scholarly journals Reproductive biology of Amasonia obovata Gleason (Laminaceae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thays de Assis Schvinn ◽  
Anderson Fernandes de Miranda ◽  
Celice Alexandre Silva
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Self Fertilization

Floral mechanisms that ensure seed production via autogamy are more likely to occur in species growing in environments where pollination is scarce. Amasonia obovata was studied in the State of Mato Grosso-Brazil, from 2009 to 2012, to analyze the morphological and reproductive characteristics, aside from investigating the association of the reproductive success with the pollinator frequency and identity. The flowering and fruiting of A. obovata was concentrated in a period of five months during the rainy season. The dichogamy in flowers of A. obovata is not clearly defined, since the sexual functions were overlapped in the male and female phases. The species is self-compatible and not apomictic. The fruiting percentage obtained by hand self-pollination did not differ from cross-breeding (F = 0.74, P =0.39). In the observations from 2010 to 2012, a hummingbird (Thalurania furcata) legitimate visited 20-100% of the flowers in the male and female phases on different A. obovata plants. Due to the high frequency, this hummingbird was considered the single potential pollinator of the species. These findings show that a limited availability of pollinators may select for floral traits and plant mating strategies that lead to a system of self-fertilization.

scholarly journals Pollination syndromes in a Caatinga plant community in northeastern Brazil: seasonal availability of floral resources in different plant growth habits

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZGM Quirino ◽  
IC Machado
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Growth Habits

To describe plant phenological patterns and correlate functioning for the quantity and quality of resources available for the pollinator, it is crucial to understand the temporal dynamics of biological communities. In this way, the pollination syndromes of 46 species with different growth habits (trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines) were examined in an area of Caatinga vegetation, northeastern Brazil (7° 28′ 45″ S and 36° 54′ 18″ W), during two years. Flowering was monitored monthly in all the species, over two years (from January 2003 to December 2004). Pollination syndromes were characterised based on floral traits such as size, colour, morphology, symmetry, floral resources, as well as on direct visual observation of floral visitors on focal plants and published information. We observed differences among the plant growth habits with respect to floral traits, types of resources offered, and floral syndromes. The flowering periods of the species varied among floral syndrome groups. The majority of the melittophilous species flowered during the rainy season in the two study years, while the species of the other pollination syndroms flowered at the end of the dry season. An asynchrony of flowering was noted among the chiropterophilous species, while the phalenophilous group concentrated during the rainy season. The overall availability of floral resources was different during the rainy and the dry seasons, and also it varied among plants with different growth habits. The availability of oil-flowers coincided with the period of low nectar availability. We observed a relationship between the temporal distribution of the pollination syndromes and the availability of floral resources among each growth habits in this tropical ecosystem. Resource allocation in seasonal environments, such as the Caatinga, can function as a strategy for maintaining pollinators, facilitating therefore the reproductive success of plant species. The availability of floral resources during all the year, specially in seasonal environments such as the Caatinga, may function as a strategy to maintain pollinator populations ensuring the reproductive success of the plants.

scholarly journals Polyploidization and sexual dimorphism of floral traits in a subdioecious population of Dasiphora glabra

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Lin Wang ◽  
Na-Cai Yang ◽  
Min-Yu Chen ◽  
Yong-Ping Yang ◽  
Yuan-Wen Duan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Dioecious Plants ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Flowers

Abstract Aims Sexual dimorphism is a common trait in plants with sex separation, which could influence female and male functions differently. In a subdioecious population of Dasiphora glabra on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we investigated sexual dimorphism of floral traits and their effects on pollinator visitation, pollen flow and seed production. We also examined differences in genome size of hermaphroditic and dioecious plants. Methods We examined sexual dimorphism in flower number, flower size, and pollen and ovule production in a subdioecious population of D. glabra. We compared pollinator visitation, pollen dispersal, and seed production between sexes. We also examined the genome size of three sex morphs using flow cytometry. Important findings The number of hermaphroditic plants was significantly more than that of male and female plants, and dioecious plants accounted for ca. 40% in the study population. Hermaphroditic plants produced significantly more flowers than male and female plants. Flower size of male flowers was significantly larger than that of female and hermaphroditic flowers. Male flowers did not produce more pollen grains than hermaphroditic flowers, but female flowers produced more ovules than hermaphroditic flowers. Flies were the most frequent flower visitors and preferred large flowers, but their movements between flowers did not show any preference to large flowers. Simulated pollen flows suggested that effective pollen transfer was generally low for both hermaphroditic and male flowers, corresponding to the low seed set of naturally pollinated flowers. DNA contents of male and female plants were ca. four times than those of hermaphroditic plants. These results suggest male and female individuals have undergone polyploidy events and thus are not compatible with hermaphroditic individuals. Sexual dimorphism in floral traits in relation to pollination of dioicous plants might show an advantage in female and male functions, but this advantage is masked largely by low effectiveness of pollen transfer.

