Correlation of excess salt intake identified by the survey with urine sodium level and blood pressure: data of ESSE-RF study

Aim. To study the association of blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HTN) with salt intake estimated by the survey and the urinary Na+ concentration among men and women 25-64 years old, examined within the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF-2 studies.Material and methods. Representative samples of the Russian population aged 25-64 years were examined. At the first phase in 2012-2014, 21,888 people (men — 38,2%) were included, and at the second phase in 2017 — 6,714 people (men — 44,7%). The response rate was 80%. We used standard questionnaire. Adding more salt and the consumption of salted foods (sausages, deli meats, and pickled foods) in the criteria “daily or almost daily” was considered excess salt intake (ESI). BP measurement was carried out in a sitting position on the right hand. BP was measured twice with an interval of about 2-3 minutes. HTN was diagnosed at a systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or in case of antihypertensive therapy. In ESSE-RF-2, an analysis of the morning urine was additionally performed. Na+ was determined using the EX-Ds ion-selective electrolyte analyzer. All participants were stratified by the quintiles of urine sodium level. Data analysis was performed using the software package R 3.6.1. The models of linear and logistic regression were used. The differences were considered at p<0,05.Results. The average level of SBP significantly increases with an increase in Na+ in urine: 1,04 (0,60-1,48) mm Hg for the quintile of sodium distribution (p<0,001), the odds of HTN increases by 1,11 (1,05-1,17) times for the quintile (p<0,001). Questionnaire components of ESI are also significantly related to urinary Na+ levels. The consumption of sausages and deli meats has the greatest effect, causing an increase in the average Na+ level by 11,59 (7,06-16,12) mmol/l (p<0,001). The applied point scale is significantly related to urine sodium level and predicts HTN no worse than Na+ in the urine (p=0,15 for the difference hypothesis). One point on the scale increases the Na+ level by an average of 7,51 (5,01-10,02) mmol/l, SBP by an average of 0,74 (0,41-1,07) mm Hg and the odds of HTN by 1,1 (1,06-1,15) times (p<0,001 for all).Conclusion. In the pattern of ESI components, processed meat and sausage products take first place in terms of association strength with urine sodium. The questionnaire used to assess the proportion of people with ESI can be recommended for assessing this risk factor during screening. ESI detected by the questionnaire is associated with elevated BP and urinary Na+ values.

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Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-021-01876-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Hassan Emamian ◽

Hossein Ebrahimi ◽

Hassan Hashemi ◽

Akbar Fotouhi

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Population Based ◽

World Health ◽

Second Phase ◽

Salt Consumption ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of hypertension in Iranian students, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the daily intake of salt in students and its association with high blood pressure. Methods A random sub-sample was selected from the participants of the second phase of Shahroud schoolchildren eye cohort study and then a random urine sample was tested for sodium, potassium and creatinine. Urine electrolyte esexcretion and daily salt intake were calculated by Tanaka et al.’s formula. Results Among 1455 participants (including 230 participants from rural area and 472 girls), the mean age was 12.9 ± 1.7 year and the mean daily salt intake was 9.7 ± 2.6 g (95% CI 9.5–9.8). The mean salt consumption in rural areas [10.8 (95% CI 10.4–11.2)] was higher than urban areas [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], in people with hypertension [10.8 (95% CI 10.3–11.3)] was more than people with normal blood pressure [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], and in boys [9.8 (95% CI 9.7–10.0)] was more than girls [9.3 (95% CI 9.1–9.6)]. Higher age, BMI z-score, male sex and rural life, were associated with increased daily salt intake. Increased salt intake was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion Daily salt intake in Iranian adolescents was about 2 times the recommended amount of the World Health Organization, was higher in rural areas and was associated with blood pressure. Reducing salt intake should be considered as an important intervention, especially in rural areas.

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The Effect Of Excess Salt Intake On Human Blood Pressure

The American Journal of Digestive Diseases ◽

10.1007/bf02886386 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 180-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

John Mcdonough ◽

C. M. Wilhelmj

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Human Blood ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Excess Salt Intake

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Intraocular pressure in postmenopausal Nigerian women with and without systemic hypertension

African Vision and Eye Health ◽

10.4102/aveh.v70i3.103 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. A. Ebeigbe ◽

