Morphogenesis of the rhea (Rhea americana) respiratory system in different embryonic and foetal stages

ABSTRACT: The rhea (Rhea americana) is an important wild species that has been highlighted in national and international livestock. This research aims to analyse embryo-foetal development in different phases of the respiratory system of rheas. Twenty-three embryos and foetuses were euthanized, fixed and dissected. Fragments of the respiratory system, including the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, syrinx, bronchi and lungs, were collected and processed for studies using light and scanning electron microscopy. The nasal cavity presented cubic epithelium in the early stages of development. The larynx exhibited typical respiratory epithelium between 27 and 31 days. The trachea showed early formation of hyaline cartilage after 15 days. Syrinx in the mucous membrane of 18-day foetuses consisted of ciliated epithelium in the bronchial region. The main bronchi had ciliated epithelium with goblet cells in the syringeal region. In the lung, the parabronchial stage presented numerous parabronchi between 15 and 21 days. This study allowed the identification of normal events that occur during the development of the rhea respiratory system, an important model that has not previously been described. The information generated here will be useful for the diagnosis of pathologies that affect this organic system, aimed at improving captive production systems.

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The effectiveness of weed regulation methods in spring wheat cultivated in integrated, conventional and organic crop production systems

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-012-0078-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 486-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Crop Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Production Systems ◽

Integrated System ◽

Integrated Systems ◽

Conventional System ◽

Weed Species ◽

Organic System ◽

Weed Communities

Abstract The research was conducted from 2008 to 2010, and compared the influence of different weed control methods used in spring wheat on the structure of the weed communities and the crop yield. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Osiny as part of a long-term trial where these crop production systems had been compared since 1994. In the conventional and integrated systems, spring wheat was grown in a pure stand, whereas in the organic system, the wheat was grown with undersown clover and grasses. In the conventional system, herbicides were applied two times in a growing season, but in the integrated system - only once. The effectiveness of weed management was lower in the organic system than in other systems, but the dry matter of weeds did not exceed 60 g/m2. In the integrated system, the average dry matter of weeds in spring wheat was 4 times lower, and in the conventional system 10 times lower than in the organic system. Weed diversity was the largest in spring wheat cultivated in the organic system. In the conventional and integrated systems, compensation of some weed species was observed (Viola arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus, Equisetum arvense). The comparison of weed communities using Sorenson’s indices revealed more of a similarity between systems in terms of number of weed species than in the number of individuals. Such results imply that qualitative changes are slower than quantitative ones. The yield of grain was the biggest in the integrated system (5.5 t/ha of average). It was 35% higher than in the organic system, and 20% higher than in conventional ones.

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A technique for assessing environmental impact risks of agricultural systems

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s174217050999010x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 234-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Olha Sydorovych ◽

Charles W. Raczkowski ◽

Ada Wossink ◽

J. Paul Mueller ◽

Nancy G. Creamer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Best Management Practices ◽

Management Practices ◽

Production Systems ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Integrated System ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Organic System ◽

Conventional Agriculture ◽

Tillage System

AbstractConventional agriculture often aims to achieve high returns without allowing for sustainable natural resource management. To prevent environmental degradation, agricultural systems must be assessed and environmental standards need to be developed. This study used a multi-factor approach to assess the potential environmental impact risk of six diverse systems: five production systems and a successional system or abandoned agronomic field. Assessment factors were soil quality status, amount of pesticide and fertilizer applied and tillage intensity. The assessment identified the best management practices (BMP)–conventional tillage system as a high-risk system mostly because of extensive tillage. The certified organic system was also extensively tilled and was characterized by P build-up in the soil, but performed well based on other assessment factors. Conversely, the BMP–no tillage and the crop–animal integrated system were characterized as low risk mainly because of reduced tillage. The paper discusses assessment strengths and weaknesses, ways to improve indicators used, and the need for additional indicators. We concluded that with further development the technique will become a resourceful tool to promote agricultural sustainability and environmental stewardship and assist policy-making processes.

