scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE RELATIVE AGE EFFECT ON HEIGHT, MOTOR PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF OLYMPIC VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Luiz José Frota Solon Junior ◽  
Luiz Vieira da Silva Neto
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction The Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the chronological age difference that occurs between athletes of the same age category, which can benefit individuals born in the first two quartiles of the year. This phenomenon is commonly studied in team sports, yet the results are still inconsistent, especially in volleyball. Objective This study analyzed the distribution of the number of births per quartile of Olympic volleyball athletes and whether this would influence anthropometric/motor variables and technical elements. Methods The sample consisted of 116 male athletes who scored during the Rio 2016 Olympics. For data analysis, we identified each athlete’s quartile as well as data on height, attack and defensive (or block) range, and respective scores during the games. The Chi-square test was then used to verify interquartile distribution. To assess the normality of the other variables, we conducted the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Once accepted, one-way ANOVA was performed with the Bonferroni post-hoc test to verify significance between quartiles. A significance level of p≤0.05 was adopted. Results There was no significant difference in the distribution of athletes between quartiles (p = 0.74). When comparing the other variables in terms of the athletes’ trimester of birth, we did not observe any significant difference between height (p = 0.79), attack (p=0.59) and defensive range (p=0.07), and in the scores for serving, attacking and blocking between quartiles either. Conclusion The Relative Age Effect was not observed in Olympic volleyball athletes, therefore this phenomenon is not related to the athletes’ performance. This shows that other possible variables may influence the development of these athletes, discarding the relative age phenomenon. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective and Comparative Study.

Relative Age Effect: Beyond the Youth Phenomenon

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E Garrett ◽  
Patrick W Joyner ◽  
William J Mallon ◽  
Donald T Kirkendall
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Olympic Athletes ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
General Existence ◽  
Global Classification ◽  
Individual Sports

ABSTRACT The relative age effect (RAE) refers to the oversampling of youth born in the first quarter of the birth year when auditioning for selected age-restricted sports. This advantage conferred to the older athlete is the result of the older athlete being more physically and emotionally mature and, therefore, assumed to be a more advanced player. Chosen players will be exposed to better coaching, competition, teammates, and facilities in their respective sport. This RAE was first described in 1988 for ice hockey, and has since been described in numerous other sports, with a vast majority of the literature demonstrating an RAE in small cohorts, as well as in team sports and sports that incorporate a ball (i.e. soccer, basketball, hockey, etc). We extended the exploration of an RAE beyond specific sports by examining the birth quarter of over 44,000 Olympic athletes birth dates, born between 1964 and 1996. Our hypothesis is that not only did an RAE exist in Olympic athletes, but that it existed across selected categories of athletes (by gender), such as team vs individual sports, winter vs summer athletes, and sports using a ball vs those not using a ball. The fractions of births in the first vs the fourth quarter of the year were significantly different (p < 0.001) from each other for the summer and winter Olympians, ball and nonball sports, and team as well as individual sports. This significant difference was not gender specific. We found the general existence of an RAE in Olympic athletes regardless of global classification. Joyner PW, Mallon WJ, Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE Jr. Relative Age Effect: Beyond the Youth Phenomenon. The Duke Orthop J 2013;3(1):74-79.

scholarly journals The relative age-related participation trends in European Badminton

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
MERT BILGIC ◽  
ERHAN DEVRILMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Tests ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Age Related ◽  
European Youth

Background: T he purpose of this study was to identify the relative age effect (RAE) in European youth badminton through examining participation trends. Material and methods: T he birthdate distributions of 1909 badminton players (males = 994, females = 915) participating in the last three consecutive European U15, U17 and Junior (U19) Badminton Championships were analysed. Chi-square (χ²) goodness-of-fit tests were used to determine inter-quartile differences, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated in order to compare quartiles with each other. Results: Statistically significant over-representation of players born shortly after the cut-off date was determined. Regarding gender, RAE was more notable in males compared to females, and the strongest results were determined in U15 compared to the other age categories. Moreover, striking trends were determined in Q1–Q4 comparisons, particularly as players in Q1 were more than twice for females and thrice for males as likely to participate in the European Badminton Championships. Conclusions: F indings of this study confirm the presence of RAE in European youth badminton though decreasing its intensity with age. Certain precautions or different approaches should be taken into consideration to organize the age categories, such as biological markers, variations, rotations or age quota for equal opportunities.

scholarly journals O efeito da idade relativa influencia o tempo de participação competitiva de atletas de handebol do sexo masculino com até 13 anos de idade (Relative age effect affects the time of competitive participation in male handball athletes aged up to 13 years)

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Lucas Leonardo ◽  
Cristian Javier Ramirez Lizana ◽  
Tathyane Krahenbühl ◽  
Alcides José Scaglia
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Post Hoc

