scholarly journals Ultrastructure of developing human muscle: the problem of multinucleation of striated muscle cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilberto Minguetti ◽  
W. G. P. Mair
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Membrane Tube ◽  
Embryonic Myogenesis ◽  
Human Foetuses

The authors studied by electron microscopy the muscle of 27 human foetuses ranging from 9 weeks to 9 months development. It was possible to observe that disintegration of the plasma membranes of adjacent myoblasts and myotubes which share a common basement membrane tube appears to occur in longitudinally disposed cells of those categories. This may help to explain how further nuclei may be incorporated into well developed myotubes and how the striated muscle cells become multinucleated during embryonic myogenesis and regeneration in vivo.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURE OF EMBRYONIC CHICK SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS DIFFERENTIATED IN VITRO

1967 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shimada ◽  
D. A. Fischman ◽  
A. A. Moscona
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Developing Muscle

Dissociated myoblasts from 12-day chick embryos were cultured in monolayer, and the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells was studied by electron microscopy. The results have revealed a striking ultrastructural similarity between the in vivo and the in vitro developing muscle, particularly with respect to the myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum. This study demonstrates that all the characteristic organelles of mature skeletal muscle can develop in vitro in the absence of nerves.

scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS GROWN IN TISSUE CULTURE

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Campbell ◽  
Yasuo Uehara ◽  
Gerda Mark ◽  
Geoffrey Burnstock
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Membrane Infoldings

The fine structure of smooth muscle cells of the embryo chicken gizzard cultured in monolayer was studied by phase-contrast optics and electron microscopy. The smooth muscle cells were irregular in shape, but tended to be elongate. The nucleus usually contained prominent nucleoli and was large in relation to the cell body. When fixed with glutaraldehyde, three different types of filaments were noted in the cytoplasm: thick (150–250 A in diameter) and thin (30–80 A in diameter) myofilaments, many of which were arranged in small bundles throughout the cytoplasm and which were usually associated with dark bodies; and filaments with a diameter of 80–110 A which were randomly orientated and are not regarded as myofilaments. Some of the aggregated ribosomes were helically arranged. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum were prominent. In contrast to in vivo muscle cells, micropinocytotic vesicles along the cell membrane were rare and dense areas were usually confined to cell membrane infoldings. These cells are compared to in vivo embryonic smooth muscle and adult muscle after treatment with estrogen. Monolayers of cultured smooth muscle will be of particular value in relating ultrastructural features to functional observations on the same cells.

scholarly journals THE STRIATED MUSCULATURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Karrer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Intercalated Discs ◽  
Lateral Cell ◽  
Conduction Of Excitation

The interconnections and the surfaces of the striated muscle cells which occur in thoracic and in lung veins of the mouse were studied with the electron microscope. The osmium-fixed tissues were embedded in methacrylate or in araldite and sectioned with a Porter-Blum microtome. Many preparations were stained before embedding with phosphotungstic acid or after sectioning with uranyl acetate. Typical intercalated discs are observed in this muscle. They are similar to the discs found in heart muscle. These intercalated discs represent boundaries between separate muscle cells. Along the discs, cells are joined in planes normal to their myofilaments. The same cells are also joined in planes parallel to the myofilaments by means of lateral interconnections. These lateral cell boundaries are in continuity with the intercalated discs. Three morphologically distinct parts occur within the lateral cell interconnections: One is characterized by small vesicles along the plasma membrane, the second part has the structure of desmosomes, and a third part represents an external compound membrane (formed by the two plasma membranes of the adjoining cells) and is termed "quintuple-layered cell interconnection." Small vesicles and plasma membrane enfoldings along the free surface of muscle cells are interpreted as products of a pinocytosis (phagocytosis) process. Some of them are seen to contain small membrane-bounded bodies or granules. The free cell surface shows a characteristic outer dense layer ("basement membrane") which accompanies the plasma membrane. The topographic relation of this dense layer with the plasma membrane seems to vary in different preparations. The significance of this variation is not well understood. On two occasions a typical arrangement o vesicles and tubules was observed at Z band levels, just beneath the plasma membrane. These structures are believed to represent endoplasmic reticulum. Their possible significance for the conduction of excitation is discussed.