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Comparison of the Effect of Perennial Energy Crops and Arable Crops on Earthworm Populations

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9110675 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 675 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Feledyn-Szewczyk ◽

Radzikowski ◽

Stalenga ◽

Matyka

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Production Systems ◽

Arable Land ◽

Energy Crops ◽

Integrated System ◽

Species Number ◽

Organic System ◽

Perennial Energy Crops

The purpose of the study was to compare earthworm communities under winter wheat in different crop production systems on arable land—organic (ORG), integrated (INT), conventional (CON), monoculture (MON)—and under perennial crops cultivated for energy purposes—willow (WIL), Virginia mallow (VIR), and miscanthus (MIS). Earthworm abundance, biomass, and species composition were assessed each spring and autumn in the years 2014–2016 using the method of soil blocks. The mean species number of earthworms was ordered in the following way: ORG > VIR > WIL > CON > INT > MIS > MON. Mean abundance of earthworms decreased in the following order: ORG > WIL > CON > VIR > INT > MIS > MON. There were significantly more species under winter wheat cultivated organically than under the integrated system (p = 0.045), miscanthus (p = 0.039), and wheat monoculture (p = 0.002). Earthworm abundance was significantly higher in the organic system compared to wheat monoculture (p = 0.001) and to miscanthus (p = 0.008). Among the tested energy crops, Virginia mallow created the best habitat for species richness and biomass due to the high amount of crop residues suitable for earthworms and was similar to the organic system. Differences in the composition of earthworm species in the soil under the compared agricultural systems were proven. Energy crops, except miscanthus, have been found to increase earthworm diversity, as they are good crops for landscape diversification.

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Detection ofCFTRtransgene mRNA expression in respiratory epithelium isolated from the murine nasal cavity

The Journal of Gene Medicine ◽

10.1002/jgm.1413 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 55-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emma Holder ◽

Barbara Stevenson ◽

Raymond Farley ◽

Tom Hilliard ◽

Theresa Wodehouse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nasal Cavity ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Respiratory Epithelium

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The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Anatomy for Dental Students ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0036 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Martin E. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Nasal Cavity ◽

Nasal Septum ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Septal Cartilage ◽

Olfactory Mucosa ◽

Nasal Cartilages ◽

Orbital Roof ◽

External Nose ◽

The Right ◽

Lateral Walls

The nasal cavity is the entrance to the respiratory tract. Its functions are to clean, warm, and humidify air as it is inhaled. Respiratory mucosa covered by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and goblet cells, as described in Chapter 5 and illustrated in Figure 5.2B, lines the majority of the nasal cavity. The cilia and mucus trap particles, thus cleaning the air; the mucus also humidifies the air and warming is achieved through heat exchange from blood in the very vascular mucosa. The efficiency of all these processes is increased by expanding the surface of the nasal cavity by folds of bone. The nasal cavity also houses the olfactory mucosa for the special sense of olfaction although the olfactory mucosa occupies a very small proportion of the surface of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils on the lower aspect of the external nose to the two posterior nasal apertures between the medial pterygoid plates where it is in continuation with the nasopharynx. Bear in mind that in dried or model skulls, the nasal cavity is smaller from front to back and the anterior nasal apertures seem extremely large because the cartilaginous skeleton of the external nose is lost during preparation of dried skulls. As you can see in Figure 27.1 , the nasal cavity extends vertically from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid at about the level of the orbital roof above to the palate, separating it from the oral cavity below. Figure 27.1 also shows that the nasal cavity is relatively narrow from side to side, especially in its upper part between the two orbits and widens where it sits between the right and left sides of the upper jaw below the orbits. The nasal cavity is completely divided into right and left compartments by the nasal septum . From the anterior view seen in Figure 27.1 , you can see that the surface area of lateral walls of the nasal cavity are extended by the three folds of bone, the nasal conchae. The skeleton of the external nose shown in Figure 27.2 comprises the nasal bones, the upper and lower nasal cartilages, the septal cartilage, and the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

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Parasitological analysis of green leaf lettuce cultivated in different production systems

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p801 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 801

Author(s):

Juliana Santiago Santos ◽

Cristina Atsumi Kuba ◽

Francislaine Anelize Garcia Santos ◽

Aline Da Silveira Batista ◽

Stênio Clemente Paião Sitolino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Organic System ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Hydroponic System ◽