Resumo: A competição é um ambiente de aprendizagem cuja participação é um elemento de formação esportiva. Este estudo visa analisar as influências do efeito da idade relativa, em inglês, relative age effect (RAE), sobre as decisões dos treinadores no tocante à oportunidade de participação de atletas do sexo masculino de até 13 anos numa competição de handebol. Foram coletados 254 tempos de participação de 100 atletas em 22 partidas. Agrupou-se os dados em gA para atletas com idade acima do 3º quartil; gB para atletas entre o 3º quartil a mediana; gC para atletas com idades entre a mediana e o 1º quartil e gD para atletas com idades abaixo do 1º quartil. Utilizou-se teste de Lilliefors para verificar a normalidade dos dados e teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc de Tuckey para verificar diferenças nos tempos de participação. Adotou-se o nível de significância de p < .05. O comportamento das medianas indica que em gA metade dos atletas participaram da partida toda, resultado gradualmente menor para os outros grupos. Além disso o tempo de participação de gA foi estatisticamente superior aos demais grupos e gC foi superior a gD. Os resultados indicam que o RAE influencia as decisões dos treinadores em favor da maior oportunidade de prática competitiva aos atletas com idade relativa superior dentro da categoria e, portanto, reforça a ideia de que atletas com desenvolvimento adiantado possuem maiores oportunidades de aprendizagem no ambiente competitivo.Abstract: Competition is a learning environment, the participation in which is an element of sports training. This study aims to analyze the influences of relative age effect (RAE) on coaches’ decisions about the opportunity of participation of u-13 male athletes in handball competitions. A total of 254 participation lapses were collected from 100 athletes during 22 matches. Data was grouped as: gA athletes aged above the 3th quartile; gB athletes aged between the 3th quartile and median, gC athletes aged between the median and 1st quartile, gD athletes with ages below the 1st quartile. A Kruskal-Wallis test with Tuckey post-hoc was used to determine differences in participation time. The significance level adopted was p < .05. The gA median indicate that 50% of the athletes participated in whole match; that result was gradually lower in the other groups. Also, gA participation time was statistically higher than other groups, and gC participation time was higher than gD. These results indicate that RAE influences coaches’ decisions, as they give more opportunities of competitive practice to athletes with higher relative age. Therefore, our outcomes reinforce the idea that athletes with early development have greater opportunities for learning in a competitive environment.Resumen: La competición es un ambiente de aprendizaje cuya participación es un elemento de formación deportiva. El presente estudio pretende analizar la influencia del efecto de la edad relativa, en inglés relative age effect (RAE), sobre las decisiones de los entrenadores referentes a la oportunidad de participación en partidos de balonmano, de atletas masculinos sub 13. Se recolectaron 254 tiempos de participación de 100 atletas en 22 partidos. Se agruparon los datos en gA los atletas de edades mayores al 3° cuartil; gB para atletas con edades entre el 3°cuartil y la mediana, gC para atletas con edades entre la mediana y el 1º cuartil y gD para atletas con edades por debajo del 1° cuartil. Se utilizó prueba de Lilliefors para comprobar la normalidad de los datos y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc de Tuckey para verificar las diferencias en el tiempo de participación. La adoptó un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. El comportamiento de las medianas indica que en gA la mitad de los atletas participaron en todo el partido, resultado que se presentó gradualmente inferior en los demás grupos. Además, el tiempo de participación de gA fue estadísticamente superior a los otros tres grupos y gC fue superior a gD. Los resultados indican que el RAE influye en las decisiones de los entrenadores a favor de una mayor oportunidad de práctica competitiva a los atletas con edad relativa superior dentro de la categoría y, por lo tanto, refuerza la idea de que los atletas con mayor desarrollo tienen mayores oportunidades para el aprendizaje en el entorno competitivo.

scholarly journals RELATIVE AGE EFFECT AMONG YOUNG CROATIAN TAEKWONDO COMPETITORS

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
Matej Babić ◽  
Dražen Čular ◽  
Igor Jelaska
Keyword(s):  
Age Effect ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Selection Of

Aim of this research was to identify and analyse relative age effect (RAE) on sample composed of young Croatian taekwondo competitors. In order with aim of research, for medal winners (n1=72) and other competitors (n2=187) who competed at Croatian taekwondo cadet championship 2015, date of birth, weight category and sport success were extracted. By conducting of Chi-square test on all competitors (n=259) it is proven there is non-significant difference (χ2=12.28; p=0.34) between expected and observed frequencies according to month of birth. Furthermore, significant difference between observed and expected frequencies according to year of birth of medal winners (χ2=45.31; p<0.01) is confirmed. Results of this research are pointing on presence of RAE which could lead to mistakes in selection of young athletes. Authors are suggesting to minimize allowed age range for competition, or to separate competitors in more age categories, which would enable more equal competitions and reduce effect of age on sport success.

