scholarly journals Canopy structure and morphogenesis of Italian ryegrass intercropped with red clover under cutting intervals determined by thermal sum

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Ongaratto ◽  
Marta Gomes da Rocha ◽  
Luciana Pötter ◽  
Tuani Lopes Bergoli ◽  
Paula de Oliveira Severo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate

ABSTRACT: The canopy structure and morphogenesis of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was investigated after it was over seeded with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and intercropped with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Time intervals between cuts were determined by different thermal sums (125, 250, 375, and 500 degree-days [DD]). Cuts were conducted at a height equivalent to 50% of the average canopy height. Morphogenic and structural data were collected from July to October of 2016 and 2017, from a completely randomized block experimental design. Canopy height, extended tiller height, pseudostem length, and forage mass were fitted to linear equations according to the thermal sums. Interaction of ryegrass with red clover was the highest (12.1%) for longer cut intervals (375 and 500 DD). The leaf appearance rate (0.0080 leaf/DD), phyllochron value (128.8 DD), and senescence rate (0.10 cm/DD) of ryegrass were comparable between the different intervals. The slowest elongation rate (0.06 cm/DD) with the shortest interval duration between cuts (171.6 DD) was observed in the 125 DD interval. According to the findings from this 2-year experiment, the use of a 250 DD cut interval was recommended between grazing events, taking into account the efficiency of forage use, ryegrass leaf, stem ratio, and interactions with red clover in the canopy under rotational stocking.

Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Segura ◽  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Clover Seed

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.

scholarly journals Grazing ecology of female lambs on Italian ryegrass plus red clover pasture under different defoliation intensities

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Lisete Glienke ◽  
Marta Gomes da Rocha ◽  
Daniele Gindri Camargo ◽  
Luciana Pötter ◽  
Anna Carolina Cerato Confortin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Feeding Station ◽  
Thermal Sum ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Displacement Patterns

The relationship between pasture dynamics and ingestive behavior of female lambs was studied on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) plus red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) mixture under a range of defoliation intensities. Rotational grazing was used and the grazing interval was determined by the thermal sum of 313 degree days. The initial pre-grazing canopy height disappearance values were 65 (very high), 58 (high), 47 (medium) and 37% (low). The sward vertical structure was similar among defoliation intensities. The forage allowance decreased linearly as defoliation intensities increased, with 0.35 bite/minute reduction for each 1% increase in forage allowance. The bite rate and number of bites/feeding station decreased with reduced contribution of leaves in the sward structure. It was associated, respectively, with an increase and a decrease of NDF and CP levels in forage as grazed by female lambs. The pasture cycle proves to be more important than defoliation intensities as a source for changes in feeding stations and displacement patterns of female lambs.

scholarly journals Herbage yield and botanical composition of grass-legume mixture at different time of establishment

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1253-1260
Author(s):  
A. Simic ◽  
S. Vasiljevic ◽  
S. Vuckovic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
Z. Bjelic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Total Productivity ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

For comparative testing of the total productivity of mixtures (intercrops) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), a trial was carried out during the 2007-2009 growing seasons at experimental fields of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Intercrops included two red clover varieties (?-17 and Una) and tetraploid Italian ryegrass (?-29t) in different proportional ratios (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75% and 0:100%). Italian ryegrass sown alone was top-dressed with nitrogen rates of 100 and 200 kg ha-1. Herbage yields and botanical composition were influenced by different sowing times in the first production year. Spring seeded red clover was more persistent and cumulatively yielded, autumn seeded Italian ryegrass produced more dry matter in the mixture than red clover. The trial demonstrates the potential of two red clover cultivars grown either alone or with a suitable Italian ryegrass to achieve and maintain a high output of herbage of good quality in the first production year, with different time of stand establishment. The practical agricultural implications of using ryegrass/clover are discussed.

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

scholarly journals Structural and morphogenical characteristics of black oats and Italian ryegrass on pasture submitted to two grazing intensities

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2357-2365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Carolina Cerato Confortin ◽  
Marta Gomes da Rocha ◽  
Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros ◽  
Carine Lisete Glienke ◽  
Guilherme Ebling Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Thermal Sum ◽  
Grazing Intensities

Morphogenical and structural characteristics of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on pastures managed under two grazing intensities were quantified by using marked tiller technique. The expected intensities of disappearance of forage mass initial value were 35% (low) and 65% (high). Experimental animals were sheep and interval among grazing was determined through 300 degree-day thermal sum. The experimental design was completely randomized with two grazing intensities and two replicates. Leaf blades of oats and ryegrass were removed at an average proportion of 57.5% of their initial length for both grazing intensities. Among the morphogenical characteristics of oats, only elongation rate of defoliate leaf differed between grazing intensities, with values of 0.059 and 0.081 cm/degree-day for low and high intensities, respectively. Grazing intensities did not alter structural characteristics of oats mixed with ryegrass and red clover. High grazing intensity enables maintenance of a higher number of ryegrass expanding leaves (1.7 leaves/tiller), thus it is suggested for management of pastures with oats mixed with Italian ryegrass and red-clover on intermittent grazing.

