scholarly journals In Vitro Studies Regarding the Biology and the Biological Control of some Botrytis

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA ◽  
Carmen Emilia PUIA
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Area Formula ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Botrytis cinerea  Pers., attacks more than 250 herbaceous and arborescent species of plants being a pathogen spread across the world. This plant pathogen is the main body responsible for the occurrence of grey mould in grapes and other vegetables and fruits. The purpose of the research was the observation of the morphological and cultural characteristics of some isolates of the pathogen as well as the biological control with hydroalcoholic plant extracts. In our experiments we’ve identified and isolated the pathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers., we’ve inoculated on three culture media PDA, Czapek - agar, MA. The features that we observed were the growth rate of the colonies, the sporulation and sclerotia appearance, the shapes and the dimensions of conidia, the number and distribution of the sclerotia. The results obtained consist in differences of morphology, number and distribution of the sclerotia and dimensions of the conidia. For the control with plant extracts of the fungus the isolates were inoculated on PDA medium that contained the extract using the poison food technique. The fungistatic effect of the extracts was established by examining the presence or the absence of the colony growth. The diameters of the colonies were measured and in order to establish the growth inhibition of the fungus it was calculated the surfaces of the colonies that appeared on the treated plates using the ellipse area formula. The results obtained were expressed as inhibition percentage of mycelia growth compared with the dimensions of the control colony.

scholarly journals In Vitro Studies Regarding the Control of Cryphonectria parasitica with Hydroalcoholic

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Emilia PUIA ◽  
Daniela Andreea GRIGORESCU ◽  
Raluca Vasilica MICLEA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Area Formula ◽  
Chestnut Tree ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Cryphonectria parasitica  (Murr.) Bar [syn. Endothia parasitica (Murr. And.] (anamorf: Endothiella sp .) is the causal agent of chestnut bark disease or chestnut blight. This disease produced great damages throughout the world, it has nearly eliminated the American chestnut tree ( Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) from its natural range and has heavily affected the European chestnut tree ( Castanea sativa (P.) Mill). Successful protection against Cryphonectria parasitica is a very difficult problem because the conventional control methods against the fungus are not applicable with a great success because of the extreme fungus pathogenity and on the other hand because of the characteristics of sites and host plants. In our experiments the isolates of C. parasitica were picked from the Baia Mare area and for the control with plant extracts the isolates were inoculated on PDA medium that contained the extract using the poison food technique. The different extracts in three different concentrations were tested in 80 mm diameter Petri plates incubated at 25ºC and assessed after three, six and nine days of incubation. The fungistatic effect of the extracts was established by examining the presence or the absence of the colony growth. The colonies were measured establishing the colony area that appeared on the treated plates using the ellipse area formula. The results were expressed as the inhibition percent of the tested plant extracts.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of fungicide and bio-fungicides against isolates of Alternaria solani Sorauer

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2295-2301
Author(s):  
CRISTINA MIHAESCU ◽  
MONICA STURZEANU ◽  
ALIN DIN
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
High Inhibition

In vitro control of Alternaria solani included studies of different fungicides, essential oils basil and ethyl extract of Allium cepa. In Romania in the case of tomato culture it is very low due to several production constrains including diseases. One such disease is the early blight caused by fungus Alternaria solani (Ell.) Martin. The isolate used in this study was obtained from tomato and it was cultivated on three culture media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar and Czapek Dox medium. Using chlorothalonil, thiophanate methyl, prochloraz, tebuconazole and cooper sulphate, they were evaluated in order to control colony growth of fungi, at the concentrations recommended in agriculture by the specialized literature. The extract of Allium concentration with three levels (3%, 75% and 100%) significantly stronger effect on reducing mycelia growth, reducing spore germination and causing high inhibition percentage of A. solani. The fungal effect of the essential oil basil is very low being close to that of the control.

scholarly journals Daily Indexes for Predation and Growth of Nematophagous Mushrooms Species of Hohenbuehelia (Pleurotaceae) on Panagrellus redividus

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Cleonice Lubian ◽  
Danielle Dutra Martinha ◽  
Roberto Luis Portz ◽  
Alexandre Gonçalves dos Santos e Silva Filho ◽  
Vagner Gularte Cortez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Test Evaluation ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Living Organisms

