportions increased significantly in Alberta (2001–2002: 4.5‰; 2017–2018: 5.0‰) and Nova Scotia (2001–2002: 3.3‰; 2017–2018: 3.8‰), but significantly decreased in Ontario (2001–2002: 6.2‰; 2017–2018: 4.7‰), Québec (2001–2002: 4.1‰; 2017–2018: 3.2‰) and Manitoba (2001–2002: 2.7‰; 2017–2018: 2.0‰). For almost all causes of death, a higher MRR was found among individuals with recorded SRD than in the general population. The causes of death in 2015–2016 with the highest MRR for SRD individuals were SRD, suicide, and non-suicide trauma in Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, and Québec. Discussion Linked AHD covering almost the entire population can be useful to monitor the medical service trends of SRD and, therefore, guide health services planning in Canadian provinces.

Download Full-text

What role did the Spanish flu play? Analysis of the death causes in Ekaterinburg 1917–1919

Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies ◽

10.29003/m1786.978-5-317-06529-4/33-39 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

E. Glavatskaya ◽

◽

Gunnar Thorvaldsen ◽

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

The World ◽

Play Analysis ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

Death Causes ◽

Parish Registers ◽

Estimate Lower

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1917–1920 killed, according to some researchers, up to 100 million people while others estimate lower numbers such as 20 million victims. The reason for this uncertainty is that data for a number of countries, including Russia, are rather rough estimates based on mortality rates from other parts of the world. This study analyzes the causes of death in the population of Еkaterinburg during the period of the Spanish pandemic to determine likely signs of the spread of influenza. Databases on the causes of death registered in the city’s parish registers were used as a source

Download Full-text

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality dynamics in the Far Eastern Federal District

Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration ◽

10.36604/1998-5029-2021-82-8-20 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-20

Author(s):

V. P. Kolosov ◽

L. G. Manakov ◽

E. V. Polyanskaya ◽

J. M. Perelman

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Federal District ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

First Year ◽

Entire Spectrum ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Demographic Processes ◽

Far Eastern

Introduction. New viral respiratory infections in humans make it possible to speak of corona viruses as extremely dangerous human pathogens. They are characterized by a high mortality rate and pose a significant medical and social threat to society due to life-threatening complications of the disease. In this regard, it seems necessary to answer the questions about the dynamics of mortality of the population of the region for different classes of ICD-10 in the prepandemic and pandemic period, including various nosological forms of respiratory diseases. Aim. To assess the degree of influence of the pandemic of the new respiratory coronavirus infection COVID-19 on the mortality rate of the population for various classes of ICD-10, including the class “Diseases of the respiratory system” in the Far Eastern Federal District.Materials and methods. To implement the tasks of the study, a complex of analytical, epidemiological and statistical studies was carried out. Methods used: descriptive statistics, epidemiological analysis and monitoring; mathematical; structural and comparative analysis, methods of time series analysis and content analysis of publications on the problem. Epidemiological and statistical assessment of mortality was carried out on the basis of ICD-10 using the database of the Federal State Statistics Service for 1999-2020 in the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. For the analysis and processing of statistical information, modern information systems and computer programs (MS Excel-2016) were used. Results. The pandemic of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the level and structure of mortality across the entire spectrum of the main causes of death, and its magnitude (98.8 per 100,000, 2020), as a new cause of death, exceeds the whole the class of causes of death ICD-10 (J00-J99) by 33.3%, changing the pace and direction of demographic processes in Russia. At the same time, the dynamics of mortality due to respiratory diseases is unprecedented, the level of which in the Russian Federation in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic increased by 38.8%, and in the Far Eastern Federal District – by 27.7% against the background of the previous long-term stable a downward trend in mortality rates. Especially high growth rates of mortality rates are observed in pneumonia, the level of which has increased by 3.5 times over the last decade, and among city residents – by 4.2 times (Amur Region). Features of the socio-economic and natural-climatic living conditions of the population of the region determine a significant differentiation of regions in terms of mortality rates, including due to respiratory diseases, the gradients of which among the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District in the first year of the pandemic period (2020) amounted to 2.5 times with a minimum the level in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (40.9 per 100,000 population) and the maximum – in the Jewish Autonomous Region (101.7 per 100,000 population), which indicates the ambiguous degree of influence of the new viral infection on the dynamics of mortality. At the same time, the variability in mortality rates due to respiratory diseases in the previous period (1999-2019) was even more pronounced, and among the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, during this period, higher mortality rates were also demonstrated, which are not even comparable to the current level of the pandemic period. These circumstances require a detailed study and a substantive analysis of the degree of influence of a COVID-19 on the mortality rate of the population using mechanisms and methods for its detection, record and registration. Conclusion. The pandemic of COVID19 had a significant impact on the level and structure of mortality across the entire spectrum of major causes of death, especially in the ICD-10 class “Respiratory diseases”, changing the pace and direction of demographic processes.