scholarly journals Myogenic conversion of mammalian fibroblasts induced by differentiating muscle cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 2733-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Salvatori ◽  
L. Lattanzi ◽  
M. Coletta ◽  
S. Aguanno ◽  
E. Vivarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

Somite-derived skeletal myoblasts are supposed to be the sole source of muscle fibre nuclei during pre- and postnatal development, but evidence is accumulating for unorthodox contributions to muscle fibre nuclei from other cell types. For example, in tissue culture, fibroblasts can fuse with dysgenic myoblasts and restore correct membrane function. We report here the results of a series of experiments investigating this phenomenon and its possible mechanism. 10T1/2 cells, infected with a replication defective retrovirus encoding the bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase, fused to form beta-galactosidase positive, differentiated myotubes when cocultured with differentiating uninfected C2C12 or primary myogenic cells, but this did not occur when they were cocultured with other cells such as 3T3 fibroblasts or PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Myogenic conversion ranged from 1 to 10% of the 10T1/2 cell population and required close cell interaction between the different cells types: it was not induced by conditioned medium or extracellular matrix deposited by C2C12 cells. Myogenic conversion was also observed in vivo, after injection of similarly infected 10T1/2 cells into regenerating muscle. Conversion was seen also after coculture of uninfected 10T1/2 cells with primary chick myoblasts, thus demonstrating that it was not dependent upon viral infection and that there is no species or class barrier in this phenomenon. Primary fibroblasts, isolated from different organs of transgenic mice carrying a Lac Z marker under the control of a muscle-specific promoter, restricting beta-galactosidase expression to striated muscle cells, also underwent myogenic conversion, when cocultured with C2C12 myoblasts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Effects of Trichinella spiralis and its excretory/secretory products on autophagy of host muscle cells in vivo and in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0009040
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiang Hu ◽  
Xiaolei Liu ◽  
Xue Bai ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Jing Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Secretory Products

Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a widely distributed pathogenic microorganism that causes trichinellosis, a disease that has the potential of causing severe harm to their host. Numerous studies have demonstrated that autophagy can be triggered by microbial infection, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic helminths. However, it’s still unknown whether autophagy can facilitate host resistance to T. spiralis infection. The present study examined the role of autophagy in striated muscle cell transformation following infection with T. spiralis in BALB/c mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to detect the production of the host diaphragm autophagosome after T. spiralis infection, and changes in the protein and transcriptional levels of autophagic marker proteins were also detected. The significance of autophagy in T. spiralis infection, namely inhibition of T. spiralis growth, was preliminarily evaluated by conducting in vivo experiments using autophagy inhibitors. Besides, we studied the effect of excretory-secretory products (ES) of T. spiralis on autophagy of C2C12 myoblasts. The changes in protein and gene expression levels in autophagy-related pathways in vitro and in vivo were measured as further evidence. The results showed that T. spiralis infection induced autophagy in the host muscle cells. Meanwhile, ES inhibited autophagy of myoblasts in vitro, but this did not affect the cell viability. The upregulation and downregulation of autophagy-related factors in skeletal muscle cells may indicate an adaptive mechanism providing a comfortable niche for the parasite.

scholarly journals Deficiency of parkin and PINK1 impairs age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Cornelissen ◽  
Sven Vilain ◽  
Katlijn Vints ◽  
Natalia Gounko ◽  
Patrik Verstreken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Mitochondrial Toxins

Mutations in the genes for PINK1 and parkin cause Parkinson’s disease. PINK1 and parkin cooperate in the selective autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) in cultured cells. However, evidence for their role in mitophagy in vivo is still scarce. Here, we generated a Drosophila model expressing the mitophagy probe mt-Keima. Using live mt-Keima imaging and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we show that mitophagy occurs in muscle cells and dopaminergic neurons in vivo, even in the absence of exogenous mitochondrial toxins. Mitophagy increases with aging, and this age-dependent rise is abrogated by PINK1 or parkin deficiency. Knockdown of the Drosophila homologues of the deubiquitinases USP15 and, to a lesser extent, USP30, rescues mitophagy in the parkin-deficient flies. These data demonstrate a crucial role for parkin and PINK1 in age-dependent mitophagy in Drosophila in vivo.