Biological control is a method of controlling pests through the use of other living organisms. The purposes of this study were to test Hohenbuehelia species as biological control agents against Panagrellus redivivus in vitro, evaluating nematodes influence on mycelia growth; establishing daily indexes for predation and growth and setting predation percentage. Five species previously identified as 436-Hohenbuehelia mastrucata (Nematoctonus hamatus), 528-H. bullulifera (not described so far), 581-H. paraguayensis (N. sp.), 582-H. sp. (N. sp.) and 631-H. portegna (N. campylosporus) were submitted to anamorphic purification directly from basidioma. Afterwards, 100 nematodes were added to each pure colony for predation test. Evaluation started right after 24 hours of nematode-fungus interaction. Immobilized and/or penetrated nematodes were counted and mycelia growth was measured. Results were subjected to variance analyses. Hohenbuehelia mastrucata had the best performance in growth speed, followed by H. portegna and H. paraguayensis; Nematodes multiplyied much but none specie grew more as an influence of their movement under mycelium, however all species formed trap devices and some of them produced adhesive or repelent substances. Trap devices were formed in control plates also. The plates of H. paraguayensis without nematodes grew more than treatments. Cumulative predation of H. portegna was the highest at 24 (195.5%) and 48 hours (235%). At the last evaluation day, H. paraguayensis preyed the same amount (185.75%) than H. portegna, followed by H. mastrucata (109.51%). Resulst of predation daily indexes displayed chronological activity for each isolate, where H. portegna was very reactive at first 24 hours, H. mastrucata raised its predacious activity in 48 hours being constant from this time on and H. paraguayensis pointed out itself at 72 hours. Other species presented low predation and growth indexes throughout experiment.

scholarly journals Efficacy of different fungicides and biopesticides for the management of lentil wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
KAMLESH RAM ◽  
RAMESH SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Wilt Incidence

In Vitro and In Vivo studies on the efficacy of fungicides and biopesticides. Among the fungicides, in Carbedazim to the most effective as they have inhibited the mycelia growth completely of the test fungus, and Benomyl, Topsin - M, Ridomil,Vitavax were found the next best in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen up to 92.11% to 83.46% respectively. Sadabahar was least effective plant extracts which causes 42 mm of radial growth and inhibited the growth of the only 19.23%. In Vivo condition the maximum seed germination (95.50% and 95.33%), minimum wilt incidence (5.16% and 3.65%) and highest grain yield (10.50 q/ha and 10.35 q/ha) was found seed treatment with Carbendazim (0.2%). Among the test plant extracts Tulsi was lested effective, which show the minimum seed germination (80.00% and 77.50%), maximum wilt incidence (15.70% and 14.10%), and lowest grain yield (3.92 q/ha and 4.17 q/ha).

scholarly journals Origanum dictamnusOil Vapour Suppresses the Development of Grey Mould in Eggplant FruitIn Vitro

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriana Stavropoulou ◽  
Kostas Loulakakis ◽  
Naresh Magan ◽  
Nikos Tzortzakis
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Conidial Production ◽  
Lesion Growth

Grey mould rot (Botrytis cinerea) developmentin vitroor in eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) fruit was evaluated after treatment with dittany (Origanum dictamnusL.) oil (DIT) and storage at 12°C and 95% relative humidity during or following exposure to the volatiles. DIT volatiles used in different concentration (0-50-100-250 μL/L) and times of exposure (up to 120 h) examined the effects on pathogen development as well as fruit quality parameters.In vitro,fungal colony growth was inhibited with the application of DIT oil (during or after exposure) and/or time of application. Continuous exposure to oils reduced conidial germination and production with fungistatic effects observed in 250 μL/L.In vivo,fungal lesion growth and conidial production reduced in DIT-treated fruits. Interesting, in fruits preexposed to volatiles before fungal inoculation, DIT application induced fruit resistance against the pathogen, by reduced lesion growth and conidial production. Conidial viability reduced in >100 μL/L DIT oil. Fruits exposed to essential oil did not affect fruit quality related attributes in general, while skin lightness (Lvalue) increased in 50 and 100 μL/L DIT oil. The results of the current study indicated that dittany volatiles may be considered as an alternative food preservative, eliminating disease spread in the storage/transit atmospheres.

scholarly journals Testing Methods Affecting the Antagonistic Ability of  Pseudomonas Biocontrol Strains

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Jevcsák ◽  
Bálint Oldal ◽  
L. Ködöböcz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Selection Of

The antagonistic effect of thirteen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and thirteen strains of other Pseudomonas species was studied on the soil-borne phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani fungi.  The inhibition of pathogen colony growth was tested with two different in vitro techniques using the same type of culture media. In case of the spread slant technique the antagonists induced a significantly stronger inhibition on the growth of pathogens than in case of spot transfer. Among the 26 investigated Pseudomonas strains, P. aeruginosa strains were generally more effective against the fungal pathogens. Rhizoctonia solani proved to be affected to a greater extent by the bacterial strains studied than the Fusarium solani representative. The possibility of in vitro strain selection of biocontrol microbes is being further discussed .

scholarly journals Statistical optimization of xylanase production, using different agricultural wastes by Aspergillus oryzae MN894021, as a biological control of faba bean root diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherien M. M. Atalla ◽  
Nehad E. Ahmed ◽  
Hassan M. Awad ◽  
Nadia G. El Gamal ◽  
Aliaa R. El Shamy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Xylanase Production

