scholarly journals Induction and overcoming of dormancy of grapevine buds in response to thermal variations in the winter period

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Anzanello ◽  
Cláudia Martellet Fogaça ◽  
Gabriele Becker Delwing Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Daily Cycles ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Grapevine Buds

ABSTRACT: This study quantified the chilling requirements for the induction and overcoming of endodormancy (chilling-controlled physiological dormancy) of grapevines buds. Cuttings of the cultivars Chardonnay, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon were collected in vineyards in Veranópolis-RS in the winter period of 2019 and 2020. The cuttings were kept at a constant temperature of 7.2 °C or daily cycles of 7.2/18 °C for 6/18 h, 12/12 h or 18/6 h, up to 600 chilling hours (CH). Every 50 CH, part of the cuttings from each treatment was transferred to a temperature of 25 °C for daily assessment of the budburst in the green tip stage. The cultivars had different chilling requirements for inducing and overcoming endodormancy, reaching a total of 150 CH for ‘Chardonnay’, 300 CH for ‘Merlot’ and 400 CH for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Of these, 50 CH were required to induce endodormancy in cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot and 100 CH for cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Dormancy evolution did not differ between cultivars in response to thermal regimes, with a temperature of 18 °C inert to the accumulation of CH. Precocity and uniformity of budburst were higher after chilling requirements were met during endodormancy for each genotype.

scholarly journals Chilling requirements and dormancy evolution in grapevine buds

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Anzanello ◽  
Flávio Bello Fialho ◽  
Henrique Pessoa dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Accumulation Process ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Daily Cycles ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Grape Cultivars ◽  
Winter Chilling

ABSTRACT Fluctuations in winter chilling availability impact bud dormancy and budburst. The objective of this work was to determine chilling requirements to induce and overcome endodormancy (dormancy controlled by chilling) of buds in different grape cultivars. ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ shoots were collected in Veranópolis-RS vineyards in 2010, and submitted to a constant 3 °C temperature or daily cycles of 3/15 °C for 12/12h or 18/6h, until reaching 1120 chilling hours (CH, sum of hours with temperature ≤ 7.2 °C). Periodically, part of the samples in each treatment was transferred to 25 °C for budburst evaluation (green tip). Chilling requirements to induce and overcome endodormancy vary among cultivars, reaching a total of 136 CH for ‘Chardonnay’, 298 CH for ‘Merlot’ and 392 CH for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Of these, approximately 39, 53 and 91 CH are required for induction of endodormancy in the three cultivars, respectively. The thermal regimes tested (constant or alternating) do not influence the response pattern of each cultivar to cold, with 15 °C being inert in the CH accumulation process. In addition, time required to start budburst reduces with the increase in CH, at a rate of one day per 62 CH, without significant impacts on budburst uniformity.

scholarly journals Evolution of the grapevine bud dormancy under different thermal regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽  
pp. 3419
Author(s):  
Rafael Anzanello
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Winter Chilling

Fluctuations in winter chilling availability impact bud dormancy and budburst. This study aimed to quantify the thermal requirements during dormancy for ‘Italia’ grape, under different thermal regimes. Cuttings of grapevines ‘Itália’ were collected in Veranópolis-RS, on April/2017, with zero chilling hours (CH). The cuttings were exposed to constant (7.2°C) or alternating (7.2 and 18°C for 12/12h, 12/12h or 18/6h) temperatures, or yet, a constant temperature (7.2°C) or alternating (7.2 and 18°C for 12/12h), combined with one or two days a week at 25°C. Periodically, part of the cuttings was transferred to 25°C for daily budburst evaluation. The induction of the endodormancy (dormancy induced by cold) occurred with 200 CH, independent of the thermal regime, and the overcoming with 300 HF, at 7.2°C. The alternating heat of 18°C in the middle of the cold did not affect the process of overcoming endodormancy. Heat waves during endodormancy resulted in an increased CH to overcome the bud dormancy. The negative effect of high temperature depended on the exposure time. Chilling was partly cancelled during dormancy when the heat wave lasted 36 continuous hours or more. These evidences serve as basis for new model adjustments for budburst prediction, especially for regions with mild and irregular winters, such as those of Southern Brazil.

