Tolkappiyam’s courtship and exogamy

The human race has gone through various transformations. It also presented impediments to sexual activity. People lived in groups and had their sexual relations inside them throughout the prehistoric period. Simultaneously, there was promiscuous intercourse. The clan was then created as a result of many external developments in society that resulted in the restriction of promiscuous relations. Because the father's identity is unknown, the descent was calculated using the mother's line. Endogamy was forbidden in clans, while exogamy was tolerated. Exogamy was unavoidable over time, and it is also the reason for the Clan's existence. Exogamy was practiced in many countries without protest, whereas endogamy was permitted in India but exogamy was condemned. It's important to figure out why this disagreement exists. First and foremost, we must investigate the following question: ‘In India, which sexual form, endogamy or exogamy, was allowed among the clan?' We can investigate it with the aid of ancient literature. Tolkappiyam, one of the earliest literary masterpieces of the Tamil race in current Indian civilization, is preserved in this fashion. In Tolkappiyam, there were two sexual forms: 'kalavu' and 'karpu.' This paper investigates the concept that the 'kalavu' referenced in Tolkappiyam may represent exogamy from the Marxist perspective through ‘Tolkappiya Poruladhigaram.

Sexual and ontogenetic structures of gynodioecious Geranium pseudosibiricum J. Mayer (Geraniaceae) in Altai Mountains

Geranium pseudosibiricum J. Mayer. is a gynodioecious North and Central Asian species. The study was conducted in a grass meadow on the edge of larch forest in the Altai Republic. The aim was to study the sexual and ontogenetic structures of the coenopopulation of G. pseudosibiricum. The generative individual consists of shoots of only one sexual form: hermaphrodite with bisexual flowers and female with pistillate flowers. There are significant differences in the length of corolla: the length of bisexual flowers is 12.2 ± 0.29 mm, pistillate flowers 6.7 ± 0.19 mm. The bisexual flower has well-developed stamens and anthers; the pistillate flower has stamens with underdeveloped anthers. There are no significant differences between hermaphrodite and female individuals in the number of generative shoots and the number of flowers per individual. The ontogenetic structure of the coenopopulation of G. pseudosibiricum is dominated by pregenerative individuals − 53%. Good seed germination contributes to maintenance of sexual structure of the coenopopulation. The female frequency is 55% of the total number of generative plants. The detected morphological differences between bisexual and pistillate flowers and the high female frequency may indicate a high degree of sexual differentiation of G. pseudosibiricum.

Andricus forni Pujade-Villar & Nicholls n. sp., a new species of oak gallwasp from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

A new sexual form of a gallwasp, Andricus forni Pujade-Villar & Nicholls n. sp., is described from China (Zhejiang province) based on males, females and galls collected on Quercus serrata. Data on the morphology, diagnosis, distribution and biology of the new species are provided. Molecular data are also provided to support this species. A key to Asian Andricus gallwasp species with similar integral leaf galls is presented. Finally we discuss the taxonomic status of Asian Andricus making these integral leaf galls, including uncertainty on the validity of both Andricus quercicola and A. marmoratus.

Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants

This work is a bibliographic approach to the historical and most recent taxonomy on Alternaria genus. The genus Alternaria consists largely of species of saprophytic, endophytic and parasitic fungi. The United States Fungal host index ranks the genus Alternaria on the 10th place based on the number of host plants, with over 4,000 species. Govind et al. (2016) tells us that most species of this genus are missing the sexual form, with the exception of a few species, which have, in addition to the anamorphic form, the telemorphic form. With the discovery of several species and due to the superficiality of past research, the inclusion of this genus in the taxonomy has become problematic. At the beginning, the taxonomic classification was performed according to the morphology of the species. This bibliographic approach wants to clarify some of the aspects concerning the old and actual taxonomy ambiguities of Alternaria genus. The method used is consulting the scientific literature. The present reclassification of the species was performed by analysing the DNA of each species in 2013 by Woudenberg et al. and fit the Alternaria species in 25 sections. In 2016 Lawrence et al. added 2 other sections and in 2019 Ghafri et al. forms a new section based on the new species Alternaria omanensis. In conclusion Alternaria genus is now divided in 28 sections, each section contains species that are genetically related. Even though most of the ambiguities have been clarified at present, there are still ambiguities regarding the species within and between sections.

Triseptata sexualis gen. et sp. nov. in Latoruaceae (Pleosporales)

A survey of lignicolous terrestrial ascomycetes conducted in Thailand yielded a number of novel species. In this paper, we report on a terrestrial collection of a taxon from dead branches of an unidentified plant. Triseptata gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by immersed, uni- to multi-loculate ascomata, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical-clavate asci and 3-septate, light brown spores, with asymmetrical ends, in its sexual form. In culture, it produced hyphomycetous, globose to subglobose, multi-septate and darkly pigmented conidia-like structures. Phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU, ITS and SSU dataset shows Triseptata to be a well-separated lineage from all genera in Latoruaceae. Based on multigene phylogeny, Triseptata gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate a single new species Triseptata sexualis and placed in Latoruaceae. Illustrations, descriptions and notes are provided for the new genus and species.

