scholarly journals In Vitro Studies Regarding the Control of Cryphonectria parasitica with Hydroalcoholic

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Emilia PUIA ◽  
Daniela Andreea GRIGORESCU ◽  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Area Formula ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Cryphonectria parasitica  (Murr.) Bar [syn. Endothia parasitica (Murr. And.] (anamorf: Endothiella sp .) is the causal agent of chestnut bark disease or chestnut blight. This disease produced great damages throughout the world, it has nearly eliminated the American chestnut tree ( Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) from its natural range and has heavily affected the European chestnut tree ( Castanea sativa (P.) Mill). Successful protection against Cryphonectria parasitica is a very difficult problem because the conventional control methods against the fungus are not applicable with a great success because of the extreme fungus pathogenity and on the other hand because of the characteristics of sites and host plants. In our experiments the isolates of C. parasitica were picked from the Baia Mare area and for the control with plant extracts the isolates were inoculated on PDA medium that contained the extract using the poison food technique. The different extracts in three different concentrations were tested in 80 mm diameter Petri plates incubated at 25ºC and assessed after three, six and nine days of incubation. The fungistatic effect of the extracts was established by examining the presence or the absence of the colony growth. The colonies were measured establishing the colony area that appeared on the treated plates using the ellipse area formula. The results were expressed as the inhibition percent of the tested plant extracts.

scholarly journals In Vitro Studies Regarding the Biology and the Biological Control of some Botrytis

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA ◽  
Carmen Emilia PUIA
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Area Formula ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Botrytis cinerea  Pers., attacks more than 250 herbaceous and arborescent species of plants being a pathogen spread across the world. This plant pathogen is the main body responsible for the occurrence of grey mould in grapes and other vegetables and fruits. The purpose of the research was the observation of the morphological and cultural characteristics of some isolates of the pathogen as well as the biological control with hydroalcoholic plant extracts. In our experiments we’ve identified and isolated the pathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers., we’ve inoculated on three culture media PDA, Czapek - agar, MA. The features that we observed were the growth rate of the colonies, the sporulation and sclerotia appearance, the shapes and the dimensions of conidia, the number and distribution of the sclerotia. The results obtained consist in differences of morphology, number and distribution of the sclerotia and dimensions of the conidia. For the control with plant extracts of the fungus the isolates were inoculated on PDA medium that contained the extract using the poison food technique. The fungistatic effect of the extracts was established by examining the presence or the absence of the colony growth. The diameters of the colonies were measured and in order to establish the growth inhibition of the fungus it was calculated the surfaces of the colonies that appeared on the treated plates using the ellipse area formula. The results obtained were expressed as inhibition percentage of mycelia growth compared with the dimensions of the control colony.

scholarly journals Assessing the Phytosanitary Risk Posed by an Intraspecific Invasion of Cryphonectria parasitica in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2055-2063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Dennert ◽  
Joana Beatrice Meyer ◽  
Daniel Rigling ◽  
Simone Prospero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
New Host ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures

Intraspecific cryptic invasions may occur when new strains of an invasive species are introduced into an area where this species had already been introduced previously. In plant pathogens, such invasions are not well studied, even if, potentially, they can have severe consequences. Here, we investigated the effects of a potential intraspecific invasion in Europe of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that (i) non-European strains are more virulent on Castanea sativa than those already present in Europe because they have never encountered this new host, and (ii) the variation in virulence among strains is higher within native than within introduced populations. In a greenhouse, 2-year-old C. sativa seedlings were inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica strains from South Korea, the United States, and Switzerland, and lesion development and seedling mortality were recorded weekly. Additionally, growth and sporulation of the strains were measured in vitro on agar medium at 15 and 24°C. Although lesion growth was similar for all strains, seedlings inoculated with strains from South Korea and Switzerland died faster than seedlings inoculated with strains from the United States. Moreover, in vitro strains from South Korea grew faster and produced more spores at both temperatures than the strains from the other two countries. In conclusion, our results did not support the two hypotheses. All strains, regardless of their origin, were found to be highly virulent on the inoculated chestnut seedlings. Nevertheless, current phytosanitary measures to avoid the introduction of new genotypes of C. parasitica into Europe should be further implemented.

scholarly journals Diversity of microfungi on branches of Castanea sativa in Slovakia

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Adamčíková ◽  
Gabriela Juhásová ◽  
Marek Kobza ◽  
Emília Ondrušková
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

