scholarly journals Predictor value of the inflammation biomarkers regarding the post-infarction remodeling of myocardium

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
M. V. Ivanov ◽  
M. I. Popovich ◽  
L. M. Cheban ◽  
I. M. Popovich ◽  
V. M. Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Myocardium Remodeling ◽  
Remodeling Pattern

Aim.To study the trait of the changes of circulating level of pro- and antiinflammatory biomarkers as well as metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) in the first 7 days after revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation (STEMI) for assessment of their prognostic value regarding post-infarction remodeling pattern.Material and methods.In 113 patients with STEMI which developed in 5 months after angioplasty adaptive myocardium remodeling (AMR) (n=56) or pathological myocardium remodeling (PMR) (n=57), determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method daily serum concentration of pro-inflammatory ((high sensitive C reactive protein, interleukins (IL) 1, 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1)), anti-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-4, IL-10, IL-33, IL-1 receptor antagonist and heregulin-1beta) аs well as ММР-8 in the first 7 days after myocardium revascularization. According to clinic-demographic indices both groups were comparable. Obtained data have been compared with results of 20 healthy persons (control group).Results.The dynamics of pro-inflammatory biomarkers did not differ in patients with AMR and PMR after revascularization. It was characterized by a significant biomarker increase at 3-rd day followed by a decline toward 7-th day up to initial level. Among anti-inflammatory biomarkers IL-4 and IL-10 have manifested by a distinct dynamic in concern to myocardial remodeling pattern. In both groups these interleukins decreased after angioplasty, reaching a minimal level at 3-rd day. However, in patients with AMR since 4-th day has been established an increase of serum content of IL-4 and IL-10, their increment being at 7-th day in a range of 52-55% (p<0,05). In patients with PMR the interleukins rise was negligible: 5,7-5,8%. MMP-8 dynamics also has been different in groups and was correlated with dynamics of IL-4 and IL-10. Thus, in patients with AMR its level has fallen since 4-th day up to 7-th day by 46,6%, while in group with PMR metalloproteinase level in this period practically did not change, remaining significantly higher than control by 45-53%.Conclusion.In our study the serum content of main pro-inflammatory biomarkers (hsCRP, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-ɑ) didn’t differ in the first 7 days after revascularization in patients with adaptive and pathological postinfarction remodeling of myocardium, and thus don’t have predictive value concerning the remodeling pattern. Among anti-inflammatory cytokines dynamics of IL-4 and IL-10 differed in dependence on remodeling pattern. Their significant elevation by 52-55% from 4th up to 7th day after angioplasty was established in patients with adaptive myocardium remodeling, while in PMR their level didn’t change during this period that can emphasize their prognostic value. The character of MMP-8 change is pathogenetically correlated with dynamics of IL-4 and IL-10.

Oxydative stress markers and cytokine levels in rosuvastatin-medicated hypercholesterolemia patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-538
Author(s):  
Aysun Çetin ◽  
İhsan Çetin ◽  
Semih Yılmaz ◽  
Ahmet Şen ◽  
Göktuğ Savaş ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Limited research is available concerning the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation parameters, and simultaneously the effects of rosuvastatin on these markers in patients with hypercholesterolemia. We aimed to investigate the connection between cytokines and oxidative stress markers in patients with hypercholesterolemia before and after rosuvastatin treatment. Methods The study consisted of 30 hypercholesterolemic patients diagnosed with routine laboratory tests and 30 healthy participants. The lipid parameters, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in controls and patients with hypercholesterolemia before and after 12-week treatment with rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day), were analyzed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results It was found that a 12-week cure with rosuvastatin resulted in substantial reductions in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and MDA levels as in rising activities of PON1 in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Before treatment, the PON1 levels were significantly negatively correlated with TNF-α and IL-6 in control group, while it was positively correlated with TNF-α in patients. Conclusion Our outcomes provide evidence of protected effect of rosuvastatin for inflammation and oxidative damage. It will be of great interest to determine whether the correlation between PON1 and cytokines has any phenotypic effect on PON1.