Abstract Background Xylanase enzyme plays an important role in nature as being a part of protecting the environment from pollution. It has also various industrial applications. Main body of abstract Marine fungal isolate was recovered from red sea water at Sharm El-Sheikh province, Egypt, and tested for xylanase activity, using different agricultural wastes as a substrate. It was found that rice straw was the best substrate for xylanase production (0.37 U/ml). Thus, it was subjected for identification by 18S rDNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis results indicated that this fungal isolate belonging to Aspergillus species with a similarity of 99% and named as A. oryzae SS_RS-SH (MN894021). The regular two-level factorial design was used to optimize the important medium components, which significantly affected the xylanase production. The model in equation suggested optimal conditions of 2% of rice straw, 8 g/l of yeast extract, 4 g/l of (NH4)2SO4, 2 g/l K2HPO4, and 2.5 g/l MgSO4.7H2O for a maximum xylanase yield. The antifungal activity of crude xylanase on mycelial growth of some pathogenic fungi isolated from different hosts was investigated. The results showed that xylanase T1 had a potent antifungal activity than control. Greenhouse experiments indicated that all treatments with xylanase at different concentrations significantly decreased infection occurrence of beans, which have been effectively infected with root rot pathogens, compared to unprocessed control treatments. Short conclusion Xylanase yield increased 2.43-folds than initial screening. The xylanase had a potential antifungal activity both in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. The outcome of this study ensured that this fungal strain could be used as biological control for plant disease.

scholarly journals Native isolates of Trichoderma as bio-suppressants against sheath blight and stem rot pathogens of rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kannan Chinnaswami ◽  
Divya Mishra ◽  
Anila Miriyala ◽  
Prakasam Vellaichamy ◽  
Basavaraj Kurubar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract Background Species belonging to the genus Trichoderma are considered as one of the most potential biocontrol agents which can be readily collected from soil and found effective against various fungal and bacterial diseases. In rice-growing areas, the major fungal pathogens affecting rice production include Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight and Sclerotium oryzae causing stem rot disease of rice. Due to the lack of resistant varieties and detrimental effects of chemicals, biocontrol gives a good opportunity to manage the diseases efficiently in a sustainable manner. Main body Trichoderma spp. from native rice rhizosphere soil were examined for their antagonistic efficiency to supress the two soil-borne rice pathogens, viz., R. solani and S. oryzae. Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterisation of the isolates led to the identification of species as T. asperellum. The isolates of Trichoderma spp. were found to be positive to IAA release and phosphate solubilisation and were screened against R. solani and S. oryzae in vitro and in vivo in pots under glass house conditions. Regression analysis indicated a positive correlation between the amount of chlamydospores produced by T. asperellum and their antagonistic potential against the two pathogens. Exposure to external stimuli, viz., light, injury and nitrogen sources in culture media triggered increased conidiation in Trichoderma isolates. Among the four isolates studied, Trichoderma asperellum IIRRCK1 (TAIK-1) was found to be the most effective in improving plant growth in rice and highly antagonistic against R. solani and S. oryzae. Sorghum grain was found to be the most suitable among different organic substrates studied to provide better growth and viability of TAIK-1 and improved the efficiency of the seed treatment and soil application. External stimuli in the form of near UV blue light, mechanical injury to the colonies and nitrogen source added to the culture media help in faster conidiation of Trichoderma. Conclusion Strain TAIK-1 showed strong competitive and antagonistic activities against fungal soil-borne pathogens, in addition with promoting healthy growth and development of rice plants. This can be a suitable and safe alternative to chemical management in the rice fields for long-term scenario.

scholarly journals Harmfulness of Septoria carvi Syd. towards caraway and preparations limiting occurrence of fungus

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-346
Author(s):  
Ewa Zalewska
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Chemical Groups

Abstract Septoria carvi is an important pathogen of caraway. With the increasing occurrence of septoriosis of caraway during warm and humid growing seasons, the possibility of limiting the growth and development of the fungus was investigated. In vitro studies included 2 preparations of natural origin, ie Biosept Active, Beta-chikol and 12 fungicides from different chemical groups, as well as one isolate K 1806 S. carvi, obtained from caraway. Tests were performed by poisoning the culture media. The percentage of inhibition of the growth of four- and eight-day-old fungus colonies on the medium with preparations in comparison to the control colonies was a measure of the toxic activity of the preparations. The effectiveness of Beta-chikol in limiting S. carvi colony growth was significantly higher than the efficiency of Biosept Active. All tested fungicides limited the growth of the fungus colony and their inhibitory effect increased with the concentration of the active ingredient in the medium. The most effective preparation in vitro was Signum 33 WG, belonging to the strobilurin compounds. In vivo studies investigated the effect of Beta-chikol, Biosept Active and Dithane NeoTec 75 WG on the health of caraway plants. The occurrence of septoriosis was determined basing on the presence of disease symptoms and the mycological analysis of diseased plants. A significant reduction of septoriosis symptoms on plants and plant colonization by the fungus was caused by Biosept Active and Dithane NeoTec 75WG.

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