scholarly journals Psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and PFGE profiles of Bacillus cereus isolated from different foods and spices

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayriye Yeşim Can ◽  
Mehmet Elmalı ◽  
Alper Karagöz ◽  
Hüseyin Burak Dişli
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Raw Poultry ◽  
Pfge Profiles ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

ABSTRACT: Bacillus cereus is an aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, and it is found naturally in soil and poses a risk factor for the contamination of food and foodstuffs including cereals, vegetables, spices, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, meats, milk, and dairy products. This study determined the prevalence of B. cereus in raw poultry meat, raw cow’s milk, cheese, spices, and RTE foods in Hatay province. The study also analysed the psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of the isolates. The levels of contamination with B. cereus determined for cheese, raw milk, RTE foods, spices, and raw poultry meat were 16.6%, 34.2%, 42.8%, 49%, and 55.5%, respectively. B. cereus was isolated from 84 (42%) of the 200 samples analysed and the 84 isolates were verified by PCR analysis targeting the haemolysin gene specific for B. cereus. Of the total isolates, 64 (76.1%) were psychrotrophic. The toxin gene profiling of B. cereus isolates was determined by amplifying the four genes nhe, hbl, cytK, and ces. The nhe and cytK genes were most frequently detected in the isolates, while the hbl and ces genes were not found. In addition, a high genetic relationship between the isolates was detected at a 92% similarity level by PFGE analysis. In conclusion, the occurrence of both psychrotrophic and toxigenic B. cereus strains in this study indicated a potential risk for food spoilage and food poisoning.

scholarly journals Further Insights into the Toxicity of Bacillus cytotoxicus Based on Toxin Gene Profiling and Vero Cell Cytotoxicity Assays

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Johanna Burtscher ◽  
Danai Etter ◽  
Michael Biggel ◽  
Janine Schlaepfer ◽  
Sophia Johler
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Vero Cell ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Cell Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assays

Bacillus cytotoxicus belongs to the Bacillus cereus group that also comprises the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus sensu stricto, Bacillus anthracis causing anthrax, as well as the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis. The first B. cytotoxicus was isolated in the context of a severe food poisoning outbreak leading to fatal cases of diarrheal disease. Subsequent characterization of the outbreak strain led to the conclusion that this Bacillus strain was highly cytotoxic and eventually resulted in the description of a novel species, whose name reflects the observed toxicity: B. cytotoxicus. However, only a few isolates of this species have been characterized with regard to their cytotoxic potential and the role of B. cytotoxicus as a causative agent of food poisoning remains largely unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to gain further insights into the toxicity of B. cytotoxicus. To this end, 19 isolates were obtained from mashed potato powders and characterized by toxin gene profiling and Vero cell cytotoxicity assays. All isolates harbored the cytK1 (cytotoxin K1) gene and species-specific variants of the nhe (non-hemolytic enterotoxin) gene. The isolates exhibited low or no toxicity towards Vero cells. Thus, this study indicates that the cytotoxic potential of B. cytotoxicus may be potentially lower than initially assumed.

Genetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Toxigenic Profiles of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Sunsik

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
NARI LEE ◽  
JE MIN SUN ◽  
KYUNG YOON KWON ◽  
HYUN JUNG KIM ◽  
MINSEON KOO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Hemolysin Bl ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Element Sequence

Bacillus cereus can cause emetic and diarrheal types of food poisoning, but little study has been done on the toxins and toxin-encoding genes of B. cereus strains isolated from Sunsik, a Korean ready-to-eat food prepared from grains, fruits, and vegetables. In this study, 39 unique B. cereus strains were isolated and identified from Sunsik samples, with an average contamination level of 10 to 200 CFU/g. The detection rates of the hblACD, cytK, and bceT genes among all the strains were 48.7, 66.7, and 87.1%, respectively. All 39 B. cereus strains carried nheABC and entFM genes, and 36 strains also had the ces gene, which encodes an emetic toxin. Nonhemolytic enterotoxin and hemolysin BL enterotoxin were produced by 39 and 26 strains, respectively. The strains were separated into 13 profiles based on the presence or absence of toxins and their genes, as determined by antibody tests and PCR analysis. Profile 1 was the largest group, comprising 30.7% (12 of 39) of the B. cereus strains tested; these strains harbored all toxins and their genes. The B. cereus strains were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested but were highly resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. The repetitive element sequence polymorphism PCR fingerprints of the B. cereus strains were not influenced by the presence of toxin genes or antibiotic resistance profiles. Our results suggest that B. cereus strains from Sunsik could cause either the diarrheal or emetic types of food poisoning because all strains isolated contained at least one toxin and its gene, although the level of B. cereus contamination in Sunsik was low.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF HBLD TOXIN GENE BY BACILLUS CEREUS ISOLATED FROM MEAT CURRY FOOD SAMPLES IN MALAYSIAN RESTAURANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Marwan Msarah ◽  
Ahmed Alsier ◽  
Sahilah, A.M.
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation Medium ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen, can cause food poisoning, leading to infections, have two major types of food poisoning emetic and diarrheal. Foods rich in protein such as meat are associated with foodborne outbreaks of diarrhea caused by B. cereus. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify B. cereus from ready to eat (RTE) meat curry from restaurants in Malaysia and to detect hblD pathogenic gene of B. cereus isolates. Mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar was used as a selective isolation medium. Commercially available kits and boiling methods were used for DNA extraction, samples acquired from restaurants were examined for the presence of Hemolysin BL gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among all isolates, twenty-four of B. cereus isolates detected for HBL enterotoxin production by the discontinuous pattern on HBL sheep blood agar then confirmed by biochemical tests. More than 58.33 % of the isolate showed discontinuous hemolysis pattern on HBl blood agar and 29.16% of the samples were shown positive for hblD gene that can cause diarrhea with the size of 807bp on gel. This study demonstrated that RTE meat curry was a potential source for entero-toxigenic B. cereus and the presence of the hblD toxin genes for the HBL complex in the isolates tested were highly associated. Therefore, these meat curry isolates should be regarded as potential toxin producers.

