scholarly journals Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Antonia FLOREA ◽  
Carmen PUIA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Host ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Horticultural Plants ◽  
Sexual Form

This work is a bibliographic approach to the historical and most recent taxonomy on Alternaria genus. The genus Alternaria consists largely of species of saprophytic, endophytic and parasitic fungi. The United States Fungal host index ranks the genus Alternaria on the 10th place based on the number of host plants, with over 4,000 species. Govind et al. (2016) tells us that most species of this genus are missing the sexual form, with the exception of a few species, which have, in addition to the anamorphic form, the telemorphic form. With the discovery of several species and due to the superficiality of past research, the inclusion of this genus in the taxonomy has become problematic. At the beginning, the taxonomic classification was performed according to the morphology of the species. This bibliographic approach wants to clarify some of the aspects concerning the old and actual taxonomy ambiguities of Alternaria genus. The method used is consulting the scientific literature. The present reclassification of the species was performed by analysing the DNA of each species in 2013 by Woudenberg et al. and fit the Alternaria species in 25 sections. In 2016 Lawrence et al. added 2 other sections and in 2019 Ghafri et al. forms a new section based on the new species Alternaria omanensis. In conclusion Alternaria genus is now divided in 28 sections, each section contains species that are genetically related. Even though most of the ambiguities have been clarified at present, there are still ambiguities regarding the species within and between sections.

Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico, and the United States

1988 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Gilly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Television Advertisements

In the past, research has found that the portrayal of sex roles in advertising has not reflected equality or reality. Further, studies typically have examined only U.S. advertising, leaving open the question of cultural influence on advertising's sex role portrayals. The author offers a new analysis of sex roles in advertising and compares content analysis findings for U.S., Australian, and Mexican television advertisements. Results reveal differences in the portrayal of the sexes in U.S. advertisements. Australian advertisements show somewhat fewer sex role differences and Mexican advertisements show slightly more sex role differences than U.S. advertisements. Stereotypes are found in the advertising of all three countries, but are manifested in different ways.

Socioeconomic Dualism: The Case of Israeli-born Immigrants in the United States

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinon Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Past Research ◽  
White Collar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Education Industry

Relying on the 1980 U. S. Census of Foreign-Born Population and the 1979 INS Public Use File, this article compares Israeli-born Americans (including Arabs) to both the United States and Israeli populations with respect to age, marital status, unemployment, education, industry, occupation and income as of 1979–80. Some of the results, mainly those pertaining to the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Israeli immigrants as compared to their society of origin, corroborate previous research. Thus, Israeli-born immigrants in the United States held top white-collar jobs and were less likely to be unemployed than the rest of the Israeli labor force. Once in America, however, it seems that not all Israeli-born Americans are as successful as portrayed by past research. In fact, the Census data reveal occupational and economic dualism among the population of Israeli-born Americans. The reasons for this dualism are discussed.

scholarly journals Regulation and Practice of Forest-Management Fires on Private Lands in the Southeast United States: Legal Open Burns versus Certified Prescribed Burns

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-402
Author(s):  
Xue Han ◽  
Gregory E Frey ◽  
Changyou Sun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Southeast United States

Abstract Abstract Forest-management burns have been widely acknowledged as a useful land-management tool in the United States. Nevertheless, fire is inherently risky and may lead to severe damages or create smoke that affects public health. Past research has not explored the difference in policy and practice between open burns, which meet minimum legal criteria, and certified prescribed burns, which follow a higher standard of care. This study seeks to understand the distinction between legal open burns and certified prescribed burns, and, furthermore, to identify trends by type of burn in the Southeast United States. To that end, we compared statutes, regulations, incentives, and notifications of fire as a forest-management tool among nine states in the US Southeast. We found no steady time trends in number or area of burns among the states for the past decade. A nontrivial proportion of legal open burns, which tend to be smaller burns, are noncertified burns, meaning they meet minimum legal requirements, but not the higher standard required for certified prescribed burns.

scholarly journals The Econometrics and Economics of the Employment Effects of Minimum Wages: Getting from Known Unknowns to Known Knowns

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Neumark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
Definitive Answer ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Known Unknowns ◽  
Wage Increases

Abstract I discuss the econometrics and the economics of past research on the effects of minimum wages on employment in the United States. My intent is to try to identify key questions raised in the recent literature, and some from the earlier literature, which I think hold the most promise for understanding the conflicting evidence and arriving at a more definitive answer about the employment effects of minimum wages. My secondary goal is to discuss how we can narrow the range of uncertainty about the likely effects of the large minimum wage increases becoming more prevalent in the United States. I discuss some insights from both theory and past evidence that may be informative about the effects of high minimum wages, and try to emphasize what research can be done now and in the near future to provide useful evidence to policymakers on the results of the coming high minimum wage experiment, whether in the United States or in other countries.