P. N. Ebeigbe ◽

A. D. A Ighoroje

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Systemic Blood Pressure ◽

Systemic Hypertension ◽

Systemic Blood ◽

Nigerian Women ◽

The Difference ◽

Post Menopausal ◽

The Right

Background: Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) in postmenopausal women has been reported higher than that in menstruating women. Also, intraocular pressure is said to be positively correlated with systemic blood pressure. No previous study in Nigeria has compared intraocular pressure in postmenopausal women with and without systemic hypertension. Purpose: To investigate the effects of menopause on intraocular pressure in subjects with and without high blood pressure. Methods: Normotensive and hypertensive premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects in the same agerange of 45 to 55 years were studied. Intraocular pressure was measured with the hand-held Kowa applanation tonometer. Blood pressure was taken in the sitting position at the right upper arm using a manual mercury sphygmomanometer with the right cuff size. The average of two readings was recorded. Results: Mean IOP for premenopausal normotensive women was 14.58 ± 2.56 mmHg whilethat of postmenopausal normotensive women was16.15 ± 1.80 mmHg (p<0.05). Also, the difference in mean IOP between premenopausal hypertensive (16.58 ± 3.23 mmHg) and postmenopausal hypertensive women (18.24 ± 3.89 mmHg)was statistically significant (p<0.05). A statistically significant and positive correlation was observed between IOP and systemic blood pressure in postmenopausal hypertensive women, p<0.05.Conclusion: Menopause significantly increases intraocular pressure. Mean intraocular pressure of hypertensive postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that of normotensive post-menopausal women, (p<0.05). Knowledge of the normal level of intraocular pressure during various stages of the female reproductive cycle may help during glaucoma screening. (S Afr Optom 2011 70(3) 117-122)

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Pengaruh Intervensi Pijat Kaki Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah : Systematic Review

Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah ◽

10.30651/jkm.v4i2.3242 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nursanti Anwar ◽

Andi Masyitha Irwan ◽

Ariyanti Saleh

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Direct Method ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Assessment System ◽

Pressure Measurements ◽

Pressure Data ◽

Cardiovascular Assessment ◽

Blood Pressure Data ◽

The Right

Background: blood pressure is one of the important indicators in the cardiovascular assessment system and one's performance needs to reveal that someone who has hypertension often raises complications that cause growth such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus due to kidney disease. Many related studies that discuss reflexology are beneficial for blood pressure that iswrong with foot massage. However, previous studios presented different results related to theduration of foot massage, the right time to do blood pressure measurements and changes in bloodpressure itself. Objective: a systematic review with the aim of studying the interventions of footmassage on blood pressure by looking at these aspects, namely: the duration of foot massage, thetime of measurement and changes in blood pressure. Data Sources: This systematic review wascarried out on several international databases published from 2013 to 2018 on Pubmed, Proquest,Google Scholar and Science Direct. Method: systematic discussion is the method used in thisrenewal by conducting narrative synthesis of the main findings on interventions that can affectthe patient's blood pressure. This review is in accordance with PRISMA guidelines on discussingsystematic reviews. Results: from the 6 articles that reviewed about explaining the same resultsthat there was a significant decrease in blood pressure in the intervention group after the footmassage intervention was given

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Urinary Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure Relationship across Methods of Evaluating the Completeness of 24-h Urine Collections

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092772 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2772

Author(s):

Abu Mohd Naser ◽

Feng J. He ◽

Mahbubur Rahman ◽

K. M. Venkat Narayan ◽

Norm R. C. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Linear Models ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽

Urinary Sodium ◽

Urine Sodium ◽

Urine Creatinine ◽

The Difference ◽

Multilevel Linear Models

We compared the sodium intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) relationship from complete 24-h urine samples determined by several methods: self-reported no-missed urine, creatinine index ≥0.7, measured 24-h urine creatinine (mCER) within 25% and 15% of Kawasaki predicted urine creatinine, and sex-specific mCER ranges (mCER 15–25 mg/kg/24-h for men; 10–20 mg/kg/24-h for women). We pooled 10,031 BP and 24-h urine sodium data from 2143 participants. We implemented multilevel linear models to illustrate the shape of the sodium–BP relationship using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots, and to assess the difference in mean SBP for a 100 mmol increase in 24-h urine sodium. The RCS plot illustrated an initial steep positive sodium–SBP relationship for all methods, followed by a less steep positive relationship for self-reported no-missed urine, creatinine index ≥0.7, and sex-specific mCER ranges; and a plateaued relationship for the two Kawasaki methods. Each 100 mmol/24-h increase in urinary sodium was associated with 0.64 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.94) mmHg higher SBP for self-reported no-missed urine, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.27, 1.08) mmHg higher SBP for creatinine index ≥0.7, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.07, 1.67) mmHg higher SBP for mCER within 25% Kawasaki predicted urine creatinine, 0.98 (95% CI: −0.07, 2.02) mmHg change in SBP for mCER within 15% Kawasaki predicted urine creatinine, and 1.96 (95% CI: 0.93, 2.99) mmHg higher SBP for sex-specific mCER ranges. Studies examining 24-h urine sodium in relation to health outcomes will have different results based on how urine collections are deemed as complete.