scholarly journals Natural and Artificial Chilling of Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 825B-825
Author(s):  
Donna A. Marshall* ◽  
Stephen J. Stringer ◽  
James M. Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Bud Break ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Highbush Blueberries ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Vegetative Bud

A study was initiated in November, 2002 to determine the effects of exposing two Southern Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corybosum L) to artificial chilling hours on initiation of bud break and advancement of floral and vegetative bud maturity. Plants of `Jubilee' and `Misty' were divided into 2 groups in which one was left outdoors, allowing chilling to occur and accumulate naturally, while the other group was placed in a growth chamber set at a constant artificial temperature of 4 °C. Five plants of each cultivar were then placed into a heated greenhouse after 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 hours of chilling (total hours of exposure to <5 °C) had accumulated for forcing of flower bud development. The progression of floral bud development of the terminal three buds on five tagged stems was observed at 7-10 day intervals for 30 days. At the end of the forcing period observations were also made on total percent vegetative and floral bud break. Prior to accumulating sufficient chilling requirements, chilling delivery method did not appear to influence the rate of floral bud development since none advanced past stage 3 regardless of chilling regime used. However after chilling requirements were met, flower buds of plants that were allowed to chill naturally developed more quickly than did those chilled by artificial means.

scholarly journals Estimation of Chilling and Heat Requirements of Some Persian Walnut Cultivars and Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asadolah Aslani Aslamarz ◽  
Kourosh Vahdati ◽  
Majid Rahemi ◽  
Darab Hassani
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Persian Walnut ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Growing Degree Hours ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
One Year ◽  
Chilling Hours

The objective of this work was to determine the chilling and heat requirements of Persian walnut cultivars and genotypes using excised twigs. The experiment was carried out from Nov. 2006 and 2007 to Mar. 2007 and 2008. One-year-old twigs were prepared from four cultivars and four domestic genotypes of Juglans regia L. After leaf fall, the twigs were taken and placed in plastic bags and kept at 4 ± 1 °C to stimulate 400 to 1500 chilling hours. After chilling, the excised twigs were transferred to the greenhouse with a natural photoperiod and a temperature from 18 to 27 °C. The evaluation of budbreak was made three times a week and the number of accumulated growing degree hours (°C) was determined until the buds reached the balloon or green tip stage. The chilling requirements were lowest (400 h) for catkins and highest (1000 h) for lateral buds. The Serr cultivar and ‘Z30’ genotype had the lowest chilling requirements (650 and 650 h). ‘Lara’, ‘Z63’, ‘Z53’, ‘Pedro’, and ‘Z67’ showed intermediate chilling requirements with values of 900, 900, 800, 750, and 750 h, respectively. Finally, ‘Hartley’ completed its dormancy after an accumulation of 1000 h, being the walnut cultivar with the highest chilling requirement in our study. As the final result, the cultivars and genotypes were classified into three groups based on their heat requirements: low requirement (‘Z30’ and ‘Serr’), medium requirement (‘Z53’, ‘Z67’, ‘Lara’, and ‘Pedro’), and high requirement (‘Hartley’ and ‘Z63’).

scholarly journals Effect of Chilling and Photoperiod on Budbreak in Three Hybrid Grape Cultivars

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Rezazadeh ◽  
Eric T. Stafne
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Reduced Time ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The present study assessed the effect of photoperiod on budbreak of cuttings of three interspecific hybrid grape (Vitis) cultivars that had received different chilling hours. Stem cuttings were collected at 100-hour intervals of chilling (200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 hours) from the vineyard and kept in three growth chambers with daylengths of 8, 16, and 24 hours. Another group of cuttings were maintained in a greenhouse with a natural daylength range of 10.5–13 hours [8 Dec. 2017 to 4 May 2018 (average = 12 hours)]. Chilling requirements, days to budbreak, and budbreak rate were determined after plants were exposed to different chilling hours and daylengths. Results of our study demonstrated that the chilling requirements of all three cultivars were adequately reached at 600 hours or more. Increasing chilling exposure from 600 to 800 hours shortened the time to budbreak in all cultivars. Overall, ‘MidSouth’ had an average budbreak rate of 90% when receiving at least 600 hours chilling. ‘Blanc du bois’ and ‘Lake Emerald’ had 62% and 65% average budbreak, respectively. Longer days (24 hours) reduced time to budbreak by 14, 6, and 8 days, respectively, in ‘Blanc du bois’, ‘Lake Emerald’, and ‘MidSouth’ at 600 hours chilling. A combination of 24-hour photoperiod and chilling of 600 hours resulted in a maximum budbreak rate of 70%, 70%, and 100% in ‘Blanc du bois’, ‘Lake Emerald’, and ‘MidSouth’, respectively. Our results indicate that breaking dormancy may be controlled by both temperature and photoperiod in these three cultivars.