REVIEW OF LYGOCORIS SPECIES FOUND IN CANADA AND ALASKA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (S83) ◽  
pp. 1-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard A. Kelton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Distribution Maps

AbstractThirty species of the genus Lygocoris Reuter known to occur in Canada and Alaska are reviewed. Lygocoris confusus (Knight) is considered to be a synonym of L. contaminatus (Fallen), communis var. novascotiensis (Knight) is a synonym of communis (Knight), caryae var. subfuscus (Knight) is a synonym of caryae (Knight), and canadensis var. binotatus (Knight) is a synonym of canadensis (Knight). The species considered are: pabulinus (Linnaeus), lucorum (Meyer), alni (Knight), artricallus Kelton, atritylus (Knight), belfragii (Reuter), canadensis (Knight), caryae (Knight), clavigenitalis (Knight), communis (Knight), contaminatus (Fallen), fagi (Knight), geneseensis (Knight), hirticulus (Van Duzee), inconspicuus (Knight), invitus (Say), johnsoni (Knight), knighti Kelton, laureae (Knight), omnivagus (Knight), ostryae (Knight), parrotti (Knight), piceicola Kelton, quercalbae (Knight), semivittatus (Knight), tiliae (Knight), univittatus (Knight), viburni (Knight), vilticollis (Reuter), and walleyi Kelton.A key to species, brief redescriptions, illustrations of species and male claspers, distribution maps, and host plants are included. A list of the remaining 10 species known from the United States is appended.

scholarly journals Healthy Eating among Mexican Immigrants: Migration in Childhood and Time in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Van Hook ◽  
Susana Quirós ◽  
Molly Dondero ◽  
Claire E. Altman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Mexican Immigrants ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Duration Of Residence ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Healthy Diets ◽  
Adult Immigrants ◽  
The Life Course

Past research on immigrant health frequently finds that the duration of time lived in the United States is associated with the erosion of immigrants’ health advantages. However, the timing of U.S. migration during the life course is rarely explored. We draw from developmental and sociological perspectives to theorize how migration during childhood may be related to healthy eating among adult immigrants from Mexico. We test these ideas with a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model to disentangle age, age at arrival, and duration of residence. Results show that immigrants who arrived during preschool ages (2–5 years) and school ages (6–11 years) have less healthy diets than adult arrivals (25+ years). After accounting for age at arrival, duration of residence is positively related to healthy eating. Overall, the findings highlight the need to focus more research and policy interventions on child immigrants, who may be particularly susceptible to adopting unhealthy American behaviors during sensitive periods of childhood.

scholarly journals The civics test: a political or educational tool for creating the perfect citizen? A historical overview of forms and processes of naturalization in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Sarah Van Ruyskensvelde ◽  
Mary Kathryn Ketch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Memory Testing ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
American Citizenship ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

Naturalization, or the process through which citizenship is granted to a foreigner, is a process that has begun to increasingly look like that of the school. In the United States, as in many other countries, one of the main features of the naturalization is the civics test. This paper aims to document the historical development of naturalization procedures in the United States and shed light on how schoolish tools were introduced to decide who can be offered or denied American citizenship. Much of past research has critiqued the civics test for its unreliability, or difficulty for even natives. We argue, however, that the current civics test is rather a product of a system that began without a solid foundation. In an attempt to avoid fraud and control efficiency, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has promoted the use of a test that devalues the importance of the choice to re-align loyalties to a country and regulates it to memory testing.

Reciprocity and Sustainability: Terrace Restoration on Third Mesa

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Vasquez ◽  
Leigh Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Third World ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Local People ◽  
Development Work

Applied anthropologists are now commonly involved at all levels in rural and agricultural development work in Third World countries. Corresponding efforts in the United States, however, are much less common. This can be attributed in part to increased scrutiny and skepticism concerning past research efforts, which are frequently seen as unilaterally beneficial to researchers and of little tangible long-term gain to local people. No where is this more true than among Native American populations. Leigh Jenkins, Director of the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office (HCPO), puts it quite succinctly: "Intruders are not welcome, especially if they come dressed as anthropologists… As any visitor will attest, it has become quite a challenge to prove one's sincerity, honesty, and fairness to the Hopis, especially if that visitor plans to do research" ("Forward" in Peter Whitely, Bacavi: A Journey to Reed Springs [Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press, 1988]).

scholarly journals Not All Forms of Independence Are Created Equal: Only Being Independent the “Right Way” Is Associated With Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Moza ◽  
Smaranda Ioana Lawrie ◽  
Laurențiu P. Maricuțoiu ◽  
Alin Gavreliuc ◽  
Heejung S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ways Of Being

Past research has found a strong and positive association between the independent self-construal and life satisfaction, mediated through self-esteem, in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. In Study 1, we collected data from four countries (the United States, Japan, Romania, and Hungary; N = 736) and replicated these findings in cultures which have received little attention in past research. In Study 2, we treated independence as a multifaceted construct and further examined its relationship with self-esteem and life satisfaction using samples from the United States and Romania (N = 370). Different ways of being independent are associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction in the two cultures, suggesting that it is not independence as a global concept that predicts self-esteem and life satisfaction, but rather, feeling independent in culturally appropriate ways is a signal that one’s way of being fits in and is valued in one’s context.

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