scholarly journals Frequency of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) in non-clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-465
Author(s):  
C. G. Y. Huescas ◽  
R. I. Pereira ◽  
J. Prichula ◽  
P. A. Azevedo ◽  
J. Frazzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Marine Animal ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Animal Feces

Abstract The fidelity of the genomes is defended by mechanism known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems. Three Type II CRISPR systems (CRISPR1- cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas) have been identified in enterococci isolates from clinical and environmental samples. The aim of this study was to observe the distribution of CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas in non-clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from food and fecal samples, including wild marine animals. The presence of CRISPRs was evaluated by PCR in 120 enterococci strains, 67 E. faecalis and 53 E. faecium. It is the first report of the presence of the CRISPRs system in E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated from wild marine animal fecal samples. The results showed that in non-clinical strains, the CRISPRs were more frequently detected in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. And the frequencies of CRISPR1-cas and CRISPR2 were higher (60%) in E. faecalis strains isolated from animal feces, compared to food samples. Both strains showed low frequencies of CRISPR3-cas (8.95% and 1.88%). In conclusion, the differences in the habitats of enterococcal species may be related with the results observe in distribution of CRISPRs systems.

scholarly journals Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes in recent clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus avium

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. KOBAYASHI ◽  
MD. MAHBUB ALAM ◽  
Y. NISHIMOTO ◽  
S. URASAWA ◽  
N. UEHARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
High Level

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) are major factors which confer aminoglycoside resistance on bacteria. Distribution of genes encoding seven AMEs was investigated by multiplex PCR for 279 recent clinical isolates of enterococci derived from a university hospital in Japan. The aac(6′)-aph(2″), which is related to high level gentamicin resistance, was detected at higher frequency in Enterococcus faecalis (42·5 %) than in Enterococcus faecium (4·3 %). Almost half of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates possessed ant(6)-Ia and aph(3′)-IIIa. The profile of AME gene(s) detected most frequently in individual strains of E. faecalis was aac(6′)-aph(2″)+ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa, and isolates with this profile showed high level resistance to both gentamicin and streptomycin. In contrast, AME gene profiles of aac(6′)-Ii+ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa, followed by aac(6′)-Ii alone, were predominant in E. faecium. Only one AME gene profile of ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa was found in Enterococcus avium. The ant(4′)-Ia and ant(9)-Ia, which have been known to be distributed mostly among Staphylococcus aureus strains, were detected in a few enterococcal strains. An AME gene aph(2″)-Ic was not detected in any isolates of the three enterococcal species. These findings indicated a variety of distribution profiles of AME genes among enterococci in our study site.

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Milk, Beef, and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Resistance

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. CHINGWARU ◽  
S. F. MPUCHANE ◽  
B. A. GASHE
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The occurrence and antibiotic resistance of enterococci, especially Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, in milk, beef, and chicken in Gaborone, Botswana, were studied. Enterococci were isolated from these sources with the use of bile esculin agar and identified with API 20 Strep kits. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. The antibiotics tested were vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and cephalothin. Among the 1,467 enterococci isolated from the samples, E. faecalis (46.1%) and E. faecium (29.0%) were found to be the predominant species. Other enterococcal species made up 25% of the isolates. More than 96 and 97% of the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively, were found to be resistant to ampicillin. Almost 34, 27.3, and 22.4% of the E. faecalis isolates from milk, beef, and chicken, respectively, were also resistant to cephalothin. The percentages of E. faecium isolates that were found to be resistant to cephalothin were 32.8, 16.9, and 17.3% for milk, beef, and chicken, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin was widespread. It was found that 18.8, 7.8, and 13.1% of the E. faecalis isolates from milk, beef, and chicken samples, respectively, were resistant to vancomycin. In contrast, 32.8, 24.7, and 30.7% of the E. faecium isolates from milk, beef, and chicken samples, respectively, were resistant to vancomycin. Isolates that were resistant to multiple drugs were found in relatively large numbers.

scholarly journals Development of Daptomycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Enterococcus faecium and Revision of the Breakpoints for Other Enterococcal Species by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Satlin ◽  
David P Nicolau ◽  
Romney M Humphries ◽  
Joseph L Kuti ◽  
Shelley A Campeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Infectious Diseases Consultation ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Daptomycin is one of the few treatment options for infections caused by enterococci that are resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. The emergence and clinical significance of daptomycin-resistant enterococci and evolving microbiologic, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic, and clinical data indicated that the pre-2019 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) susceptible-only breakpoint of ≤4 μg/mL for daptomycin and enterococci was no longer appropriate. After analyzing data that are outlined in this article, the CLSI Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing established new breakpoints for daptomycin and enterococci. For E. faecium, a susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) breakpoint of ≤4 μg/mL was established based on an increased dosage of 8–12 mg/kg/day (≥8 μg/mL-resistant). CLSI suggests infectious diseases consultation to guide daptomycin use for the SDD category. For Enterococcus faecalis and other enterococcal species, revised breakpoints of ≤2 μg/mL-susceptible, 4 μg/mL-intermediate, and ≥8 μg/mL-resistant were established based on a standard dosage of 6 mg/kg/day.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from layer parent stock

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 5892-5899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeong Bin Kim ◽  
Kwang Won Seo ◽  
Jong Bo Shim ◽  
Se hyun Son ◽  
Eun Bi Noh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Parent Stock

The occurrence and transferability of the resistance determinants in 50 amikacin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Bujdáková ◽  
Ivana Krupová ◽  
Miriam Filipová ◽  
Sylvia Benczeová ◽  
Milan Kettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Resistance Determinants

scholarly journals Pharmacodynamics of Daptomycin against Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in the Murine Thigh Infection Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Kidd ◽  
Kamilia Abdelraouf ◽  
Tomefa E. Asempa ◽  
Romney M. Humphries ◽  
David P. Nicolau
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Hill Equation ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Free Drug Concentration ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Susceptibility Breakpoint

ABSTRACT The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) daptomycin MIC susceptibility breakpoint for the treatment of enterococcal infections is ≤4 μg/ml. However, patients receiving daptomycin for the treatment of infections caused by enterococci with MICs of ≤4 μg/ml may experience treatment failures. We assessed the pharmacodynamics of daptomycin against enterococci in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model and determined the exposures necessary for bacteriostasis and a 1-log10-CFU reduction of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. We further characterized daptomycin efficacy at clinically achievable exposures. Six E. faecium and 6 E. faecalis isolates (daptomycin MICs, 0.5 to 32 μg/ml) were studied. Daptomycin was administered at various doses over 24 h to achieve area under the free drug concentration-time curve-to-MIC ratios (fAUC0–24/MIC) ranging from 1 to 148. Daptomycin regimens that simulate mean human exposures following doses of 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg of body weight/day were also studied. Efficacy was assessed by the differences in the number of log10 CFU per thigh at 24 h. The Hill equation was used to estimate the fAUC0–24/MIC required to achieve bacteriostasis and a 1-log10-CFU reduction. For E. faecium, a 1-log10-CFU reduction required an fAUC0–24/MIC of 12.9 (R2 = 0.71). For E. faecalis, a 1-log10-CFU reduction was not achieved, while the fAUC0–24/MIC required for stasis was 7.2 (R2 = 0.8). With a human-simulated regimen of 6 mg/kg/day, a 1-log10-CFU reduction was observed in 3/3 E. faecium isolates with MICs of <4 μg/ml and 0/3 E. faecium isolates with MICs of ≥4 μg/ml; however, a 1-log10-CFU reduction was not achieved for any of the 6 E. faecalis isolates. These results, alongside clinical data, prompt a reevaluation of the current breakpoint.

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