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Analysis of salt content in meals in kindergarten facilities in Novi Sad

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh1010619t ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (9-10) ◽

pp. 619-623 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ljiljana Trajkovic-Pavlovic ◽

Mirjana Martinov-Cvejin ◽

Budimka Novakovic ◽

Sanja Bijelovic ◽

Ljilja Torovic

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Salt Content ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Laboratory Methods ◽

Method Student ◽

Meal Time ◽

The Difference ◽

Novi Sad

Introduction. Investigations have brought evidence that salt intake is positively related to systolic blood pressure and that children with higher blood pressure are more susceptible to hypertension in adulthood. In developed countries the main source of salt is processed food. Objective The aim of this paper was to determine total sodium chloride (NaCl) in average daily meal (breakfast, snack and dinner) and in each of three meals children receive in kindergarten. Methods. From kindergarten, in the meal time, 88 samples of daily meals ( breakfast, snacks and dinner) offered to children aged 4-6 years were taken. Standardized laboratory methods were applied to determine proteins, fats, ash and water in order to calculate energy value of meal. The titrimetric method with AgNO3, and K2CrO4 as indicator, was applied in order to determine chloride ion. Content of NaCl was calculated as %NaCl = mlAgNO3 ? 0.05844 ? 5 ? 100/g tested portion. NaCl content in total daily meal and each meal and in 100 kcal of each meal was calculated using descriptive statistical method. Student?s t-test was applied to determine statistical differences of NaCl amount among meals. Results. NaCl content in average daily meal was 5.2?1.7 g (CV 31.7%), in breakfast 1.5?0.6 g (CV 37.5%), in dinner 3.5?1.6 g (CV 46.1%) and in snack 0.3?0.4 g (CV 163.3%). NaCl content per 100 kcal of breakfast was 0.4?0.1 g (CV 29.5%), dinner 0.7?0.2 g (CV 27.8%) and snack 0.13?0.19 g (CV 145.8%). The difference of NaCl content among meals was statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion. Children in kindergarten, through three meals, received NaCl in a quantity that exceeded internationally established population nutrient goal for daily salt intake. The main source of NaCl was dinner, a meal that is cooked at place.

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Mean Blood Pressure Difference among Adolescents Based on Dyssomnia Types

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2018.068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 293-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Krisnarta Sembiring ◽

Oke Rina Ramayani ◽

Munar Lubis

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mean Blood Pressure ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Blood Pressure Data ◽

The Difference

BACKGROUND: Dyssomnia is the most frequent sleep disturbance and associated with increased blood pressure. There has been no study determining the difference in mean blood pressure based on dyssomnia types among adolescents.OBJECTIVE: To determine the difference in mean blood pressure among adolescents based on dyssomnia types.METHODS: a Cross-sectional study was conducted in SMP Negeri 1 Muara Batang Gadis in April 2016. Samples were students having sleep disturbance based on Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) questionnaire. Stature and blood pressure data were collected along with demographic data and sleep disorder questionnaire. Analyses were done with Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression. P - value < 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS: Seventy-six samples were obtained with mean age 13.9 (SD 1.14) years - old. Dyssomnia proportion and hypertension were 72/76 and 20/76 respectively. Mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 111.1 (SD 16.46) mmHg and 70.3 (SD 11.98) mmHg respectively. Mean SDSC score was 49.7 (SD 8.96), and the most frequent dyssomnia type was disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep. Age and sex were not the risk factors of hypertension in dyssomnia. There was a significant difference in mean SBP (P = 0.006) and DBP (P = 0.022) based on dyssomnia types. Combination dyssomnia type had the highest mean blood pressure among dyssomnia types.CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in mean blood pressure among adolescents based on dyssomnia types.