scholarly journals Small Relative Age Effect Appears in Professional Female Italian Team Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Paolo Riccardo Brustio ◽  
Gennaro Boccia ◽  
Paolo De Pasquale ◽  
Corrado Lupo ◽  
Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Tests ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Female Sports ◽  
Italian Context

The relative age effect (RAE) concerns those (dis)advantages and outcomes resulting from an interaction between the dates of selection and birthdates. Although this phenomenon is well known in a male context, limited data are available in female sports. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and magnitude of the RAE in a female Italian context at the professional level in basketball, soccer, and volleyball. A total of 1535 birthdates of elite senior players were analyzed overall and separately between early and late career stages. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were applied to investigate the RAE in each sport. An asymmetry in birthdates was observed in all sports (Crammer’s V ranged = 0.10–0.12). Players born close to the beginning of the year were 1.62 and 1.61 times more likely to reach first and second Italian divisions of soccer and volleyball, respectively, than those born in the last part of the year. A small over-representation of female athletes born close to the beginning of the year is evident at the senior professional level in all Italian investigated team sports. In soccer, this trend was more evident in the first stage of a senior career.

scholarly journals Efecto de la edad relativa para el desarrollo del talento en jóvenes triatletas (Relative age effect for talents’ development in young triathletes)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Alberto Ferriz Valero ◽  
Sergio Sellés Pérez ◽  
Miguel García Jaén ◽  
Roberto Cejuela Anta
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Month Of Birth ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect

El mes de nacimiento tiene importantes implicaciones en el desarrollo del talento deportivo, especialmente para algunos deportes y grupos de edad. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de la edad relativa -EER- en jóvenes triatletas. Para ello, se identificó el cuartil de nacimiento de 160 triatletas cadetes que participaron en liga de triatlón valenciana durante el periodo 2012-2016, clasificando, por un lado, aquéllos que formaron parte de los programas de tecnificación y, por otro, los que obtuvieron medalla. Se aplicaron los test estadísticos Chi-cuadrado, Kruskal-Wallis y el test de contraste de proporciones a través de SPSS®y Microsoft Excel®. Los resultados mostraron que los triatletas nacidos en el primer cuartil del año predominan en los programas de tecnificación en triatlón y obtienen más medallas que el resto, especialmente de oro.Abstract. The month of birth has important implications for the development of sports talents, especially for some sports and age groups. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of relative age -RAE - in young triathletes. For this reason, during the period 2012-2016 the birth quartile of 160 young triathletes who participated in the Valencian Triathlon League was identified, categorizing those who took part in high performance programs on one side, and on the other those who achieved medals. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and proportion contrast tests were applied through SPSS® and Microsoft Excel®. The results showed that triathletes born in the first quartile of the year predominate in triathlon high performance programs and win more medals than the rest, especially gold ones.

scholarly journals The relative age effect in Brazilian soccer: so what?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Dalmo Roberto Lopes Machado ◽  
Pedro Pugliesi Abdalla ◽  
Ana Claudia Rossini Venturini ◽  
André Pereira Dos Santos ◽  
Nilo Cesar Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectiveː our purpose was a) to describe the Relative Age Effect occurrence in Brazilian elite youth soccer players; b) to identify the association between Relative Age Effect and technical skills and c) to examine how Relative Age Effect can affect Physical Fitness. Method: Eighty-one Brazilian elite soccer players from three age-group teams (U-15, U-17 and U-20) were classified by birth quartiles according to their date of birth. Relative Age Effect was determined when there was a statistically significant difference between players who were born in BQ1 (January through March) to the other birth quartiles (Chi-Square). The association between Relative Age Effect and Technical Rankings was verified by the correlation. The partial correlation controlled for date of birth and for maturity offset was also performed. Relative Age Effect on Physical Fitness was verified by the variance (ANOVA) of its components on each team’s birth quartiles. Results: Players born in BQ1 were the most selected in U-15 (60%) and U-17 (35%) teams, but not in U-20 (25%). A low to moderate (Rho = 0.04 to 0.53) correlation was found between birth quartiles and Technical Rankings, while date of birth and maturation (partial correlation) effects were identified in the U-15 team. Although birth quartiles do not affect Physical Fitness (ANOVA), it may favour some Physical Fitness components (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The greater risk of Relative Age Effect in younger teams is due to the greater emphasis on technical skills. When date of birth and maturation are controlled for, the association between Technical Rankings and birth quartiles is reduced. There was no evidence that Relative Age Effect affected the players’ game performance.

scholarly journals Are the Player Selection Process and Performance Influenced by Relative Age Effect in Elite Women’s Handball?