Establishment of a Novel Multiplex PCR Assay and Detection of Toxigenic Strains of the Species in the Bacillus cereus Group

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2123-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-CHEN YANG ◽  
DANIEL YANG-CHIH SHIH ◽  
TSUI-PING HUANG ◽  
YUN-PU HUANG ◽  
JAN-YI WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Taq Polymerase ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Group A ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus have been characterized. To amplify all of the enterotoxin and emetic-specific sequences of the species in the B. cereus group, a multiplex PCR with 12 primer pairs was established. In developing the assay method, a common terminal sequence at the 3′ ends of all primers was chosen and a hot start Taq polymerase was used to overcome primer dimer formation. The assay was successfully applied to analyze the toxigenic potential of 162 food-poisoning and food-related strains. Results showed that there were 10 toxigenic patterns for all the test strains. All of the B. cereus strains carried at least one toxin gene. More than 70% of Bacillus mycoides strains carried no known toxin genes. The toxin profiles and toxin genes of B. mycoides strains were significantly different from B. cereus strains (P < 0.05), although the two species were closely related. The results suggest that many B. mycoides strains might be less prone to cause food poisoning. They also indicate the importance of detecting the toxin genes together with the detection of the species in the B. cereus group.

Incidence, toxin gene profiling, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus isolated from quick-frozen food in China

LWT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 110824
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Pengfei Yu ◽  
Shubo Yu ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Junhui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Frozen Food

scholarly journals Prevalence of ces and cytk Genes of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Raw Milk in Tabriz, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Mahtab Hamidpour ◽  
Saman Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widespread in nature. It also has been known as a major foodborne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of food poisoning in human: the diarrheal type and the emetic type. Objective: The current study was planned to determine the prevalence of ces and cytk genes of Bacillus cereus isolated from raw milk in Tabriz, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 B. cereus strains isolated from cow raw milk, that had already been identified phenotypically, were assessed for molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Then, they were evaluated for presence of ces and cytK genes by specific primers. Results: Of 40 B. cereus strains, 39 strains were confirmed molecularly. The frequency of cytK and ces genes was reported 38 (97.43%) and 0 (0%), respectively. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that B. cereus strains isolated from raw milk had high potential in causing diarrhea poisoning. Therefore, using procedures to reduce the bacterial contamination during the processing of dairy product is essential.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and The Presence of Circular Plasmids in Bacillus Cereus Isolates of Clinical and Food Origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjaša Cerar Kišek ◽  
Nežka Pogačnik ◽  
Karmen Godič Torkar
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Pfge Analysis ◽  
Linear Plasmids ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Pfge Profiles

Abstract The diversity of 61 Bacillus cereus strains isolated from different clinical specimens, food including raw milk and milk products, and water was evaluated. PFGE analysis could discriminate 61 distinct pulsotypes with similarity levels from 25 to 82%, which were divided into 13 clonal complexes. The similarity between clonal complexes was at least 40%. Clinical strains were divided into 10 clonal complexes, while the strains, isolated from milk, food and water were included in 9, 6 and 6 clonal complexes, respectively. Three clonal complexes were dominated by clinical isolates, while they were absent in two complexes. Bacterial isolates from foods, being a probable source of alimentary toxoinfection, showed low similarity to isolates from stool specimens. The isolates from both sources were classified together in only 4 out of 13 clonal complexes. The large circular and linear plasmids with the sizes between 50 and 200 kb were detected in 24 (39.3%) and 14 (23%) B. cereus strains, respectively. Thirteen (21.3%) strains contained only one plasmid, two plasmids were found in 6 (9.8%) of strains, and three or more plasmids were obtained in 5 (8.2%) of tested strains. The plasmids were confirmed in 30.8% and 40% of isolates from clinical specimens and food and milk samples, respectively. No clear correlation between the PFGE profiles, the source as well as plasmid content among all tested strains was observed.

Occurrence of Enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk from Yaks and Cattle in Mongolia

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1726-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
URANCHIMEG TSEGMED ◽  
GIOVANNI NORMANNO ◽  
MARIT PRINGLE ◽  
KAREL KROVACEK
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
First Report ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

Staphylococcal food poisoning is considered one of the leading foodborne illnesses in humans worldwide and is associated with contaminated foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of staphylococci and the enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk from yaks (Bos mutus) and cattle in Mongolia. Staphylococci were isolated from 72 (74%) of the 97 raw milk samples. Of the samples containing staphylococci, 69% (50 of 72) were from yaks and 30.5% (22 of 72) were from cattle. S. aureus was detected in 10% of yak (7 of 72) and 21% of cattle (15 of 72) milk samples. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C was detected in 23% (5 of 22) of the S. aureus strains investigated, based on the reverse passive latex agglutination technique. Three of the five enterotoxigenic strains were from yaks and two were from cattle. None of the S. aureus strains tested produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, or D. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of staphylococci and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in milk from yaks and cattle in Mongolia.

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