Abstract Localities in Castanea sativa Mill. plantations were visited in a study aimed at identifying the mycoflora of C. sativa in Slovakia [excluding Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.), Barr for which much data is available]. Samples from chestnut tree branches and stems were examined visually and microscopically. Seven species of microfungi were recorded, three with their anamorphs. Coryneum modonium (Sacc.) Griffon & Maubl. and Phomopsis castaneae Woron. were the most common. Libertella quercina Tul. & C. Tul. was identified in both states (anamorph and teleomorph) at two new localities. The records of Gloniopsis praelonga (Schwein.) Underw. & Earle and Dothidotthia celtidis (Ellis & Everh.) M. E. Barr are the first for Slovakia. These species were rare, found only in one locality. Two microscopic fungi were detected: Valsa ambiens (Pers.) Fr. [Cytospora ambiens (Nitschke) Sacc.] and Diplodina castaneae Prill. & Delacr.

scholarly journals The Morphology and the Biological Control of Cryphonectria parasitica

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Emilia PUIA ◽  
Daniela Andreea GRIGORESCU ◽  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Hypovirulent Strain ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Cryphonectria parasitica  (Murr.) Bar [syn. Endothia parasitica (Murr. And.] (anamorf: Endothiella sp .) is the causal agent of chestnut bark disease or chestnut blight, disease which produced great damages throughout the world, for example, in Europe, the European chestnut tree ( Castanea sativa (P.) Mill) was heavily affected. Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as an effective alternative to chemical pesticides. In the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica deals with a natural form of biological control in which the virulence of a fungal pathogen is attenuated by an endogenous viral RNA genetic element- the hypovirulent strain. In our researches we picked samples of chestnut bark from different areas in Maramures county. We’ve isolated the fungus on PDA medium and we’ve studied the morphological characteristics of the usual virulent strain and we looked for a possible hypovirulent strain in order to study its capacity for biological control. The fungus develops in the bark and in cambium where forms a yellowish or brownish stroma and produces both conidia and ascospores. The pycnidia stromata break through the lenticels producing conidia and later in the same stroma develop the perithecia which produce ascospores. Both strains of the fungus were found in the research area. The hypovirulent strain had a slower development, showed no sporu lation and pigmentation “white cultural strain” and was tested in vitro for the capacity to convert the virulent isolates by dual culture tests.

scholarly journals New finds of Cryphonectria parasitica and the first record of chestnut blight on red oak Quercus rubra L. in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 256-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Haltofová ◽  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Palovčíková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
First Record ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

The causal agent of the chestnut blight, the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M. E. Barr (syn. Endothia parasitica (Murrill) P. J. Anderson et H. W. Anderson), was found out at new localities in the Czech Republic. The chestnut blight was observed for the first time in the Czech Republic in 2002. Two new localities were discovered in southern Moravia in May and June 2004. The disease was identified both on the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and on the red oak (Quercus rubraL.). Infected trees were treated according to the order of the State Phytosanitary Administration of the Czech Republic. 

Effects of four tanniferous plant extracts on thein vitroexsheathment of third-stage larvae of parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. BAHUAUD ◽  
C. MARTINEZ-ORTIZ DE MONTELLANO ◽  
S. CHAUVEAU ◽  
F. PREVOT ◽  
F. TORRES-ACOSTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Third Stage

The anthelmintic properties of tanniferous plants and of their secondary metabolites represent one possible alternative to chemotherapy that is currently being explored as a means of achieving sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Previousin vivoandin vitroresults suggest that tanniferous plants can have direct anti-parasitic effect against different stages of nematodes. However, the mode of action of the bioactive plant compounds remains obscure. The objectives of the current study were (1) to examine the hypothesis that extracts of tanniferous plants might interfere with the exsheathment of third-stage infective larvae (L3); (2) to assess the role of tannins in the process by examining the consequence of adding an inhibitor of tannins (polyethylene glycol: PEG) to extracts. The effects of 4 tanniferous plant extracts on exsheathment have been examined on L3 ofHaemonchus contortusandTrichostrongylus colubriformis. Artificial exsheathment was inducedin vitroby adding hypochloride solution to larval suspension. The evolution of exsheathment with time was measured by repeated observations at 10-min interval for 60 min. The selected plants were: genista (Sarothamnus scoparius), heather (Erica erigena), pine tree (Pinus sylvestris), and chestnut tree (Castanea sativa), with tannin contents ranging from 1·5 to 24·7% of DM. Extracts of a non-tanniferous plant (rye grass, tannin content: 0·3% of DM) were included in the assay as negative controls. The extracts were tested at the concentration of 600 μg/ml and the effects were compared to the rate of exsheathment of control larvae in PBS. No statistical differences in the pattern of exsheathment was observed after addition of rye grass or genista extracts for both nematode species and with heather extracts forT. colubriformis. In contrast, pine tree extracts on larvae of both species and heather extracts withH. contortusinduced a significant delay in exsheathment. Last, contact with chest nut extracts led to a total inhibition of the process for both nematodes. These results suggest that extracts of tanniferous plants might affect a key process in the very early stages of larval invasion of the host. In most cases, the addition of PEG led to a total or partial restoration towards control values. This suggests that tannins are largely involved in the inhibitory process. However, other secondary metabolites may also interfere with the process that would help to explain some of the differences in response observed between the two nematode species.

