QUALITY OF TROPICAL HARDWOOD FLOORS

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the basic density of the wood and to simulate the performance of flooring produced with wood from five tropical species: Dipteryx odorata (Cumaru), Handroanthus spp. (Ipê), Hymenaea Courbaril (Jatobá), Astronium Lecointei (Muiracatiara), and Bowdichia virgilioides (Sucupira-Preta). Falling steel sphere, static and dynamic friction, indentation caused by loads applied in small areas, rolling load, and abrasiveness impact tests were simulated. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5% significance, and Pearson’s correlation was performed between the basic density and the indexes of each flooring. The basic density of the wood flooring made from the evaluated species ranged from 0.735 to 0.958 g.cm-3. D. odorata, Handroanthus spp. and H. courbaril woods were classified as heavy, while those of A. Lecointei and B. Virgilioides as moderately heavy. It was possible to indicate D. odorata, Handroanthus spp., H. courbaril, and B. Virgilioides flooring for environments with intense traffic where there is dragging or falling objects such as industries and companies. The A. Lecointei flooring can be used in residential environments with light traffic, where the loads exerted are low. There was a correlation between the basic wood density and the flooring use simulation tests.

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Improving the quality of disaggregated SDG indicators with cluster information for small area estimates

Statistical Journal of the IAOS ◽

10.3233/sji-200741 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 955-961

Author(s):

Rizky Zulkarnain ◽

Dwi Jayanti ◽

Tri Listianingrum

Keyword(s):

Small Area ◽

Research University ◽

Direct Method ◽

Random Effect ◽

Auxiliary Information ◽

District Level ◽

Small Areas ◽

Associate Dean ◽

Development Goals

The increasing needs for more disaggregated data motivates National Statistical Offices (NSOs) to develop efficient methods for producing official statistics without compromising on quality. In Indonesia, regional autonomy requires that Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators are available up to the district level. However, several surveys such as the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey produce estimates up to the provincial level only. This generates gaps in support for district level policies. Small area estimation (SAE) techniques are often considered as alternatives for overcoming this issue. SAE enables more reliable estimation of the small areas by utilizing auxiliary information from other sources. However, the standard SAE approach has limitations in estimating non-sampled areas. This paper introduces an approach to estimating the non-sampled area random effect by utilizing cluster information. This model is demonstrated via the estimation of contraception prevalence rates at district levels in North Sumatera province. The results showed that small area estimates considering cluster information (SAE-cluster) produce more precise estimates than the direct method. The SAE-cluster approach revises the direct estimates upward or downward. This approach has important implications for improving the quality of disaggregated SDGs indicators without increasing cost. The paper was prepared under the kind mentorship of Professor James J. Cochran, Associate Dean for Research, Prof. of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Alabama.

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Structural damages of L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-10-499-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 499-507 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

H. Kaplan ◽

H. Bilgin ◽

S. Yilmaz ◽

H. Binici ◽

A. Öztas

Keyword(s):

Reinforced Concrete ◽

13Th Century ◽

City Center ◽

Concrete Frame ◽

Wood Flooring ◽

Frame Buildings ◽

Historic Structures ◽

The City ◽

Masonry Units

Abstract. On 6 April 2009 an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 occurred in L'Aquila city, Italy. In the city center and surrounding villages many masonry and reinforced concrete (RC) buildings were heavily damaged or collapsed. After the earthquake, the inspection carried out in the region provided relevant results concerning the quality of the materials, method of construction and the performance of the structures. The region was initially inhabited in the 13th century and has many historic structures. The main structural materials are unreinforced masonry (URM) composed of rubble stone, brick, and hollow clay tile. Masonry units suffered the worst damage. Wood flooring systems and corrugated steel roofs are common in URM buildings. Moreover, unconfined gable walls, excessive wall thicknesses without connection with each other are among the most common deficiencies of poorly constructed masonry structures. These walls caused an increase in earthquake loads. The quality of the materials and the construction were not in accordance with the standards. On the other hand, several modern, non-ductile concrete frame buildings have collapsed. Poor concrete quality and poor reinforcement detailing caused damage in reinforced concrete structures. Furthermore, many structural deficiencies such as non-ductile detailing, strong beams-weak columns and were commonly observed. In this paper, reasons why the buildings were damaged in the 6 April 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy are given. Some suggestions are made to prevent such disasters in the future.

