scholarly journals The effectiveness of weed regulation methods in spring wheat cultivated in integrated, conventional and organic crop production systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Weed Communities

Abstract The research was conducted from 2008 to 2010, and compared the influence of different weed control methods used in spring wheat on the structure of the weed communities and the crop yield. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Osiny as part of a long-term trial where these crop production systems had been compared since 1994. In the conventional and integrated systems, spring wheat was grown in a pure stand, whereas in the organic system, the wheat was grown with undersown clover and grasses. In the conventional system, herbicides were applied two times in a growing season, but in the integrated system - only once. The effectiveness of weed management was lower in the organic system than in other systems, but the dry matter of weeds did not exceed 60 g/m2. In the integrated system, the average dry matter of weeds in spring wheat was 4 times lower, and in the conventional system 10 times lower than in the organic system. Weed diversity was the largest in spring wheat cultivated in the organic system. In the conventional and integrated systems, compensation of some weed species was observed (Viola arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus, Equisetum arvense). The comparison of weed communities using Sorenson’s indices revealed more of a similarity between systems in terms of number of weed species than in the number of individuals. Such results imply that qualitative changes are slower than quantitative ones. The yield of grain was the biggest in the integrated system (5.5 t/ha of average). It was 35% higher than in the organic system, and 20% higher than in conventional ones.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effect of Perennial Energy Crops and Arable Crops on Earthworm Populations

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feledyn-Szewczyk ◽  
Radzikowski ◽  
Stalenga ◽  
Matyka
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Perennial Energy Crops

The purpose of the study was to compare earthworm communities under winter wheat in different crop production systems on arable land—organic (ORG), integrated (INT), conventional (CON), monoculture (MON)—and under perennial crops cultivated for energy purposes—willow (WIL), Virginia mallow (VIR), and miscanthus (MIS). Earthworm abundance, biomass, and species composition were assessed each spring and autumn in the years 2014–2016 using the method of soil blocks. The mean species number of earthworms was ordered in the following way: ORG > VIR > WIL > CON > INT > MIS > MON. Mean abundance of earthworms decreased in the following order: ORG > WIL > CON > VIR > INT > MIS > MON. There were significantly more species under winter wheat cultivated organically than under the integrated system (p = 0.045), miscanthus (p = 0.039), and wheat monoculture (p = 0.002). Earthworm abundance was significantly higher in the organic system compared to wheat monoculture (p = 0.001) and to miscanthus (p = 0.008). Among the tested energy crops, Virginia mallow created the best habitat for species richness and biomass due to the high amount of crop residues suitable for earthworms and was similar to the organic system. Differences in the composition of earthworm species in the soil under the compared agricultural systems were proven. Energy crops, except miscanthus, have been found to increase earthworm diversity, as they are good crops for landscape diversification.

scholarly journals Possibility to predict the yield of potatoes grown under two crop production systems on the basis of selected morphological and physiological plant indicators  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Zarzyńska Krystyna ◽  
Pietraszko Milena
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Area Index

In the study conducted in the years 2014–2016 at the Institute of Plant Breeding and acclimatization in Poland, the effect was tested of such indicators of plant productivity as: leaf area index (LAI), leaf greenery index (SPAD) and chlorophyll a fluorescence on the yield of potato tubers grown in two production systems, i.e. organic and conventional. It was found that in the organic production system the values of all tested indicators were significantly lower than in the conventional system and the decrease in chlorophyll content in the leaves, as well as the decrease in chlorophyll a fluorescence over time followed faster in the organic than in conventional system. The lower surface of the leaves, smaller greenery index and lower activity of photosynthesis contributed to a significant reduction in tuber yield in the organic system. The tuber yield in this system was about 30% lower than in the conventional one. The positive correlations between the value of the tested indicators and yield of tubers was obtained. The highest correlation was between the LAI index, the smallest between the performance index of photosystem II. In the conventional system the correlation coefficients were slightly higher than in organic, which indicates that in this system the possibility of predicting the final yield is simpler.  

scholarly journals A Comparison of Four Processing Tomato Production Systems Differing in Cover Crop and Chemical Inputs

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Creamer ◽  
Mark A. Bennett ◽  
Benjamin R. Stinner ◽  
John Cardina
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Chemical Inputs