scholarly journals In Vitro Studies on the Growth Inhibiting Potential of Some Botanical Extracts Against Macrophomina phaseolina

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Asfand Iqbal ◽  
Rabia Khursid ◽  
Nida Fatima ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Dose Levels

Natural plant extracts are valuable source of numerous fungitoxic compounds that can substitute synthetic fungicides. In current studies, six plant extracts viz., Zingiber officinalis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Azadirachta indica, Allium cepa, Cassia fistula and Allium sativum in three dose levels standard dose (S.D), S/2 and S/3 were tested against colony growth of Macrophomina phaseolina under in vitro conditions. Among all the treatments ginger extract at its standard dose was found highly effective followed by eucalyptus and neem. Percentage colony growth inhibition of (50 %), (38 %) and (29 %) was recorded to produce by ginger, eucalyptus and ginger respectively as compared to control treatment where no growth inhibition was recorded. Extract of Allium sativum was found least effective phytochemical where pathogenic fungal growth inhibition was (24.5 %). Concentration comparison of three dose levels showed that (S.D) was highly effective where mean colony growth of M. phaseolina was (3.72 cm) followed by (4 cm) @ S/2 and maximum diameter was (4.36 cm) @ S/3 concentration.

scholarly journals Chestnut tree: an appropriate choich for rural developement in Europe (review)

2016 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kovács ◽  
László Radócz
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Landscape Aesthetics ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Extensive Growth

In chestnut plantations or in associations many pathogens and pests can be found. They are causing more than a hundred year problem in chestnut protection, for example the blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Lot of breeders hybridized the Castanea sativa and Castanea dentata with the tolerant asian species. Nowadays the presence of Dryocosmus kuriphilus seems to be the main risk. However, there are more and more chestnut plantations in Europe because of the extensive growth of needs. The food industry produces many products from chestnut, but the wood industry also use it more and more. In most of European countries the chestnut stands represent landscape aesthetics and touristic value, but probably the number of farmers inquiring the plantation will be increase in Hungary.

scholarly journals Monitoring the Edible Chestnut Bark Cancer (Cryphonectria Parasitica) and its Prevention and Combat Measures in the Pedoclimatic Conditions of the Baia Mare Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Lucia MIHALESCU ◽  
Zorica VOŞGAN ◽  
Flavia POP ◽  
Anca DUMUŢA ◽  
Aurel MAXIM
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Primary Assessment

Our research aims to assess the chestnut tree health status in three various locations: Baia Mare, Tauti Magheraus, Baia Sprie, in order to find the most efficient methods to prevent and to combat the bark cancer which develops in the clime conditions of Baia Mare basin. The primary assessment was performed through the determination of the attack degree (AD %), of its frequency (F%) and its intensity (I%) . We took in observation 10 chestnut trees from each location. We determined the number and size of both trunk and branches lesions for each chestnut tree. The intensity of the attack in the three studied areas ranked from the highest intensity 47.5% for Baia Sprie location followed by the intensity of 33.0 % for Tautii Magheraus, to the intensity of 26.5% for Baia Mare. Our analysis performed after the administration of the combat chemical method, we found that this measure was not efficient because the infection did not diminish; thus we recommend the dry chestnut tree elimination, its hygiene cuts, using the biologic combat.

Evaluation of the in vitro trypanocidal activity of plant extracts from the Brazilian Cerrado

Planta Medica ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Cunha ◽  
FM Dos Santos ◽  
JA Peixoto ◽  
RCS Veneziani ◽  
AEM Crotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Trypanocidal Activity
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