Sanitary Conditions ◽

Leaf Lettuce

This study analysed parasite contamination in green leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa), grown in different cultivation systems (conventional, organic, and hydroponic), from a family farmer cooperative in the municipality of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. Samples were collected at weekly intervals during five months, totalling 180 vegetable samples (60 samples of leaf lettuce from each cultivation system). Lettuce leaves were washed with 0.5% Extran MA 02, and the resulting fluid subjected to sedimentation and centrifugal flotation for recovery of parasite structures. Overall, 71 samples (39.4%) were contaminated with at least one parasite structure, 34 (47.9%) from lettuce grown in the hydroponic system, 20 (28.2%) from the organic system, and 17 (23.9%) from the conventional system. Entamoeba spp. cysts were the most common parasite structures found in the leafy vegetables, with the highest cyst counts found in the hydroponic system (p = 0.003). It is concluded that, regardless of the cultivation system (conventional, organic, or hydroponic), there is a possibility of green leaf lettuce contamination by intestinal parasites. Measures that improve sanitary conditions during production, as well as proper hygiene during the preparation of raw leafy vegetables, may be important to reduce contamination and consequent transmission of parasite diseases from raw leafy vegetable consumption.

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Differences in haematology and respiratory system morphology at three neogobiid species

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.1515/biol-2015-0053 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Karel Halačka

Keyword(s):

Respiratory System ◽

Contact Area ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Neogobius Melanostomus ◽

Erythrocyte Count ◽

Morphological Differences

AbstractGill characteristics and the size and number of erythrocytes were observed for three species of goby: Neogobius melanostomus, N. fluviatilis and N. kessleri. While erythrocyte size was similar in all species, N. fluviatilis had a statistically higher erythrocyte count. Significant differences were found in gill apparatus structure, with N. melanostomus having 25% and 50% greater gill contact area than N. kessleri and N. fluviatilis, respectively. Secretory goblet cells, which produce a protective mucous, were also present in highest numbers in N. melanostomus gill tissues. These physiological and morphological differences may be one reason for differences observed in the invasiveness of these three species.

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Meta-frontier analysis of organic and conventional cocoa production in Ghana

Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) ◽

10.17221/128/2012-agricecon ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 271-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J.A. Onumah ◽

E.E. Onumah ◽

R.M. Al-Hassan ◽

B. Brümmer

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Economies Of Scale ◽

Production Systems ◽

Returns To Scale ◽

Conventional System ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Organic System ◽

Frontier Analysis ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

The Individual

This study considers the meta-frontier technique to compare the efficiency level of organic and conventional cocoa production systems in Ghana using a cross sectional data of 390 farms. The results reveal that the organic systems exhibit an increasing return to scale whilst, the conventional system exhibit decreasing returns to scale. All the inputs variables positively influence the production except the age of trees. The combined effects of operational and farm specific factors are identified to influence the technical efficiency although the individual effects of some variables are not significant. The mean technical efficiency relative to the meta-frontier is estimated to be 0.59 for the organic and 0.71 for the conventional farms. The study concludes that the conventional system of cocoa production is more technically efficient than the organic system. However, the increase in the scale of production in the organic system to take advantage of the economies of scale may enhance the efficiency of production.  

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Heterogeneity of glycoconjugates in the secretory cells of the chinchilla middle ear and eustachian tubal epithelia: a lectin-gold cytochemical study.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/39.1.1983875 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 71-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

K Ueno ◽

D J Lim

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Ultrastructural Level ◽

Sialic Acids ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Ciliated Epithelium ◽

Mucous Cells ◽

Cytochemical Study ◽

Serum Type

The present study was conducted to characterize and localize the glycoconjugates in the tubotympanum (auditory or eustachian tube and middle ear cavity) of chinchilla on an ultrastructural level, using lectin-gold complexes with six different lectins: BPA, ConA, RCA-1, WGA, LFA, and SNA. A comparison of the affinity of these lectins demonstrated the heterogeneity of secretory cells. The glandular serous cells and epithelial dark granulated cells produced "serum"-type glycoprotein. The glandular mucous cells and goblet cells produced dominantly "mucin"-type glycoprotein in the light granules, but "serum"-type glycoprotein in the dark cores. The labeling of LFA and SNA showed that sialic acids existed mainly in the mucinous granules of secretory cells and ciliated epithelium glycocalyx, and in the mucous blanket. The results also suggested that the dominant linkage of sialic acids of mucin is a Neu5Ac(alpha 2-6)Gal/GalNAc sequence. Furthermore, the data obtained from ConA and BPA suggested that initial O-glycosylation of mucin took place in the cis side of the Golgi apparatus and that initial N-glycosylation of the serum occurred in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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