scholarly journals Artemisinin Ameliorates Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 2575-2590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zhong ◽  
Ruiming Liang ◽  
Jun Yao ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Tongmeng Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Chondrocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background/Aims: Current drug therapies for osteoarthritis (OA) are not practical because of the cytotoxicity and severe side-effects associated with most of them. Artemisinin (ART), an antimalarial agent, is well known for its safety and selectivity to kill injured cells. Based on its anti-inflammatory activity and role in the inhibition of OA-associated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is crucial in the pathogenesis of OA, we hypothesized that ART might have an effect on OA. Methods: The chondro-protective and antiarthritic effects of ART on interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β)-induced and OA patient-derived chondrocytes were investigated in vitro using cell viability assay, glycosaminoglycan secretion, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. We also used OA model rats constructed by anterior cruciate ligament transection and medial meniscus resection (ACLT+MMx) in the joints to investigate the effects of ART on OA by gross observation, morphological staining, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: ART exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and matrix metallopeptidase-13. It also showed favorable chondro-protective effect as evidenced by enhanced cell proliferation and viability, increased glycosaminoglycan deposition, prevention of chondrocyte apoptosis, and degeneration of cartilage. Further, ART inhibited OA progression and cartilage degradation via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that it might serve as a Wnt/β-catenin antagonist to reduce inflammation and prevent cartilage degradation. Conclusion: In conclusion, ART alleviates IL-1β-mediated inflammatory response and OA progression by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Thereby, it might be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for OA.

Ginsenoside Rb2 Ameliorates LPS-Induced Inflammation and ER Stress in HUVECs and THP-1 Cells via the AMPK-Mediated Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (04) ◽  
pp. 967-985
Author(s):  
Jaw Long Sun ◽  
A.M. Abd El-Aty ◽  
Ji Hoon Jeong ◽  
Tae Woo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Ampk Phosphorylation ◽  
Ginsenoside Rb2

Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been documented to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside Rb2 has been reported to exhibit antidiabetic effects. However, the effects of Rb2 on atherosclerotic responses such as inflammation and ER stress in endothelial cells and monocytes remain unclear. In this study, the expression of inflammation and ER stress markers was determined using a Western blotting method. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF[Formula: see text]) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in culture media were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and apoptosis was evaluated by a cell viability assay and a caspase-3 activity measurement kit. We found that exposure of HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes to Rb2 attenuated inflammation and ER stress, resulting in amelioration of apoptosis and THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) condition. Increased AMPK phosphorylation and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression, including GPR120 expression were observed in Rb2-treated HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes. Downregulation of both, AMPK phosphorylation and HO-1expression rescued these observed changes. Furthermore, GPR120 siRNA mitigated Rb2-induced AMPK phosphorylation. These results suggest that Rb2 inhibits LPS-mediated apoptosis and THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs by GPR120/AMPK/HO-1-associated attenuating inflammation and ER stress. Therefore, Rb2 can be used as a potential therapeutic molecule for treatment of atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Modulation of the Lung Inflammatory Response to Serotype 8 Pneumococcal Infection by a Human Immunoglobulin M Monoclonal Antibody to Serotype 8 Capsular Polysaccharide

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 4530-4538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamika Burns ◽  
Maria Abadi ◽  
Liise-anne Pirofski
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1

ABSTRACT The human monoclonal antibody to serotype 8 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide D11 [immunoglobulin M(κ)] protects wild-type and complement component 4 knockout (C4 KO) mice against lethal intratracheal challenge with serotype 8 pneumococcus, but it does not promote polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-mediated pneumococcal killing in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effect of D11 on the blood and lung bacterial burdens and the serum and lung expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in an intratracheal challenge model with serotype 8 pneumococcus in C4 KO mice. Pneumococcus was not detected in the blood of D11-treated mice, whereas control mice had high-grade bacteremia with >107 CFU. Control mice had a >5-log increase in lung CFU and D11-treated mice manifested a nearly 3-log increase in lung CFU compared to the original inoculum 24 h after infection. Serum and lung levels of soluble macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and interleulin-6 (IL-6) as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were lower in D11-treated mice than in control mice 24 h after infection. Real-time PCR was performed to examine lung mRNA chemokine and cytokine expression. The results showed that D11-treated mice had significantly less gamma interferon, MIP-2, IL-12, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/JE, and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression than control mice 24 h after infection. Histopathology and immunohistochemical staining of lung tissues revealed that D11-treated mice had less inflammation, fewer PMNs, and less myeloperoxidase staining than control mice 24 h after infection. These findings suggest that the efficacy of certain serotype-specific antibodies against pneumococcal pneumonia could be associated with modulation of the lung inflammatory response and a reduction in host damage.

