scholarly journals Soluble Carbohydrates as Osmolytes in Several Halophytes from a Mediterranean Salt Marsh

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo GIL ◽  
Cristina LULL ◽  
Monica BOSCAIU ◽  
Inmaculada BAUTISTA ◽  
Antonio LIDÓN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Multivariate Statistical

Compartmentalization of toxic ions in the vacuole and accumulation of osmolytes in the cytoplasm is a common response of halophytes to high soil salinity. Soluble carbohydrates, such as sugars and polyols, are some of the compatible solutes used for osmotic adjustment and osmoprotection. Major carbohydrates were identified and quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, combined with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), in five halophytic species from a Mediterranean salt marsh (Juncus acutus, Juncus maritimus, Plantago crassifolia, Inula crithmoides and Sarcocornia fruticosa). Sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose were the more representative sugars detected in J. acutus and J. maritimus, and sorbitol the only soluble carbohydrate present at significant levels in P. crassifolia. In the other two taxa analyzed, no clearly predominant carbohydrates were observed: polyols (myo-inositol and glycerol) seemed to be the most representative in I. crithmoides, albeit at relatively low concentrations, and sugars (sucrose and glucose) in S. fruticosa. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to correlate soil properties and meteorological conditions increasing soil salinity, with seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents, to establish their possible function as osmolytes and their contribution to salt tolerance in the investigated species. The obtained results confirmed sorbitol as the major functional osmolyte in P. crassifolia-as it has been described previously for other species of the genus-and suggested the participation of sucrose and, to a lesser extent, glucose and fructose in osmoregulatory mechanisms in J. acutus and J. maritimus.

scholarly journals Differential Glycosylation Levels in Saliva from Patients with Lung or Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Assessment for Early Diagnostic Purposes

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Andrea Ragusa ◽  
Pietrina Romano ◽  
Marcello Salvatore Lenucci ◽  
Emanuela Civino ◽  
Daniele Vergara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Abnormal Glycosylation

Glycans play a fundamental role in several biological processes, such as cell–cell adhesion, signaling, and recognition. Similarly, abnormal glycosylation is involved in many pathological processes, among which include tumor growth and progression. Several highly glycosylated proteins found in blood are currently used in clinical practice as cancer biomarkers (e.g., CA125, PSA, and CA19-9). The development of novel non-invasive diagnostic procedures would greatly simplify the screening and discovery of pathologies at an early stage, thus also allowing for simpler treatment and a higher success rate. In this observational study carried out on 68 subjects diagnosed with either breast or lung cancer and 34 healthy volunteers, we hydrolyzed the glycoproteins in saliva and quantified the obtained free sugars (fucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, and galactosamine) by using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed-amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The glycosidic profiles were compared by using multivariate statistical analysis, showing differential glycosylation patterns among the three categories. Furthermore, ROC analysis allowed obtaining a reliable and minimally invasive protocol able to discriminate between healthy and pathological subjects.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Different Families of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Bioactive Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3212
Author(s):  
Noa Miguez ◽  
Peter Kidibule ◽  
Paloma Santos-Moriano ◽  
Antonio O. Ballesteros ◽  
Maria Fernandez-Lobato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Substrate Properties ◽  
Chitin Hydrolysis

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are homo- or hetero-oligomers of D-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) that can be obtained by chitosan or chitin hydrolysis. Their enzymatic production is preferred over other methodologies (physical, chemical, etc.) due to the mild conditions required, the fewer amounts of waste and its efficiency to control product composition. By properly selecting the enzyme (chitinase, chitosanase or nonspecific enzymes) and the substrate properties (degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, etc.), it is possible to direct the synthesis towards any of the three COS types: fully acetylated (faCOS), partially acetylated (paCOS) and fully deacetylated (fdCOS). In this article, we review the main strategies to steer the COS production towards a specific group. The chemical characterization of COS by advanced techniques, e.g., high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, is critical for structure–function studies. The scaling of processes to synthesize specific COS mixtures is difficult due to the low solubility of chitin/chitosan, the heterogeneity of the reaction mixtures, and high amounts of salts. Enzyme immobilization can help to minimize such hurdles. The main bioactive properties of COS are herein reviewed. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of three COS mixtures was assayed in murine macrophages after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides.

scholarly journals Technological and methodological aspects of the production of low- and lactose-free dairy products

Food systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Ju. V. Nikitina ◽  
E. V. Topnikova ◽  
O. V. Lepilkina ◽  
O. G. Kashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The features of technologies for low- and lactose-free dairy products, which provide for special operations to hydrolyze lactose or remove it using ultra- or nanofiltration followed by hydrolysis of the residual amount, are considered. Dairy products manufactured using these technologies in different countries as well as enterprises leading in this field of production are presented. The analysis of the methods used to determine the quantitative content of residual lactose in low- and lactose-free dairy products is carried out: enzymatic, HPLC, HPAEC-PAD, amperometric biosensors, Raman spectroscopy. Due to the dairy industry’s need for analytical methods for the determination of lactose in milk and dairy products with low- or lactose-free content, the AOAC Stakeholder Group on Strategic Food Analysis Methods approved Standard Performance Requirements for Biosensor Methods (SMPR®) 2018.009. These requirements were introduced for the quantitative determination of lactose in milk as well as in dairy and milk-containing products with a low or no lactose content. The biosensor method is recommended for use as the official first step of AOAC method. Additionally, it is advisable to use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometric detection, as well as high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) as an international standard method of analysis for the determination of lactose in milk with low- or lactose-free content.

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