Citra Perempuan Di Dalam Majalah Popular (Analisis Wacana Terhadap Artikel Di Majalah Popular Edisi Mei 2019)

This study is entitled "Women's Image in Magazine Photos (Semiotic Analysis of Photos in Popular Magazine May 2019 Edition)". The object of this research is a photo in the May 2019 issue of Popular magazine. This study uses Rholand Barthes's semiotic analysis framework. The purpose of this research is to find out how the depiction of the objectification of women in the photo model of the May 2019 Popular Magazine and expose the myths contained in the photos. There is objectification in the sexual form which makes a woman's body an object to be observed, valued, and enjoyed by her sexual values. The myth that can be unearthed from the meaning of the sign in the photographs is the beauty myth that defines women's beauty in uniform criteria. Penelitian ini mengangkat tentang citra wanita dalam foto di majalah. Objek penelitian ini adalah foto di Majalah Popular Edisi Mei 2019. Kerangka analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu Analisis Semiotika Roland Barthes yang memiliki tujuan pencitraan perempuan dalam foto, serta menggali kebenaran tentang adanya pemaknaan tanda dalam foto-foto keanggunan wanita sesuai dengan porsi yang sama. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggambaran objektifikasi perempuan dalam model foto di Majalah Popular dan memaparkan mitos-mitos yang terkandung dalam foto. Terdapat objektifikasi dalam bentuk seksual yang membuat tubuh wanita menjadi objek untuk diamati, dihargai, dan dinikmati oleh nilai-nilai seksualnya. Mitos yang dapat digali dari makna tanda dalam foto adalah mitos kecantikan yang mendefinisikan kecantikan wanita dalam kriteria seragam.

WOMAN VIOLENCE AND RESISTANCE IN “SWEAT” SHORT STORY BY ZORA NEALE HURSTON: FEMINIST APPROACH

Zora Neale Hurston’s short story is a story of women with different perspective. This revealed the violence toward women and women’s resistance toward the construction of patriarchal. The violence was shown by a husband toward his wife in psychological, physical and sexual form. The theory used Beauvoir‘s theory (2012). The researcher analyzed the problem in feminist approach. Women who experience oppression took the resistance as a form of struggle over their existence as women. It was reflected toward the main character in this short story. This descriptive qualitative research was used in this short story. This method was used for looking at data contexts that were hidden from quotations in a short story. The findings showed that Delia was able to resist her husband named Sykes. Delia sought her freedom by escaping the scandal the cruel treatment of her husband. Delia’s action contradicted with patriarchal construction that women had to be submissive and respectful towards men due to the women basically were dependent on men. Feminism appeared in this short story was concerned on women’s resistance toward violence experienced in social life in order to get freedom, rights and opportunities as a human.

Advances in the propagation of Jabuticaba tree

The Myrtaceae family has representatives spread worldwide, and Jabuticaba tree is an important species native to Brazil, which is grown not only in the backyards and domestic orchards, but also in commercial orchards, landscaping projects and in several tropical and subtropical countries. The propagation of this species in a sexual form or by seeds is simple and efficient, being able to reach 100%. However, long juvenile phase and genetic segregation have led to the search for methods that allow the propagation of selected trees and guarantee through their standardized and productive clones, fruit quality and fruiting precocity. Protocols for asexual propagation are still scarce, but they show efficient methods, making possible the commercial use and valorization of this Brazilian fruit tree. Grafting methods have proven to be efficient in more than 70% of cases. Herbaceous cutting in Jabuticaba trees shows rooting around 10%. Air layering shows rooting rates above 80%. Other methods considered for domestic use have shown satisfactory results in the formation of young saplings through woody cuttings. New studies on micropropagation and better control of herbaceous stem cutting processes could stimulate and economically increase the propagation of this fruit tree for commercial crops to produce fruits for fresh consumption or processing. Air layering and grafting are the most currently indicated methods for propagation of jabuticaba tree. This review paper shows the results of other papers and their protocols for obtaining jabuticaba tree seedlings and clonal plants.

Adaptations to different habitats in sexual and asexual populations of parasitoid wasps: a meta-analysis

BackgroundCoexistence of sexual and asexual populations remains a key question in evolutionary ecology. We address the question how an asexual and a sexual form of the parasitoidVenturia canescenscan coexist in southern Europe. We test the hypothesis that both forms are adapted to different habitats within their area of distribution. Sexuals inhabit natural environments that are highly unpredictable, and where density of wasps and their hosts is low and patchily distributed. Asexuals instead are common in anthropic environments (e.g., grain stores) where host outbreaks offer periods when egg-load is the main constraint on reproductive output.MethodsWe present a meta-analysis of known adaptations to these habitats. Differences in behavior, physiology and life-history traits between sexual and asexual wasps were standardized in term of effect size (Cohen’sdvalue; Cohen, 1988).ResultsSeeking consilience from the differences between multiple traits, we found that sexuals invest more in longevity at the expense of egg-load, are more mobile, and display higher plasticity in response to thermal variability than asexual counterparts.DiscussionThus, each form has consistent multiple adaptations to the ecological circumstances in the contrasting environments.