Dormancy and hard-seededness in Western Australian serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.)

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Barrett-Lennard ◽  
JS Gladstones
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
High And Low Temperatures ◽  
Western Australian

Experiments were carried out to test the effects of harvesting date, relative humidity in storage, alternating high and low storage temperatures, and hulling and scarification on seed permeability, dormancy, and viability in Western Australian serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.). Hard-seededness (permeability) was found to be governed by seed moisture content. At storage humidities of 76% R.H. and more, all initially soft seeds remained soft, while at 44% R.H. or less and in the open laboratory, all seeds became fully hard. Storage at 52 and 66% R.H. resulted in semi-hardness and delayed germination. Seed maturity did not influence the degree of hardness attained. Seeds in the field became impermeable as soon as they were mature. Breakdown of impermeability occurred either naturally in the field or in storage under alternating temperatures simulating the summer temperature range at the soil surface, but not in storage at a constant temperature of 20°C. The presence of husks surrounding the seeds had no appreciable effect on permeability. The viability of soft seeds was impaired after 7 months' storage at R.H. levels of 76% and over and a constant temperature of 20°C. Hard-seededness gave complete protection against the injurious effects of these conditions. Loss of viability of the soft seeds was not related to their maturity within the range of maturities tested. No physiological dormancy was observed in the seeds themselves, but unhulled seeds (i.e. those not threshed out of the pod segments) tended to remain dormant, which suggested the presence of a water-soluble germination-inhibiting substance in the husks. This dormancy broke down in mature pod segments under alternating high and low temperatures, but not in immature segments or at a constant temperature of 20°C. Recommendations are made for improving the germination of commercial Western Australian serradella seed.

Effects of diel temperature fluctuation on the standard metabolic rate of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): influence of acclimation temperature and provenience

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1306-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Oligny-Hébert ◽  
Caroline Senay ◽  
Eva C. Enders ◽  
Daniel Boisclair
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Thermal Regimes

We assessed the metabolic response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; JAS) originating from two rivers with different natural thermal regimes to different acclimation temperature (15 or 20 °C) and diel temperature fluctuation (constant: ±0.5 °C; fluctuating: ±2.5 °C). Diel temperature fluctuation (15 ± 2.5 °C) near the thermal optimum (16 °C) for the species did not influence standard metabolic rate (SMR) compared with JAS acclimated to a constant temperature of 15 °C. Diel temperature fluctuation at 20 ± 2.5 °C increased SMR of JAS from the warmer river by 33.7% compared with the same fish acclimated to a constant temperature of 20 °C. SMR of JAS from the cooler river held at fluctuating conditions had SMR that were 8% lower than SMR at constant conditions. The results suggest that the mean temperature to which JAS is exposed may affect their responses to diel temperature fluctuation and that this response may vary between populations originating from rivers with different natural thermal regimes. Results were used to develop the first empirical SMR model for JAS subjected to diel temperature fluctuation using fish mass (3–36 g wet) and temperature (12.5–22.5 °C) as explanatory variables.

scholarly journals GIS-Based Analysis and Mapping of the Winter Chilling Hours in Mainland Spain. Application to Some Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Moral ◽  
Abelardo García-Martín ◽  
Francisco J. Rebollo ◽  
María A. Rozas ◽  
Luis L. Paniagua
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Multivariate Geostatistics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Winter Chilling