scholarly journals Plant morphology and herbage accumulation of signal grass with or without fertilization, under different light regimes

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clenardo Macedo Lopes ◽  
Domingos Sávio Campos Paciullo ◽  
Saulo Alberto do Carmo Araújo ◽  
Mirton José Frota Morenz ◽  
Carlos Augusto de Miranda Gomide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Tiller Density

ABSTRACT: The silvopastoral system has been suggested as an alternative to recover degraded pastures in tropical regions. However, trees reduce the light available for pastures, which may affect the growth and herbage accumulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenesis, canopy structure and herbage accumulation of signalgrass ( Brachiaria decumbens ) subjected to three light regimes (0, 20 and 70% of natural shading) and two fertilization levels (presence or absence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Leaf and stem elongation rates increased under shading but did not vary with fertilization. The leaf appearance rate was greater under fertilizer treatment but was generally similar among light regimes. The tiller density was greater in full sun and lower in intense shading. Tiller density responded to fertilization under full sun and moderate shading. Herbage accumulation increased by 42% with fertilization under full sun, 12% under moderate shading and did not vary under intense shading. Results showed that even under fertilization the herbage accumulation was limited by reduced light. However, under moderate shade the fertilization was important to raise tiller population over the growth cycles.

YIELDS AND QUALITY OF ITALIAN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASSES, RED CLOVER, ALFALFA, BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, AND PERSIAN CLOVER GROWN IN MONOCULTURES AND RYEGRASS-LEGUME MIXTURES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
P. NARASIMHALU
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Trifolium Resupinatum

Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), red clover (T. pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were grown in monocultures and in ryegrass-legume mixtures as summer annual forages. Ryegrass monocultures were fertilized with NH4NO3 at 75 kg N/ha at plant emergence, and at the same rates after cuts 1 and 2. The forage legumes in order of productivity were Persian clover > red clover > alfalfa > trefoil when grown in monoculture. Growing legumes in mixtures with ryegrass increased the dry matter (DM) yields from 15 to 52% over legumes grown in monocultures. The DM yields of mixtures were intermediate in relation to yields of legume monocultures and N fertilized ryegrasses. Inclusion of ryegrasses with legumes increased the DM production at the establishment phase and in the fall. Total N and in vitro digestibility of DM were lower for Westerwolds ryegrass-legume mixtures than for legume monocultures and Italian ryegrass-legume mixtures.Key words: Lolium multiflorum Lam., Trifolium resupinatum L., Trifolium pratense L., Medicago sativa L., Lotus corniculatus L.

scholarly journals Yield of binary- and multi-species swards relative to single-species swards in intensive silage systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Moloney ◽  
H. Sheridan ◽  
J. Grant ◽  
E.G. O’Riordan ◽  
P. O’Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Input ◽  
High Yields

AbstractBinary- and multi-species sown mixtures may increase herbage yield and/or reduce inorganic nitrogen (N) requirement compared to perennial ryegrass (PRG) (Lolium perenne L.) swards. A split-plot design was used to compare yields of binary- and multi-species mixtures to single-species swards of three grasses and red clover managed for intensive silage production under varying N application rates. Perennial and Italian (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ryegrasses had greater annual yields when grown as single species receiving 360 kg N/ha per year than in binary mixtures with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) receiving 0 kg N/ha per year, whereas timothy (Phleum pratense L.) produced equally high yields in both situations. When no inorganic N was applied, the annual dry matter yield of Mix 1 (10,738 kg/ha; PRG, timothy, red clover and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Mix 2 (11,679 kg/ha; PRG, timothy, red clover, ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)) was greater than that of a PRG sward (PRG/0N; 5,885 kg/ha) and derived more from the contribution of legumes than herbs. This yield advantage of mixtures declined as inorganic N input increased, as did the legume and herb proportions in the multi-species swards. When averaged across rates of inorganic N input, Mix 2 had a greater annual yield than Mix 1 (12,464 vs. 11,893 kg/ha). Mix 2 receiving no inorganic fertiliser N and both Mix 1 and Mix 2 receiving 120 kg N/ha per year matched the annual yield achieved by PRG receiving 360 kg N/ha per year. Our results indicate that the yield performance of binary- and multi-species grassland swards should be measured in situ rather than predicted from single-species swards of constituent species.

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