Four tomato production systems were compared at Columbus and Fremont, Ohio: 1) a conventional system; 2) an integrated system [a fall-planted cover-crop mixture of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), rye (Secale cereale L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) killed before tomato planting and left as mulch, and reduced chemical inputs]; 3) an organic system (with cover-crop mixture and no synthetic chemical inputs); and (4) a no-input system (with cover-crop mixture and no additional management or inputs). Nitrogen in the cover-crop mixture above-ground biomass was 220 kg·ha-1 in Columbus and 360 kg·ha-1 in Fremont. Mulch systems (with cover-crop mixture on the bed surface) had higher soil moisture levels and reduced soil maximum temperatures relative to the conventional system. Overall, the cover-crop mulch suppressed weeds as well as herbicide plots, and no additional weed control was needed during the season. There were no differences in the frequency of scouted insect pests or diseases among the treatments. The number of tomato fruit and flower clusters for the conventional system was higher early in the season. In Fremont, the plants in the conventional system had accumulated more dry matter 5 weeks after transplanting. Yield of red fruit was similar for all systems at Columbus, but the conventional system yielded higher than the other three systems in Fremont. In Columbus, there were no differences in economic return above variable costs among systems. In Fremont, the conventional systems had the highest return above variable costs.

A Survey of Glyphosate-Resistant Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Missouri Soybean Fields and Prediction of Glyphosate Resistance in Future Waterhemp Populations Based on In-Field Observations and Management Practices

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin K. Rosenbaum ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis

A survey of soybean fields containing waterhemp infestations was conducted just prior to harvest in 2008 and 2009 to determine the frequency and distribution of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp in Missouri, and to determine if there are any in-field parameters that may serve as indicators of glyphosate resistance in this species in future crop production systems. Glyphosate resistance was confirmed in 99 out of 144, or 69%, of the total waterhemp populations sampled, which occurred in 41 counties of Missouri. Populations of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp were more likely to occur in fields with no other weed species present at the end of the season, continuous cropping of soybean, exclusive use of glyphosate for several consecutive seasons, and waterhemp plants showing obvious signs of surviving herbicide treatment compared to fields characterized with glyphosate-susceptible waterhemp. Therefore, it is suggested that these four site parameters, and certain combinations of these parameters, serve as predictors of glyphosate resistance in future waterhemp populations.

A technique for assessing environmental impact risks of agricultural systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olha Sydorovych ◽  
Charles W. Raczkowski ◽  
Ada Wossink ◽  
J. Paul Mueller ◽  
Nancy G. Creamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Tillage System

AbstractConventional agriculture often aims to achieve high returns without allowing for sustainable natural resource management. To prevent environmental degradation, agricultural systems must be assessed and environmental standards need to be developed. This study used a multi-factor approach to assess the potential environmental impact risk of six diverse systems: five production systems and a successional system or abandoned agronomic field. Assessment factors were soil quality status, amount of pesticide and fertilizer applied and tillage intensity. The assessment identified the best management practices (BMP)–conventional tillage system as a high-risk system mostly because of extensive tillage. The certified organic system was also extensively tilled and was characterized by P build-up in the soil, but performed well based on other assessment factors. Conversely, the BMP–no tillage and the crop–animal integrated system were characterized as low risk mainly because of reduced tillage. The paper discusses assessment strengths and weaknesses, ways to improve indicators used, and the need for additional indicators. We concluded that with further development the technique will become a resourceful tool to promote agricultural sustainability and environmental stewardship and assist policy-making processes.

scholarly journals Meta-frontier analysis of organic and conventional cocoa production in Ghana

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Onumah ◽  
E.E. Onumah ◽  
R.M. Al-Hassan ◽  
B. Brümmer
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
The Individual

This study considers the meta-frontier technique to compare the efficiency level of organic and conventional cocoa production systems in Ghana using a cross sectional data of 390 farms. The results reveal that the organic systems exhibit an increasing return to scale whilst, the conventional system exhibit decreasing returns to scale. All the inputs variables positively influence the production except the age of trees. The combined effects of operational and farm specific factors are identified to influence the technical efficiency although the individual effects of some variables are not significant. The mean technical efficiency relative to the meta-frontier is estimated to be 0.59 for the organic and 0.71 for the conventional farms. The study concludes that the conventional system of cocoa production is more technically efficient than the organic system. However, the increase in the scale of production in the organic system to take advantage of the economies of scale may enhance the efficiency of production.  