Reproductive success and variation in floral traits in the Iberian Peninsula endemic white campion Silene marizii (Caryophyllaceae)

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica García-Barriuso ◽  
Eva Ávila ◽  
M. Sánchez-Anta ◽  
Antonio Crespí ◽  
Sonia Bernardos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
The West ◽  
Peduncle Length ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractSilene marizii (Caryophyllaceae) is a schizoendemism of the west Iberian Peninsula. The correlation between the evolution of reproductive success (as measured in terms of fruit set and seed production) and five floral traits (peduncle length, calyx length, calyx width, petal limb length, and petal limb width) was investigated in five populations of S. marizii, taking into account both intra-populational and inter-populational variability. The populations studied represented the different habitats of S. marizii over its area of distribution. None of the five traits examined was significantly and positively correlated with the number of seeds produced by the flower. An analysis was also made of how floral morphology varies with the position of the flower in the inflorescence in the five populations. The populations from higher altitudes (Caramulhino, Puerto de Menga and Peña de la Cruz) had larger peduncles, calices and petal limbs than those living at lower altitudes (Sabugal and Mangualde) All five morphometric traits, plus the number of ovules per ovary, varied significantly between flower positions on the same plant and among populations.

scholarly journals Flower Development of Heterodichogamous Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijie Zhang ◽  
Chong Guo ◽  
Xiujun Lu ◽  
Xiaomei Sun ◽  
Chunping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Juglans Mandshurica ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Female Flowers

Juglans mandshurica is a monoecious heterodichogamous species with protogynous and protandrous mating strategies that occur at a 1:1 ratio and are randomly distributed in the population. The inconsistent male and female flowering periods of the same mating type result in an imbalance of the ratio of male and female flowers, contributing to the low yield of this species. However, little more is known about its floral development. Following three consecutive years of observations, histological analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, we found that the morphological and anatomical development of the male and female flowers were synchronous. The male floral morphological development of J. mandshurica was divided into seven phases, while that of the female flower was nine. Four stages were shared between the male and female flower’s anatomical development. Our findings indicate that there was minimal overlap between sexual functions within the same mating type, guaranteeing synchronization, mutual non-interference, outcrossing, and avoidance of self-fertilization. These results provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of fruit yield and quality through the reasonable allocation of protogynous and protandrous individuals in a population, and for artificial pollination control. Further, these findings lay a foundation for further research on the genetic mechanisms and environmental effects on flower development of heterodichogamous J. mandshurica.

scholarly journals Understanding plant reproductive diversity

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1537) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer C. H. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wind Pollination ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Floral Diversity ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
Animal Pollination

Flowering plants display spectacular floral diversity and a bewildering array of reproductive adaptations that promote mating, particularly outbreeding. A striking feature of this diversity is that related species often differ in pollination and mating systems, and intraspecific variation in sexual traits is not unusual, especially among herbaceous plants. This variation provides opportunities for evolutionary biologists to link micro-evolutionary processes to the macro-evolutionary patterns that are evident within lineages. Here, I provide some personal reflections on recent progress in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of plant reproductive diversity. I begin with a brief historical sketch of the major developments in this field and then focus on three of the most significant evolutionary transitions in the reproductive biology of flowering plants: the pathway from outcrossing to predominant self-fertilization, the origin of separate sexes (females and males) from hermaphroditism and the shift from animal pollination to wind pollination. For each evolutionary transition, I consider what we have discovered and some of the problems that still remain unsolved. I conclude by discussing how new approaches might influence future research in plant reproductive biology.

Glossary of terms used in developmental and reproductive toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 713-830
Author(s):  
John H. Duffus ◽  
Michael Schwenk ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Assessment ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical Practitioners

Abstract The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.

