scholarly journals Percentage of importance indice-production unknown: loss and solution sources identification on system

2024 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Demolin-Leite
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Sources Identification ◽  
Diabrotica Speciosa

Abstract Indices are used to help on decision-making. This study aims to develop and test an index, which can determine the loss (e.g., herbivorous insects) and solution (e.g., natural enemies) sources. They will be classified according to their importance regarding the ability to damage or to reduce the source of damage to the system when the final production is unknown. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs, and it is adequate to evaluate a new index. The formula was: Percentage of the Importance Indice-Production Unknown (% I.I.-PU) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. The loss sources Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Tettigoniidae, and solution sources Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) showed the highest % I.I.-PU on leaves of A. auriculiformis saplings. The number of Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was reduced per number of Salticidae; that of A. reticulatum that of Uspachus sp.; and that of Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) that of P. termitarius on A. auriculiformis saplings. However, the number of Aleyrodidae was increased per number of Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and that of A. reticulatum that of Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on A. auriculiformis saplings. The A. reticulatum damage was reduced per number of Uspachus sp., but the Aleyrodidae damage was increased per number of Cephalotes sp., totaling 23.81% of increase by insect damages on A. auriculiformis saplings. Here I show and test the % I.I.-PU. It is an new index that can detect the loss or solution sources on a system when production is unknown. It can be applied in some knowledge areas.

scholarly journals Ecological indices of phytophagous Hemiptera and their natural enemies on Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae) plants with or without dehydrated sewage sludge application in a degraded area

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0237261
Author(s):  
Luan Rocha Dourado ◽  
Germano Leão Demolin-Leite ◽  
Marcus Alvarenga Soares ◽  
Gustavo Leal Teixeira ◽  
Farley William Souza Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Ecological Indices ◽  
Degraded Area ◽  
Sludge Application

scholarly journals The role of integrating agroforestry and vegetable planting in structuring communities of herbivorous insects and their natural enemies in the Neotropical region

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érica Sevilha Harterreiten-Souza ◽  
Pedro Henrique Brum Togni ◽  
Carmen Silvia Soares Pires ◽  
Edison Ryoiti Sujii
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Herbivorous Insects

scholarly journals Sweet Corn, Explored as a Companion Plant, Mitigates Sucking Insects in Industrial Tomato Plants, Pre-flowering Stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Silva ◽  
Bruno Barboza dos Santos ◽  
Alírio Felipe Alves Netto ◽  
Cide Moreira da Silva ◽  
Carmen Rosa da Silva Curvêlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Diabrotica Speciosa

Plant diversification mitigates colonization by herbivorous insects in agricultural systems. Tomato and sweet corn generate raw material, for industrial processing, with outstanding production in Goiás state, Brazil. Yet, little is known about the potential of sweet corn as a companion plant for sucking insects, and natural enemies, in tomato plants. We collected pests and natural enemies in tomato (pre-flowering stage) plants under three treatments: isolated tomato plants (T1), tomato plants with sweet corn in the border (T2), and tomato plants with polyculture (garlic, lettuce, and squash) in the border (T3). The insects were collected by yellow sticky traps. Dalbulus maidis (29.52%), Frankliniella schultzei (23.90%), F. occidentalis (18.72%) and Myzus persicae (15.20%) corresponded to 87.34% of the total insects collected. Tomato plants cultivated with sweet corn on the border had lower infestation of the thrips, F. schultzei as well as the aphid M. persicae. The number of D. maidis and F. occidentalis adults did not change according to the treatments. Diabrotica speciosa and Astylus variegatus were more collected in tomato plants with adjacent sweet corn. Predators and parasitoids represented only 6.62% of the total abundance. Cycloneda sanguinea and parasitoids were more collected in tomato plants with polyculture (T3). Tomato with sweet corn or polyculture favored the abundance of the predator Sphaerophoria scripta. Considerations around the control of insect pests and the sustenance of natural enemies in tomato plants, with sweet corn acting as a companion plant, in the pre-flowering stage of that Solanaceae, are demonstrated.

scholarly journals Arthropod pests of pistachios, their natural enemies and management

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 231-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reza Mehrnejad
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Pistachio Nut ◽  
Arthropod Pests ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact

Commercial pistachio cultivation and production began about a century ago in Iran. The size of this industry has gradually increased and the pistachio nut production in Iran is now the largest worldwide, although it has declined over last few years due to long periods of harsh drought, the mismanagement of water resources and the impact of climate change. Research on pests and diseases was started in the 1940s due to the demands of the growers who were facing economic damage by herbivorous insects. Much research has been undertaken over the last 75 years to improve production procedures and the present article summarises the available information on pistachio pests, their natural enemies and management.

scholarly journals Chewing insects, pollinators, and predators on Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. S. Mota ◽  
G. L. Demolin-Leite ◽  
P. F. S. Guanabens ◽  
G. L. Teixeira ◽  
M. A. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Ecological Indices ◽  
Pioneer Plants ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Diabrotica Speciosa ◽  
Chewing Insects