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QUALITY OF REACTION WOOD IN Eucalyptus TREES TILTED BY WIND FOR PULP PRODUCTION

CERNE ◽

10.1590/01047760201723032286 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 291-297

Author(s):

Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti ◽

Juarez Benigno Paes ◽

Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽

Marina Donária Chaves Arantes ◽

João Gabriel Missia da Silva

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Basic Density ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Normal Wood ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

Holocellulose Content

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the quality of normal, tension and opposite wood of eucalyptus trees lengthwise, in straight and inclined stems, affected by wind action. It also aims to explain the pulping parameters resultant from the quality of the wood. The trees were grouped into four tilt ranges, ranging from 0 to 50º, and the basic density, chemical composition of the wood, and performance in kraft pulping were assessed. Normal and tension wood had similar basic densities; while for opposite wood, the density was lower, being responsible for a decrease in reaction wood density. The chemical composition of the wood was influenced by the presence of reaction wood in the stem. Tension and opposite wood showed lower levels of extractives and lignin and higher holocellulose content when compared to normal wood, with favorable wood quality for pulping. The increase in holocellulose content and the reduction of lignin and extractives content contributed positively to a more delignified pulp and reduction of the Kappa number. However, after cooking the reaction wood under the same conditions as those of normal wood, reaction wood pulping tends to have a lower screen yields. Due to differences in basic density and chemical constituents between opposite and normal wood, it is recommended not to designate the opposite wood as normal wood.

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Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d200826 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Nurul Chaerani ◽

DEDE J SUDRAJAT ◽

ISKANDAR Z SIREGAR ◽

ULFAH J SIREGAR

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Wood Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Basic Density ◽

Progeny Testing ◽

Pilodyn Penetration

Abstract. Chaerani N, Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Siregar UJ. 2019. Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2295-2301. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of growth and wood quality in white jabon progeny test at 54 months old in Parung Panjang, Bogor. The 105 half-sib families obtained from 12 provenances were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Wood quality was assessed both in a non-destructive way using a pilodyn and by destructive method using wood sample taker. Results indicated that the mean value ranged from 5.10 to 10.15 m for height, 6.67 to 15.30 cm for diameter, 2.30 to 3.62 cm for pilodyn penetration, 0.66 to 0.82 g/cm3 for wood density, 0.33 to 0.50 for specific gravity, and 66 to 111 % for moisture content, respectively. There were significant differences among 105 families for all traits except moisture content. The high heritability estimate was found for height (0.4-0.69) and basic density (0.27-0.59). Applying 80% selection intensity on diameter and leaving 84 best families in each block will produce a high total genetic gain. Pilodyn penetration had negative correlation with diameter, wood density, and specific gravity.

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AVALIAÇÃO DE TRÊS MADEIRAS NATIVAS DO CERRADO GOIANO VISANDO À UTILIZAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v8i5.10338 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 615-624

Author(s):

Humberto Fauller De Siqueira ◽

Evelym Poliana Santos Patrício ◽

Michael Douglas Roque Lima ◽

José Benedito Guimarães Junior ◽

Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Basic Density ◽

Ash Content ◽

Muffle Furnace ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Final Temperature ◽

Wood Basic Density ◽

Longitudinal Position

Estudos que visem ampliar o conhecimento das madeiras oriundas do cerrado podem contribuir com o correto manejo das espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira e do carvão vegetal de três espécies do cerrado (Tachigali vulgaris, Myracrodruon urundeuva e Amburana cearensis) para fins energéticos. Foram amostradas duas árvores por espécie e, destas, foram retirados discos da base, a 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura total. Para a madeira, determinou-se longitudinalmente a densidade básica, composição química, estoque de carbono, poderes caloríficos superior (PCS) e inferior (PCI) e densidade energética. As carbonizações da madeira foram realizadas em forno elétrico, com temperatura final de 450 ºC e taxa de aquecimento de 1,67 ºC.min-1. A posição longitudinal de amostragem não influenciou a densidade da madeira. A madeira de M. urundeuva apresentou maior densidade básica e PCS, bem como menor teor de materiais voláteis. O carvão da espécie T. vulgaris apresentou a menor densidade aparente (298 kg.m-3) e baixo teor de cinzas (1,14%), porém elevado teor de carbono fixo e PCS. O carvão vegetal da espécie M. urundeuva se destacou com elevada densidade relativa aparente (475 kg.m-3). A ordem das melhores espécies é: M. urundeuva, A. cearensis e T. vulgaris. Palavras-chave: energia renovável; espécies nativas; potencial energético; qualidade do carvão. ASSESSMENT OF THREE NATIVE WOODS FROM CERRADO OF GOIÁS FOR THE ENERGY PURPOSES ABSTRACT: Studies aimed at expanding the knowledge of woods from cerrado can contribute to the correct management of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of wood and charcoal of three species from cerrado (Tachigali vulgaris, Myracrodruon urundeuva, and Amburana cearensis) for energy purposes. Two trees per species were sampled and, from these, disks were removed from the base, at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total height. For wood, the properties basic density, chemical analysis, carbon stock, higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values were determined longitudinally. Carbonizations were carried out in a muffle furnace with a final temperature of 450 ºC and heating rate of 1.67 ºC.min-1. There was no effect of longitudinal position under the wood basic density. Myracrodruon urundeuva wood had the highest basic density and HHV, as well as the lowest content of volatile matters. The Tachigali vulgaris charcoal had the lowest bulk density (298 kg.m-3) and low ash content (1.14%), but a high content of fixed carbon and HHV. Charcoal of the species M. urundeuva stood out with high apparent relative density (475 kg.m-3). The order of the best species is M. urundeuva, A. cearensis, and T. vulgaris. Keywords: renewable energy; native species; energy potential; charcoal quality.