Negative Staining of F-Actin in situ with Tannic Acid

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 628-629
Author(s):  
James R. LaFountain ◽  
Herbert R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Spindle Apparatus ◽  
Ultrastructural Findings

Since the introduction of tannic acid as an additive in glutaraldehyde fixatives for electron microscopy, there have been numerous reports of ultrastructural findings that were not detectable after fixation without tannic acid. We have used tannic acid in studies on the spindle apparatus in insect spermatocytes to show that microtubules of the spindle are composed of 13 protofilaments. Tannic acid accumulates at the periphery of subunits of microtubules and with osmium stains those regions, leaving the subunits unstained. Hence, the subunits appear negatively stained.We have found that in addition to microtubules, other filamentous structures in cells appear negatively stained after fixation with glutaraldehyde-tannic acid. The most noteable are actin filaments in muscle cells. We report here results obtained from mouse striated muscle.Segments of gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles are dissected in 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer and subsequently fixed for 1 hr in the above fixative containing tannic acid (Mallinckrodt) in concentrations of 4 and 8%. Both concentrations gave similar results.

Ultrastructure of cultured endometrial epithelial cells grown on two extracellular matrices

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 960-961
Author(s):  
J. Weidmann ◽  
M. Freund ◽  
B. McGeever
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Extracellular Matrices ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Culture Surface ◽  
In Vivo Growth ◽  
Endometrial Epithelial Cells

Extracellular matrices (EMSA) have been used in tissue culture to mimic the in vivo growth of cells. ECMS have been made by investigators using collagen extraction procedures and now are commercially available either in pre-coated labware or as a liquid which can be poured to variable depths over the culture surface. Common constituents in all are the basement membrane collagens, laminin, and other minor proteoglycans. Cells grown on these matrices are thought to attach at a greater rate, have increased longevity, and mimic the in vivo characteristics. Endometrial epithelial cells were cultured on two commercially available ECMS and examined by transmission electron microscopy to see if any differences in morphology existed.Endometrial epithelial cells derived from menstrual blood were cultured in 25 cm2 polystyrene flasks pre-coated with Matrix ECM (Invitro International) and also Basement Membrane Matrigel (Collaborative Research).

Origin of the irideal striated muscle in birds

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kensuke E. Nakano ◽  
Harukazu Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Nuclear Marker ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Right

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the origin of the striated muscle cells in the avian iris. For this purpose we adopted interspecific transplantation between quail and chick embryos because quail cells can be used as biological markers in this system. We transplanted isotopically and isochronically (6- to 7-somite stage) a fragment of a dorsal part of the quail neural anlage into a chick embryo at the level corresponding to the posterior prosencephalon and the mesencephalon on the right-hand side. In the chimaeric embryo, the iris epithelium comprised host chick cells, while most of the stromal cells of the iris on the operated side possessed the quail nuclear marker. At 19 days after the operation, the striated muscle cells had differentiated in the chimaeric embryo. These cells, as well as connective tissue cells and the Schwann cells of the iris of the chimaera, were shown to possess typical quail nuclei by light and transmission electron microscopy. From these findings, we conclude that the striated muscle cells originate from the neural crest.

scholarly journals OBLIQUELY STRIATED MUSCLE

1968 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Rosenbluth
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Body Muscle ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Physiological Differences

Body muscle cells of the bloodworm Glycera, a polychaete annelid, were studied by electron microscopy and compared with muscle cells of the more slowly acting nematode Ascaris, which have been described previously. Both muscles are obliquely striated. The predominant type of bloodworm fiber is characterized by a prominent transversely oriented sarcoplasmic reticulum with numerous dyads at the surface of each cell. Thick myofilaments are ∼3 µ long and overlap along ∼60% of their length in extended fibers and ∼80% in shortened fibers. There is virtually no endomysium and very little intracellular skeleton, and the cells are attached by desmosomes to one another rather than to connective tissue. Dense bodies are absent from the fibers and in their place are Z lines, which are truly linear rather than planar. Scattered among the predominant fibers are others, less orderly in arrangement, in which the SR is much less prominent and in which the thick filaments are thicker and longer and overlap to an even smaller degree. It is suggested that physiological differences between bloodworm and Ascaris muscles derive from differences in the proportion of series to parallel linkages between the contractile elements, differences in the amount and disposition of the SR, and differences in the impedance to shear within the myofibrils.

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