The knowledge of the chilling requirements for breaking rest and flowering of fruit trees is necessary to properly select cultivars and to avoid losses due to an inappropriate cultivar selection in a particular geographical location. With the aim of providing an analysis using three models (Chilling Hours, Utah Model, and Positive Utah Model) to estimate the accumulation of winter chilling, quantifying its spatial variability and representing the spatial pattern throughout mainland Spain, temperature data from 72 meteorological stations, considering the 1975–2015 period, were utilized. The statistical properties of values corresponding to each winter chilling model were assessed and, later, they were mapped by means of an integrated geographic information system (GIS) and a multivariate geostatistics (regression-kriging) and algebra map approach. The results show that measures obtained with the three chilling models were highly related, which were used to visualize the spatial variability of the accumulated winter chilling considering each model. Moreover, the fact that elevation and latitude are related to the chilling hours enables their use as auxiliary variables to better estimate at unsampled locations and generate more accurate maps. Knowledge of the spatial patterns of chill accumulation in different areas of mainland Spain is of great importance when appropriate fruit trees and cultivars have to be selected. Moreover, if a high probability of satisfying the chilling requirements in any area is considered, quantile maps can be used instead of maps based on mean values. Finally, the potential spatial distributions of three sweet cherry cultivars were delineated using the obtained maps.

scholarly journals Rootstock-scion interaction:6. Phenology, chilling and heat requirements of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Miele
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Heat Requirement

Abstract The grapevine phenology is dependent on several factors, such as genetics, soil characteristics, climate conditions, pests and diseases and vineyard cultural practices. Among these, grafting may have an effect on the scion behavior due to the influence of the rootstock. Therefore, an experiment was carried out for two years to determine the effect of rootstocks on Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grapevine phenology, chilling and heat requirements. Treatments consisted of vines grafted on the rootstocks Rupestris du Lot, 101-14 Mgt, 3309 C, 420A Mgt, 5BB K, 161-49 C, SO4, Solferino, 1103 P, 99 R, 110 R, Gravesac, Fercal, Dogridge and Isabel. Budbreak and flowering of the vines, veraison and maturity of the grapes were the phenological stages evaluated, determining the dates of each stage and the number of days between them. The chilling hours (Tbase= 10 °C) for budbreak and the heat summation required to ripen the grapes were also determined. The results showed that the dates of each phenological stage varied according to the year and the rootstock. The average of two years showed that CS/3309 C, CS/161-49 C and CS/101-14 Mgt sprouted earlier and CS/Dogridge later. Grape maturity was earlier on seven CS/rootstocks, where CS/101-14 Mgt and CS/Rupestris du Lot ripened first and CS/Isabel, CS/5BB K and CS/SO4 later. The average intervals between the stages of CS/rootstocks were (in days), 46.8±3.0 (budbreak-flowering), 64.3±2.1 (flowering-veraison), 54.6±6.1 (veraison-maturity) and 165.7±7.4 (budbreak-maturity). In 1998, 615.9±8.0 chill hours were needed to achieve 50% budbreak and in 1999, 870.6±6.5 chill hours, where CS/Dogridge required the highest chilling to break dormancy. In order to ripen the grapes, the heat requirement from budbreak to maturity was 1573.4±43.0 °C in 1998/1999 and 1599.4±25.5 °C in 1999/2000, and the juice total soluble solids values were 19.1 and 18.1 °Brix, respectively. Although the heat summation of the second cycle was 1.65% higher, the total soluble solids were lower due to the rainfall that was much higher during its grape ripening period.

scholarly journals Differential Growth Responses of Apple Species to Chilling and Root Pruning

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Eric Young
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Chilling Requirements ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Root Types

Malus dometica Borkh., M. anis, M. prunifolia Borkh., M. × robusta Rehd., M. antonovka, M. borwinkw, and M. ranetka bare-root seedlings were chilled at 5C for 0, 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 hours. After chilling treatments, one-half of the seedlings were root-pruned and all seedlings were placed in a greenhouse for 15 days. Quantitative differences between species in the timing and magnitude of new root and shoot growth responses to chilling were observed. Root pruning decreased and delayed the production of roots <0.6 mm in diameter in response to chilling, while the production of larger roots was less affected. Regeneration of both root types differed among species. For new large (≥ 0.6 mm in diameter) root growth criteria, interactions between chilling hours and species were apparent. Chilling requirements and growing degree hour requirements for vegetative budbreak of each species were estimated.

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