Abstract Fertilization with dehydrated sewage sludge can speed up the recovery process of degraded areas due to nutrients concentration, favoring the development of pioneer plants such as Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) and the emergence of insects. This study aimed the evaluation of chewing, pollinating insects, predators, their ecological indices and relationships on A. auriculiformis plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without dehydrated sewage sludge) and 24 repetitions. The prevalence of chewing insects Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae), and Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), defoliation, and ecological indices of abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera were observed on fertilized A. auriculiformis. Acacia auriculiformis plants, with a superior number of branches/tree, revealed greater abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera, species richness of pollinating insects, defoliation, numbers of Parasyphraea sp. and T. collaris. The ones with larger leaves/branches displayed greater abundance of species richness of Coleoptera and Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Therefore, the use of A. auriculiformis plants, fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge, is promising in the recovery of degraded areas due to the ecological indices increase of chewing and pollinators insects and spiders in the analyzed area.

RADIAL GRADIENTS IN WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN TREES OF CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAINS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Parolin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Tropical Dry Forests ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Central Amazonia

Increases in wood specific gravity (SG) with distance from pith are associated with the growth strategies of trees and their environments. In the present study, radial gradients in SG were analysed for 20 species from nutrient-rich whitewater floodplains (várzea), including seven pioneer species, and for 15 species from nutrient-poor blackwater floodplains (igapó) in Central Amazonia. Average SG increased from pith to bark by 12% in the species from igapó, compared to 16% in the nonpioneers and 35% in the pioneers from várzea. The increases lie in the range of tropical dry forests. SG variation follows the growth strategies of the trees. The main trend in nutrient-rich várzea is fast growth, with low SG wood initially and higher increases in SG. In nutrientpoor igapó, the tendency is relatively constant, slow growth and low SG changes throughout tree life.

Consequences of plant water limitation for aphids, their natural enemies, and insect communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Tarron Kansman
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Arthropod Community ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Aphid Populations

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Climate change is causing an increase in drought events around the world. Water limitation affects the quality and quantity of plant resources for herbivorous insects, resulting in cascading effects for higher trophic levels. Physiological changes due to water limitation may make plants more nutritious for insect herbivores, but it comes at the cost of increased plant defensive responses, declining biomass, and restricted access to the phloem. These changes in the plant have direct effects on natural enemies of herbivorous insects by changing the attractiveness of the habitat, and indirect effects by changing the quality of their insect prey. However, the outcomes of these interactions are still up for debate. My research examined the broad effects of water limitation on insect communities and elucidated mechanisms driving the response. This research is novel in that I assessed insect responses to multiple levels of water limitation and across several levels of ecological organization: plant-herbivore, tri-trophic, and within the framework of the greater arthropod community. First, I examined effects of plant water limitation on the arthropod community associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with specific focus on aphids and their natural enemies. Second, I determined how plant water limitation affects bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) performance and population growth, and investigated plant traits that influence the aphid response. Third, I assessed aphid behavioral responses to plant water limitation and their contribution to aphid performance outcomes. Finally, I determined the indirect consequences of plant water limitation for aphid population suppression by parasitic wasps. Across all studies, I found evidence that aphid populations may decline as droughts become more frequent and intense. I determined that all levels of water limitation reduced total insect abundance and shifted the composition of the insect community. Using structural equation modeling, I showed that aphids were affected by stress induced changes in plant properties other than plant biomass, whereas natural enemies were strongly affected by changes in plant biomass; these effects were exacerbated as water stress increased. Aphid population size, population growth rate, and individual fecundity were negatively affected by even mild levels of plant water limitation. Diminished aphid performance on stressed plants may be driven by reduced amino acid concentrations and increased sucrose concentrations, both conditions which reduce plant quality for aphids. In addition, aphid host-plant selection was affected by plant water limitation, and aphid feeding rate declined on stressed hosts. Finally, parasitic wasps were better at suppressing aphid populations on stressed plants, with the highest mummy production found under mild stress conditions. However, the mechanism driving improved aphid suppression by wasps on stressed plants was reliant on water stress intensity. Taken together, I found that plant water limitation negatively affects insect communities and influences tri-trophic interactions. These studies highlight the intricate ways plant water stress intensity can affect insect behavior, performance, and species interactions, which are critical for our ability to predict outcomes of a changing climate for insects.

Discarding optimality: Throwing out the baby with the bathwater?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Simen ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Reward Rate ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Standard Observer ◽  
Rate Maximization ◽  
Reward Rate Maximization ◽  
Descriptive Standard ◽  
Observer Model

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) argue against normative theories and in favor of a more descriptive “standard observer model” of perceptual decision making. We agree with the authors in many respects, but we argue that optimality (specifically, reward-rate maximization) has proved demonstrably useful as a hypothesis, contrary to the authors’ claims.

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