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-237
Author(s):  
Alfonso de la Rubia ◽  
Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo ◽  
Jesús Rivilla-García ◽  
Moisés Marquina
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Collective Performance ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The relative age effect (RAE) is a phenomenon present in team sports, but it does not influence each gender to the same extent. This study aimed to examine the RAE and its relation to performance in international women's handball competitions (2017/18 World Championships). The sample was composed of 1,096 female players distributed into three categories: youth or under 18 (n = 369); junior or under 20 (n = 328) and senior (n = 399). The teams were divided into four groups based on their final position (medalist, quarter-finalist, eight-finalist and bottom-eight teams). The birthdate distribution (trimesters and semesters) was analysed according to the competition category and the playing position. Differences between the expected and observed birthdate distribution were checked using the chi-square statistical test followed by the calculation of the odds ratio. The results revealed, by trimester, the presence of the RAE in the youth (x2(7) = 87.22; p < 0.001) and junior (x2 (7) = 33.12; p < 0.001) categories, with no impact on senior (p > 0.05). The effect size was relatively strong in the youth category (Vc = 0.48). By semester, the prevalence of the RAE was also found in the senior category (p < 0.05). According to the playing position, the RAE was especially detected in ‘goalkeeper’ (p < 0.01) and ‘centre-back’ (p < 0.05) positions, both in U-18 and U-20 categories. Surprisingly, this effect also appeared in the ‘back’ players in the senior category (p < 0.05). A prevalence of the RAE was identified in teams with a higher final position, but interestingly had a greater impact in the quarter-finalist teams (p < 0.001) than in the medalist teams (p < 0.01). The findings demonstrated that the RAE tends to decrease as the chronological age of players increases, demonstrating a strong presence according to collective performance in international women’s handball.

scholarly journals Relative age effect on competitive performance in judo athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Victor Ramalho Lucena ◽  
Pedro Pinheiro Paes ◽  
Gustavo Augusto Fernandes Correia ◽  
Bruna Giovana Correia Souza ◽  
Mayllane Pereira da Silva Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Competitive Performance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

The difference of chronological age in an age group is called Relative Age (RA) and its consequences on the performance of athletes is called Relative Age Effect (RAE). It is believed that the RAE among young athletes can affect their competitive success in many ways, even into adulthood. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the EIR in all judo competitors of the national competitions of the year 2013, making the differentiation by age categories and the competitive performance. This study included 862 male athletes and 637 female athletes. The chi-square was used to compare the observed and expected values among quartiles, adopting significance as p < 0.05. A post hoc Bonferroni analysis was used to identify where the significant differences were (adjusted p < 0.00417). The results showed a significant difference in the male sub-15 categories (Q2 in G1: OV= 17, EV = 9.7, p = 0.001) and male sub-23 (Q1 in G3: OV= 37, EV = 10.1; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the RAE was only identified in male athletes. However, there was great discrepancy between athletes born in the first semester and athletes born in the second semester.

scholarly journals Relative Age Effect in Elite German Soccer: Influence of Gender and Competition Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Götze ◽  
Matthias W. Hoppe
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
German Adult

The relative age effect (RAE) is associated with (dis)advantages in competitive sports. While the RAE in elite male soccer reveals a skewed birthdate distribution in relation to a certain cut-off date, research of RAE in elite female soccer is affected by small number of samples and conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the RAE in elite adult German soccer regarding gender and competition level. The sample comprised 680 female and 1,083 male players of the two top German leagues during the 2019/20 season and German national teams (A-Team to Under 19). Differences between the observed and expected birthdate distributions were analyzed using chi-square statistics and effect sizes followed by calculating odds ratios. Results showed a statistically significant RAE with small effect size across all players included for both genders (female players: P &lt; 0.001, W = 0.16, male players: P &lt; 0.001, W = 0.23). The identified RAE was based on an over-representation of players born at the beginning of the year. According to gender and competition level, RAEs were more pronounced in German male soccer. While significant RAEs were found among males in the first two leagues (first league: P &lt; 0.001, W = 0.19, second league: P &lt; 0.001, W = 0.26), the RAE of females was more pronounced in the second league (first league: P = 0.080, W = 0.16, second league: P = 0.002, W = 0.20). The analysis of RAE regarding the national teams revealed a statistically significant RAE with large effect size for only the youngest investigated age group of male players (Under 19: P = 0.022, W = 0.52). Our data show an RAE in female and male German adult soccer, which could be accompanied by a loss of valuable elite players during the youth phase of the career. Consequently, the pool of talented players at the adult level would be limited.

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