scholarly journals Diverse Approaches to Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 570-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheal D. K. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Complexity Cost

Herbicides have been the principal means of weed control in developed countries for approximately 50 yr because they are the most cost-effective method. Such general use of herbicides has resulted in weed resistance to herbicides, which continues to be a growing problem. Within the past decade, the evolution of resistance to the once-dominant herbicide glyphosate has resulted in major concerns about the future ability to control weeds in many crop systems. Moreover, many weed species have evolved resistance to multiple mechanisms of herbicide action. Given the dearth of new herbicides with novel mechanisms of action, it appears inevitable that weed management programs will need to be supplemented by the use of tactics other than herbicides. However, the inclusion of more diversity for weed management also introduces complexity, cost, and time constraints to current crop production systems. This paper describes broadly the considerations, opportunities, and constraints of diverse weed management tactics to address the burgeoning problems with herbicide resistance.

scholarly journals Selected Pacific Northwest Rangeland and Weed Plants as Hosts of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Guiping Yan ◽  
Jennifer A. Gourlie
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Nematode Density ◽  
Pratylenchus Neglectus ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Green Foxtail

Eighteen rangeland plants and 16 weed species were assayed in the greenhouse for efficiency as hosts of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei. Hosting ability ratings were assigned using the ratio of final versus initial nematode density and by comparing the final nematode density to that of susceptible wheat controls. Good hosts of both Pratylenchus spp. included thickspike bluegrass ‘Critana’, smooth brome ‘Manchar’, seven wheatgrasses, and jointed goatgrass. Good hosts of P. neglectus but not P. thornei included two hairy vetches, western wheatgrass ‘Rosana’, big bluegrass ‘Sherman’, tall wheatgrass ‘Alkar’, green foxtail, kochia, large crabgrass, palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, tumble mustard, and wild oat. Good hosts of P. thornei but not P. neglectus included hard fescue ‘Durar’, sheep fescue ‘Blacksheep’, downy brome, and rattail fescue. Poor or minor hosts of both Pratylenchus spp. included two alfalfas, dandelion, horseweed, lambsquarters, prostrate spurge, and Russian thistle. These assays will provide guidance for transitioning rangeland into crop production and for understanding the role of weeds on densities of Pratylenchus spp. in wheat-production systems.

Effect of Herbicides on Field Violet (Viola arvensis) in Direct-Seeded Spring Wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory F. Degenhardt ◽  
Dean Spaner ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
William R. Mcgregor ◽  
Linda M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Cereal Fields

The agrestal field violet, a pervasive weed in Europe, has been identified in reduced-tillage cereal fields in Alberta. The efficacy of herbicides in direct-seeded spring wheat was assessed on natural field violet infestations in Alberta in 2002 and 2003. Only fluroxypyr + 2,4-D, applied postemergence, provided control of field violet in 2002 when rainfall was limiting. Over both years, this herbicide combination reduced biomass by 59 to 69% and plant density by 83 to 91%, relative to nontreated plots. The herbicides metsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, and thifensulfuron + tribenuron only suppressed weed growth under drought conditions in 2002 but controlled the weed in 2003 when rainfall was greater, reducing plant density by 82 to 92% and rendering remaining plants sterile. Suppression was also observed with MCPA + mecoprop + dicamba in 2002 and 2003 and with metribuzin only in 2003. Effective control of field violet was conferred by a pre–crop emergence application of glyphosate at 445 g ae/ha in 2003, the only year that this treatment was evaluated. Activity of herbicides on three- to four-leaf seedlings was also evaluated in a greenhouse dose– response assay. All herbicides had greater efficacy in the greenhouse, and those that provided control in situ reduced field violet dry weight by 85% at less than the recommended rate used in field experiments. Management of field violet is possible with herbicides registered for use on spring wheat in Alberta. However, the weed does not appear to cause significant crop production losses; hence, herbicide selection should be based on knowledge of all weed species present within the field.

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