Evidence for potential involvement of pro-inflammatory adipokines in the pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Cephalalgia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bedia Samancı ◽  
Yavuz Samancı ◽  
Erdem Tüzün ◽  
Güneş Altıokka-Uzun ◽  
Esme Ekizoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Oligoclonal Bands ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α

Background Although specific role players are currently unknown, contribution of inflammatory mediators has been suggested in the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), which is a disease more prevalent in obese female individuals of childbearing age. We aimed to investigate the levels of adipokines and cytokines to demonstrate possible markers for inflammation that participate in IIH pathophysiology and their association with clinical features of IIH. Methods IIH patients, diagnosed according to the revised criteria, and age-, gender- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Serum samples were evaluated for insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin, nesfatin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, resistin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex immunoassays. Results IL-1β level was significantly higher ( p = 0.012), and IL-8 and TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the IIH group ( p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively) compared to the control group. There were no correlations between the cytokine/adipokine levels and age, BMI, disease duration, and cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands. There were also no significant differences in cytokine and adipokine levels between IIH patients regarding visual impairment. However, statistically significant differences were found between IIH patients with relapse versus healthy controls regarding IL-1β ( p = 0.007), IL-8 ( p = 0.001) and TNF-α ( p = 0.017) levels. Other investigated cytokines and adipokines showed no significant alterations in IIH patients investigated in the remission period. Conclusion Altered serum levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α seem to be associated with IIH pathogenesis, and these cytokines may be used as prognostic markers in IIH to predict relapse.

scholarly journals Apigenin ameliorates ocular surface lesions in a rat model of dry eye disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 205873921881868
Author(s):  
Limei Liu ◽  
Dongdong Wei ◽  
Hongkun Xu ◽  
Changhui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

To study the effects of apigenin on dry eye disease (DED) in rats. Rats were divided into six groups: (I) normal control group, (II) DED control group, (III) vehicle control group, (IV) DED + apigenin 10 mg/kg, (V) DED + apigenin 20 mg/kg, and (VI) DED + apigenin 50 mg/kg. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (BUT), and corneal fluorescein staining were used to evaluate the effects of apigenin on the ocular surface. The related inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological examination and inflammatory index were also performed. The results showed that administration of apigenin was shown a significant effect on the recovery of ocular surface function. Compared to the control group, apigenin treatment in DED rats significantly decreased the level of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); however, the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was increased. Histopathological examination further verified the anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin on DED rats. The results demonstrated that apigenin could protect DED rats via inhibition of inflammation, suggesting that it may have potential as a therapy for DED.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Anant Kulkarni ◽  
Ajit Ramesh Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Antitubercular Treatment ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged to become the world’s leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Inflammatory cytokines play an important role during the course of the disease and may be responsible for tissue damage by lipid peroxidation. The study was aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in pulmonary TB patients.: A total of 69 pulmonary TB patients participated in a randomized and placebo-controlled study. The intervention group received 3 g of ginger extract daily for 1 month and placebo group was supplemented with starch capsule. Participants of both groups were taking standard antitubercular treatment during the study. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, ferritin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples were analyzed before and after the intervention by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TNF alpha and ferritin and spectrophotometry for MDA.: Ginger supplementation significantly reduced the levels of TNF alpha, ferritin and MDA in ginger supplemented group in comparison to baseline. Ginger supplementation with antitubercular treatment significantly lowered TNF alpha, ferritin and MDA concentrations in comparison to control group.: Ginger was found to be effective as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplement along with anti-TB therapy as it possesses strong free radical scavenging property.

scholarly journals Effects of High- and Low-proteindiets on Inflammatory Profiles in People With Morbid Obesity: A 3-week Intervention Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselot Koelman ◽  
Mariya Markova ◽  
Nicole Seebeck ◽  
Silke Hornemann ◽  
Anke Rosenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
High Molecular Weight Adiponectin ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Total Adiponectin ◽  
Inflammatory State