Download Full-text

923Quantifying multiple causes of death: Observed patterns in Australia, 2006–2017

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab168.084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Karen Bishop ◽

Saliu Balogun ◽

James Eynston-Hinkins ◽

Lauren Moran ◽

Margarita Moreno-Betancur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Multiple Causes Of Death ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact ◽

Multiple Causes

Abstract Background Four fifths of deaths in Australia involve multiple causes, but statistics typically use a single underlying cause of death (UC). The UC approach alone is insufficient for understanding the impact of non-underlying causes and identifying comorbid disease associations at death. Analysis of multiple causes of death (MC) is needed to measure the impact of all causes. We described MC patterns, considering cause-of-death coding and certification practices in Australia. Methods Using deaths registered in Australia from 2006 to 2017 (n = 1773525) coded to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and an extended classification (n = 136 causes) based on a World Health Organization short list, we described MCoD data by cause. Age-standardised rates based on UC and MC were compared using the standardised ratio of multiple to underlying causes (SRMU) to estimate the contribution of the cause to mortality compared to using the UC approach. Comorbidity was explored using the cause of death association indicator (CDAI) to compare the observed joint frequency of a contributory-underlying cause combined with expected frequency of the contributory cause (with any UC). Results On average 3.4 conditions caused each death and 24.4% of deaths had 5 plus causes. Largest SRMUs were for genitourinary diseases (8.0), blood diseases (7.8) and musculoskeletal conditions (6.7). CDAIs showed high associations between, for example, accidental alcohol and opioid poisoning, septicaemia and skin infections, and traumatic brain injury and falls. Conclusions MC indicators enhance measures of mortality and reassess the role of causes of death for descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Key messages This research demonstrates the value of MC analysis for Australian mortality data.

Download Full-text

892Quantification of mortality incorporating multiple causes of death: Application of weighting strategies to Australian data

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyab168.329 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Grace Joshy ◽

Karen Bishop ◽

Saliu Balogun ◽

Margarita Moreno-Betancur ◽

James Eynstone-Hinkins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Traditional Approach ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Weighting Method ◽

Multiple Causes Of Death ◽

Weighting Methods ◽

Multiple Causes

Abstract Background Mortality statistics are typically based on a single underlying cause of death (UCoD). Although UCoD provides a useful construct, the relevance of assuming that a single disease caused the death is diminishing, especially with increased life expectancy and high proportions of deaths in older ages from chronic/degenerative diseases. Focussing on common underlying causes of death in Australia, we quantified mortality incorporating weighting strategies for multiple causes of death (MCoD). Methods All deaths registered in Australia from 2015-2017 (478,396 deaths) and coded using International Classification of Diseases Version 10 were classified using an extended cause list (n = 136 causes) based on a World Health Organization short list. Age-standardised rates (ASR) were estimated using three weighting methods: (1) traditional approach using UCoD alone; (2) UCoD and associated causes of death (ACoDs) equally weighted and (3) UCoD weighted 0.5 arbitrarily and remaining 0.5 apportioned to the remaining ACoDs. Results Common UCoD were ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, dementia; 57671, 31515 and 27377 deaths respectively. There were substantial changes in ASR depending on the weighting method used. Variation in mortality patterns estimated using the three weighting methods and challenges to further refinement of the weighting strategy will be discussed. Conclusions Mortality indicators incorporating MCoD enhance traditional measures of mortality and provide a means to reassess the role of diseases in causing death. Further disease specific methods are required to refine current weighting strategies. Key messages Weighting strategies for are useful for quantifying mortality incorporating MCoD, but methodological challenges exist.

Download Full-text

A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 and Its Association With Other Chronic Diseases

10.20944/preprints202004.0308.v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar ◽

P.R. Renjith ◽

C. Priscilla ◽

Selva Kumar Ganesan

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Health Organization

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected, followed by the United States of America. It has taken more than 225,000 lives until now. In this study, we have assessed the severity of Covid-19 by analyzing the mortality rate of Covid-19 and other chronic diseases. The Covid-19 data and “death rate” data caused by other diseases were downloaded from the world health organization (WHO) website. A normalized method was used to see the mortality rate of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths caused by Covid-19 in April 2020 have overtaken the average number of deaths caused by Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases, and other diseases in Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, the UK, and Ireland. Covid-19 was found to be strongly correlated with non-communicable respiratory diseases and Cancer with correlation coefficients 0.73 and 0.70 respectively. The severity of Covid-19 in the USA was moderate. The severity of Covid-19 in Asian countries was found to be low. Europe showed the highest diversity in the mortality rate of Covid-19. On average, except for a few European countries, Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and non-communicable respiratory diseases were still more lethal and caused more deaths than Covid-19.

Download Full-text