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Abstract P491: Characterizing Agreement in Level of Inter-extremity Blood-Pressure Readings of Adults in the Emergency Department (CALIBRATE Study)

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p491 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Zain A Bhutta ◽

Isma Qureshi ◽

Mohammad Shujauddin ◽

Sarah Thomas ◽

Maarij Masood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Emergency Department ◽

Recruitment Strategy ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Arab Population ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Absolute ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right

Introduction: Inter-arm blood-pressure difference (IBPD) has been studied previously in multiple settings, but few reports are available from the Emergency department (ED) setting, where BP varies significantly due to acute medical conditions or stress from various factors. CALIBRATE aims to study the inter-arm blood pressure differences in the patients presenting to the ED in Qatar and to assess the IBPD distribution in this population. Methods: In sitting position, two consecutive BP measurements were obtained from the right and left arm for each participant using calibrated automated machines and appropriate cuff sizes. Considering the demographic mix of the population presenting to the ED, a 1:1 of male to female and 2:1 for GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) to non-GCC recruitment strategy was predefined. The data were recorded using predefined data fields including patient demographics, past medical, social and family history. The continuous variables were reported as mean (SD) or median (IQR) based on the distribution of data. The data was analyzed using Stata MP 14.0 (College Station, Texas). Results: A total of 1800 patients were prospectively recruited from the ED. The mean age was 34 (10) years. The absolute systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) difference between the right and left arm was same for the first (ΔSBP1) and the second reading (ΔSBP2), as 6 mmHg (3-10). The absolute average of ΔSBP1 and ΔSBP2 was 7 mmHg (4-10). The difference in SBP of less than 20 mmHg for IBP was seen in 95 th percentile of the population with single reading, whereas, with the average of two individual readings it was observed in 97 th percentile. No meaningful association could be detected between the significant IBPD and the study variables such as age, demographics, regions of interest and risk factors. Although, patients with diagnosed hypertension met the pre-defined criterion for significance, this difference was not clinically significant. There was no significant difference between IBPD noted for the Asia-pacific or Arab population. Conclusion: In population presenting to the ED, the IBPD of at least 20 mmHg reached at 95 th percentile validating the known significant difference. The utility of SBP difference can be improved further by taking the average of two individual readings.

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EVALUATION OF THE FLUSH TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN INFANCY

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.15.1.84 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 84-87

Author(s):

Margaret P. Sullivan ◽

Mahomi Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Statistical Methods ◽

Office Procedure ◽

Pressure Reading ◽

Apparent Relationship ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Japanese Infants

Using the flush technique, 3 systolic blood pressure readings were taken in the right arm and right leg of 160 Japanese infants of approximately 9 months of age. Analysis of the data obtained on 103 babies who were quiet or nursing when all determinations were made showed the following: 1. A sex difference in systolic blood pressure could not be demonstrated by statistical methods; there was no apparent relationship between blood pressure and height or weight. 2. No difference could be demonstrated between arm and leg pressures by statistical methods. 3. The difference in systolic pressures among infants in this study was highly significant. This variability among patients was greater than the variability among the 3 observations on an extremity of an individual patient. 4. The method may be considered a satisfactory clinic or office procedure if its limitations are recognized. One blood pressure reading on a patient by this method is of little value. A minimum of 3 readings should be obtained and averaged. Five readings are recommended for routine blood pressure determinations. For more exacting studies, 8 readings might be taken and averaged.

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Systolic and Diastolic Inter-Arm Blood Pressure Difference: A Cross-Sectional Study Of 3030 Young Healthy Adults

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1208309/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rawand Essa ◽

Sirwan Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Stable Condition ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Left Hand ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right

Abstract More than 100 years ago, the difference in blood pressure (BP) between arms was first reported. Recent studies have shown that different blood pressure between the right and left arm leads to cardiovascular events. Three thousand and thirty volunteers participated in our study. The sIABP was equal in 163 of 3030 persons (5.37%), dIABP was equal in 222 out of 3030 persons (7.32%), from a total of 792/3030 persons (26.1%) sIAD > 10 mmHg, and dIAD > or =10 mmHg was found in 927 out of 3030 persons (33.5%) in the right arm, and 32.4% in the left arm. In 2692 of 3030 volunteers BP, initially recorded in the dominant hand (right arm), showing sIAD> or = 10 mmHg was found in 943 (37.1%) volunteers, and when the first measurement was done in 338 left-handed volunteers it showed sIAD> or = 10 mmHg in 112 of 338 (34.1%), P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval for systolic right hand were (115.73: 116.73), and for systolic left hand 95% confidence interval were (113.17:114.15). Furthermore, height, residential area, and heart rate above 90 bpm had a significant effect on IAD (P =. 041, .002, <001, respectively). In conclusions significant inter-arm systolic and diastolic BP differences above (10 mm Hg) is common in the young, healthy population. Hand dominance is a significant consideration while measuring blood pressure. It is mandatory to measure blood pressure in both arms in a sitting position with a stable condition.

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