Abstract Background:Nutritional interventions in morbidly obese individuals that effectively reverse pro-inflammatory state and prevent obesity-associated medical complications are highly warranted. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of high- (HP) or low- (LP) protein diets on circulating immune-inflammatory biomarkers, includingC-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1),chemerin, omentin, leptin, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin and fetuin-A.Methods:18 people with morbid obesity were matched into two hypocaloric diet groups: HP (30E% protein, n=8) and LP (10E% protein, n=10) for three weeks.Biomarkers were measured pre-post intervention.We used linear mixed-effects models to investigate differences of least squares means for biomarkers, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and baseline value.Results:Consuming HP or LP diets resulted in reduced CRP(HP: -2.2 ± 1.0 mg/l, LP: -2.3 ± 0.9 mg/l) and chemerin (HP: -17.9 ± 8.6 ng/ml, LP: -20.0 ± 7.4 ng/ml). People following the LP diet showed decreased leptin (-19.2± 6.0 ng/ml), IL-6 (-0.4 ± 0.1pg/ml) and increased total adiponectin (1.6 ± 0.6µg/ml). Changes were observed for remaining biomarkers yetto a smaller degree.Conclusions:These data suggest LP dietsmodulatea wider range of immune-inflammatory biomarkers compared to HP diets in morbidly obese individuals.Larger trials are needed to allow firm conclusions on the suggested effects.Trial registration: DRKS00009509. Registered 25 January 2016 – Retrospectively registered, www.drks.de

scholarly journals The prognostic value of the serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with carotid atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Olga Dubenko ◽  
Tetyana Litovchenko ◽  
Victoria Anysienkova ◽  
Maryna Nessonova ◽  
Liudmyla Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

20 % of ischemic stroke appear to originate from carotid artery atherosclerotic disease. Serum biomarkers reflecting the activity of atherosclerotic process and may help for estimate risk of acute cerebrovascular events. Several serum inflammatory markers have been proposed for risk assessment, but their prognostic role less known. The aim of this study is to clarify the prognostic value of biomarkers of atherosclerosis lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and E-selectin in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Materials and methods. The study involved 106 patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis >50 % (74 men and 32 women, mean age 62.6±0.9) from which 76 symptomatic (35 with acute ipsilateral atherothrombotic stroke and 41 after carotid endarterectomy) and 30 asymptomatic patients. The control group consisted of age- and sex-matched 20 healthy subjects. The level of serum Lp-PLA2 and E-selectin was determined using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results. The level of Lp-PLA 2 was in general significantly higher (p<0.05) in patients groups than in the control group and most high Lp-PLA2 concentration was in groups of symptomatic patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy. The level of E-selectin in the study patients was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The correlation of Lp-PLA 2 with E-selectin was significant for total patients (R=0.365664, p=0.00085) and group after carotid endarterectomy (R=0.429143, p=0.01796), but not for asymptomatic group (p>0.05). Receiver Operating Characteristics curves of logistic regression models which takes into joint both indicators was specificity and sensitive for predicting the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Conclusion. Conducted study show that the levels of Lp-PLA 2 and E-selectin have a significant impact on the development of stroke in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis and can be used to predict it. A multidimensional model of the dependence of the probability of stroke on a linear combination of Lp-PLA 2 and E-selectin allows to obtaining significantly higher characteristics of the accuracy of stroke prediction than models with each factor alone.

scholarly journals ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-GRANULOMA ACTIVITY OF SULFORAPHANE, A NATURALLY OCCURRING ISOTHIOCYANATE FROM BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Mohanty ◽  
Abhisek Pal ◽  
V Badireenath Konkimalla ◽  
Sudam Chandra Si
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the anti-inflammatory activity of sulforaphane (SFN) in different acute and subchronic models of inflammation. Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of SFN was evaluated by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) which are important mediators of inflammation as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, paw volume was determined in various acute models of inflammation, and percentage inhibition of granuloma tissue was assessed by cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. From serum, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were determined which is followed by assay for estimation of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH). Results: SFN showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against paw edema induced by carrageenin/histamine/egg-albumin. A remarkable control in inflammation was observed most notably at the highest test dose of 5 mg/kg in the subchronic granuloma model. In addition, the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α which is responsible for inflammatory activity gets attenuated by SFN (∗p<0.05; ∗∗p< 0.01). Moreover, toxic control rats showed significant decreased levels of GSH, catalase, and SOD and increased the level of serum hepatic enzymes which gets reversed by SFN in dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrated that SFN can recover inflammation by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 in inflammation process.

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