scholarly journals Institutional change and accountability: procedural ecology and defiance of the Brazilian case

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-64
Author(s):  
Fernando Filgueiras ◽  
Ana Luiza Aranha
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic System ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Systemic Change ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Systemic Variables ◽  
Brazilian Case

Abstract This article analyzes the process of institutional change, focusing on endogenous, exogenous and systemic processes. Scholars usually analyze institutional change considering endogenous and exogenous explanatory factors to talk about the direction and outcomes of the changes. In addition to these two factors, this paper proposes a third one. This paper proposes that the process of institutional change should be understood in terms of systemic variables and should take into account the interactions between institutions as a relevant factor in explaining the veto or promotion of institutional change. Based on qualitative evidence gathered from interviews with key accountability actors in Brazil, the paper discusses the incremental changes that occurred in the Brazilian accountability institutions. We demonstrate that, despite these incremental changes, the final result in terms of institutional change was not a broader systemic change with greater cooperation and coordination of control activities between accountability institutions. Accountability processes are understood as part of a dynamic system, under which competition and cooperation are part of the action repertoire of accountability actors and used differently depending on the situation.

From Elite to Class: The Transformation of Iraqi Leadership, 1920–1939

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pool
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Systemic Change ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
Arab States

The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of the pre-1958 political system in Iraq based on explanatory factors which are relevant to an understanding of the nature of similar pre-radical regimes in other Arab States and to an understanding of how and why such political systems were transformed. In order to understand the qualitative nature of the systemic change in the Arab States in the twentieth century it is essential to move away from concepts like “traditional” and “modern” and the rise of “new men” or “new social forces.” To explain how one kind of political system changed to another one requires the abstraction of those features which indicate the positive rather than residual attributes of that earlier system. Indeed some recent studies have attempted to do this, with analytic and conceptual awareness.

scholarly journals INTERROGATING INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: ACTORS' ATTITUDES TO COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN COMMISSIONING HEALTH SERVICES IN ENGLAND

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOROTA OSIPOVIČ ◽  
PAULINE ALLEN ◽  
ELIZABETH SHEPHERD ◽  
ANNA COLEMAN ◽  
NEIL PERKINS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Competition And Cooperation

scholarly journals Does social trust speed up reforms? The case of central-bank independence

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICLAS BERGGREN ◽  
SVEN-OLOV DAUNFELDT ◽  
JÖRGEN HELLSTRÖM
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Cultural Factor ◽  
Central Bank Independence ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Speed Up

AbstractMany countries have undertaken central-bank independence reforms, but the years of implementation differ. What explains such differences in timing? This is of interest more broadly, as it sheds light on factors that matter for the speed at which economic reforms come about. We study a rich set of potential determinants, both economic and political, but put special focus on a cultural factor, i.e. social trust. We find empirical support for an inverse u-shape: Countries with low and high social trust implemented their reforms earlier than countries with intermediate levels. We make use of two factors to explain this pattern: the need to undertake reform (which is more urgent in countries with low social trust) and the ability to undertake reform (which is greater in countries with high social trust). Overall, our findings imply that culture matters for institutional change.

scholarly journals Intimate Partner Aggression Committed by Prison Inmates with Psychopathic Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5141
Author(s):  
José Gómez ◽  
Rosario Ortega-Ruiz ◽  
Miguel Clemente ◽  
Jose A. Casas
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Psychopathic Trait ◽  
Partner Aggression ◽  
Male Violence ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Partner Relationships ◽  
Intimate Partner Aggression

Psychopathy and intimate partner aggression (IPA) are two concepts that usually appear concomitantly. Male violence toward women is often considered a psychopathic trait that sometimes involves the woman’s homicide by her partner and, at other times, attempted homicide. This phenomenon has been studied by conducting interviews following Hare’s model with 92 men incarcerated under a compliance regime in a Spanish prison (Córdoba). The results detected six explanatory factors of IPA as a result of attempted homicide or homicide: criminal past and delinquency, impulsivity, the need to stand out from others, lack of empathy, manipulation of others, and instability in partner relationships. The first two factors predict a occurrence of high scores on Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist. The results are discussed, and future lines of research are presented, especially focused on the concept of dehumanization and revenge.

Progress In The Practical Application Of Automated Image Analysis To Tem Negatives

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
F. A. Heckman ◽  
E. Redman ◽  
J.E. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Image Quality ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Comprehensive Study

In our initial publication on this subject1) we reported results demonstrating that contrast is the most important factor in producing the high image quality required for reliable image analysis. We also listed the factors which enhance contrast in order of the experimentally determined magnitude of their effect. The two most powerful factors affecting image contrast attainable with sheet film are beam intensity and KV. At that time we had only qualitative evidence for the ranking of enhancing factors. Later we carried out the densitometric measurements which led to the results outlined below.Meaningful evaluations of the cause-effect relationships among the considerable number of variables in preparing EM negatives depend on doing things in a systematic way, varying only one parameter at a time. Unless otherwise noted, we adhered to the following procedure evolved during our comprehensive study:Philips EM-300; 30μ objective aperature; magnification 7000- 12000X, exposure time 1 second, anti-contamination device operating.

Slow Down You’re Moving Too Fast

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lang ◽  
Nancy Schwartz ◽  
Sharon Mayell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

The study reported here compared how younger and older adults processed the same set of media messages which were selected to vary on two factors, arousing content and valence. Results showed that older and younger adults had similar arousal responses but different patterns of attention and memory. Older adults paid more attention to all messages than did younger adults. However, this attention did not translate into greater memory. Older and younger adults had similar levels of memory for slow-paced messages, but younger adults outperformed older adults significantly as pacing increased, and the difference was larger for arousing compared with calm messages. The differences found are in line with predictions made based on the cognitive-aging literature.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

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