Low reproductive success of hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) regardless of inbreeding level or time since disturbance

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 911-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Flinn ◽  
Matthew M. Loiacono ◽  
Hannah E. Groff
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Dennstaedtia Punctilobula ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Sporophyte Production ◽  
Inbreeding Level ◽  
Native Invasive ◽  
Selfing Ability

Self-fertilization can facilitate the colonization of new habitats because it allows a single individual to found a population. Here we investigated the relationship between mating systems and colonization in hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T.Moore). Throughout eastern North America, this species has been called a “native invasive” for its tendency to dominate forest understories disturbed by logging, inhibiting tree regeneration. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms of its spread. We hypothesized that if populations were founded through selfing, then populations disturbed more recently would retain higher selfing ability; this pattern would demonstrate an important link between mating systems and colonization. For four populations logged at different times in the past, we compared the sporophyte production of gametophytes at different levels of inbreeding (intragametophytic selfing, intergametophytic selfing, and outcrossing) using laboratory crosses. Across all treatments, only 9.8% of gametophytes formed sporophytes (N = 400 gametophytes). Neither inbreeding level nor time since disturbance affected sporophyte production. Selfing ability did not differ across populations logged at different times; there was no interaction between inbreeding level and time since disturbance. The low reproductive success of D. punctilobula, regardless of inbreeding level or time since disturbance, suggests that population establishment and expansion via sexual reproduction may be relatively rare in this clonal species.

Two new species of Aegopsis Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from the central Brazilian Cerrado

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4526 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
RAFAEL SOBRAL ◽  
PASCHOAL C. GROSSI ◽  
JOSÉ W. DE MORAIS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two New Species

Two new species of Aegopsis Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Agaocephalini), Aegopsis diceratops Sobral & Grossi new species and Aegopsis vazdemelloi Sobral & Grossi new species, are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in Cerrado habitat in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso. The new species are similar to A. bolboceridus (Thomson, 1860). A redescription of A. bolboceridus is provided along with remarks comparing characters among these three species. A distribution map and a male and female key to the species in the genus are provided. 

scholarly journals First occurrence of Quadrigyrus nickoli (Acanthocephala) in the ornamental fishHyphessobrycon eques

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Yudi Fujimoto ◽  
Edilene Santos Almeida ◽  
Daniel Guerreiro Diniz ◽  
Jorge Costa Eiras ◽  
Mauricio Laterça Martins
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Paratenic Host ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
First Occurrence

The objective of this work was to report the first seasonal occurrence of the acanthocephalan Quadrigyrus nickoliSchmidt & Hugghins, 1973(Quadrigyridae), in the “Mato Grosso”Hyphessobrycon eques (Characidae) (Steindachner, 1882), collected from the Chumucuí River, state of Pará, Brazil. The fish were collected between July 2006 (rainy season) and June 2007 (dry season) and were examined for parasites using pattern techniques. A total of 75 parasites were found in the stomach and intestine. Among 83 fish examined (50 in the dry season and 33 in the rainy season), 22 were parasitized by cystacanths of Q. nickoli. The importance of H. eques as a paratenic host for Q. nickoli is discussed. This is the first study on the biology of and infection by Q. nickoli occurring in the eastern Amazon region.

scholarly journals Structure of pond vegetation of a vereda in the Brazilian Cerrado

Rodriguésia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Neves Moreira ◽  
Arnildo Pott ◽  
Vali Joana Pott ◽  
Geraldo Alves Damasceno-Junior
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Relative Cover ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measured Water ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
New Occurrences

Abstract This is the first report on aquatic macrophytes in ponds of veredas (palm swamps) in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). We studied a pond in a vereda in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul state, central-western Brazil, during drought and flood periods to assess plant community structure and the relationship between species distribution and water depth. Sampling was carried out in five permanent transects, along which we placed sampling units of 1 m2 quadrats every 5 m. We estimated visually the relative cover of each species, bare ground, dead matter, and exposed water. We also measured water depth. We recorded 77 species of 49 genera and 31 families. The number of species varied between seasons, and in the rainy season the amphibious life form was predominant. The richest families were Poaceae (15 species), Cyperaceae (11), Asteraceae (4) and Lentibulariaceae (4). The richest genera were Rhynchospora (4), Utricularia (4), Eleocharis (4), Aeschynomene (3), Bacopa (3), Ludwigia (3) and Panicum (3). We found six new occurrences for the cerrado. Eleocharis acutangula had the highest relative cover (rainy and dry seasons), followed by Bacopa reflexa (rainy season), Paspalum lenticulare (rainy and dry seasons), Leersia hexandra (rainy and dry seasons), and Sagittaria rhombifolia (rainy season). Some species were distributed mainly at shallower depths, others occurred in deeper water, whereas some species varied greatly in terms of depth. Heliotropium filiforme and Ludwigia nervosa were found only in the dry season. In the rainy season, as expected, the exclusive species were mostly true aquatics.

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