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An assessment of the quality of forage from its cell-wall content and amount of cell wall digested

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600026241 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

K. W. Moir

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Ammonium Oxalate ◽

Physical Structure ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Average Amount ◽

Lignin Concentration ◽

Digestible Organic Matter ◽

The Difference

SUMMARYGrasses and legumes comprising poor to good quality temperate and tropical species were fed to either cattle or sheep in 36 digestibility experiments. Cell wall in these forages was the ash-free and protein-free residue after sequential extraction with acidpepsin, organic solvents and either water for grasses or ammonium oxalate for legumes. The average amount of cell wall digested per 100 g forage OM was 40·0±0·59 g in grasses and 19·8±1·85 g in legumes. It was considered that within grasses and within legumes the physiology of ruminant digestion, rather than forage quality, was the main determinant of the average amount of cell wall digested and the difference between grasses and legumes was due to interaction of the ruminant digestion process with the physical structure of the cell wall. Of forage factors governing variation about the physiological average, the total cell wall had some effect on the amount of cell wall digested, but the lignin concentration in the cell wall had no effect.Among grasses and legumes the average, apparently undigested, protein-free non-cell-wall component was 6·2±0·13 g per 100 g forage OM. This component and digestible protein relative to total protein varied among different sets of data. It was concluded that only the component of digestible organic matter which was governed by the relative proportions of cell walls and cellular contents was predictable from chemical composition. It was considered that selection in plant breeding should be based on both digestible cell wall and cell-wall content instead of digestible organic matter.

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Copper toxicity and the influence of water quality of Dongnai River and Mekong River waters on copper bioavailability and toxicity to three tropical species

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 872-878 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Thanh-Khiet L. Bui ◽

L. Chi Do-Hong ◽

Thanh-Son Dao ◽

Tham C. Hoang

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Copper Toxicity ◽

Mekong River ◽

Tropical Species ◽

River Waters ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Copper Bioavailability

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Intercropping Cedrela odorata with Shrubby Crop Species to Reduce Infestation with Hypsipyla grandella and Improve the Quality of Timber

ISRN Forestry ◽

10.1155/2013/637410 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carola Paul ◽

Michael Weber

Keyword(s):

Pigeon Pea ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Cedrela Odorata ◽

Crop Species ◽

Tropical Hardwood ◽

Hardwood Species ◽

Multipurpose Species ◽

Stem Quality ◽

Hypsipyla Grandella

Cultivation of Cedrela odorata, a valuable tropical hardwood species, is restricted by the mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella), whose attacks reduce stem quality in forest plantations. This study investigated whether infestation rates would be reduced and growth performance improved by the intercropping of C. odorata tree seedlings with different crop rotations. The height increment achieved by C. odorata during the first two years was significantly stimulated by the intercropping of maize (Zea mays), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and cassava (Manihot esculenta). Attacks of H. grandella were also considerably reduced in these treatments, compared to the control plots, while intercropping with beans and rice produced no improvement. The effect was particularly distinct when lateral competition between trees and crops was high. Accordingly stem quality was higher in the treatments featuring tall crops. Trees intercropped with C. cajan performed best in terms of height (276 cm ±93), survival (100% ±0), and quality (81% ±13.5 of trees with satisfying stem quality) after two years. We concluded that intercropping of tree seedlings which are susceptible to H. grandella with shrubby multipurpose species can improve both tree growth and timber quality and hence increase the attractiveness of such species for reforestation.

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Sparking Metallic Plating Using Photovoltaic As An Energy Source

SAMRIDDHI A Journal of Physical Sciences Engineering and Technology ◽

10.18090/samriddhi.v9i01.8332 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (01) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Shad Husain

Keyword(s):

Electrical Energy ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Surface Treatments ◽

Technical Equipment ◽

Small Areas ◽

Electrochemical Processes ◽

Machine Industry ◽

Negative Environmental Impact ◽

Electrical Energy Generation

The paper deals with utilization possibilities of solar energy (photovoltaic systems) and with transformation of this energy to chemical energy as well as its utilization in the surface treatment of metals by electrochemical processes. Surface treatments significantly contribute to the resulting quality of technical equipment. Surface treatments affect lifetime, serviceability, usability, availability and maintenance of equipment. This technology can be widely applied in machine industry in the future due to cheap electrical energy generation. Next advantage of this electrical energy generation is the decrease of negative environmental impact. The whole system is now usable for bright copper plating, but owing to the low capacity, we can use it only for the objects of small areas, around 1.10 dm2, 4.39 dm2 in ideal conditions.

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