Sweet orange trees grafted on selected rootstocks fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

The majority of citrus trees in Brazil are grafted on 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osb.) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, search for disease tolerant rootstock varieties to improve yield and longevity of citrus groves has increased. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield efficiency of sweet oranges on different rootstocks fertilized with N, P, and potassium. Tree growth was affected by rootstock varieties; trees on 'Swingle' citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi Macf.] presented the smallest canopy (13.3 m³ in the fifth year after tree planting) compared to those on 'Rangpur lime' and 'Cleopatra' mandarin [C. reshni (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] grown on the same grove. Although it was observed an overall positive relationship between canopy volume and fruit yield (R² = 0.95**), yield efficiency (kg m-3) was affected by rootstocks, which demonstrated 'Rangpur lime' superiority in relation to Cleopatra. Growth of citrus trees younger than 5-yr-old might be improved by K fertilization rates greater than currently recommended in Brazil, in soils with low K and subjected to nutrient leaching losses.

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Performance of ‘Cadenera’ orange trees grafted on five rootstocks

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452018764 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allan Ricardo Domingues ◽

Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves ◽

Inês Fumiko Ubukata Yada ◽

Rui Pereira Leite Junior ◽

Zuleide Hissano Tazima

Keyword(s):

Productive Efficiency ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Growth Production ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Canopy Size ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract Citriculture is an important alternative for the agribusiness development in the state of Paraná, Brazil. However, the use of a few cultivars of scion and rootstock restricts the harvest period and increases the vulnerability to pests and diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth, production and fruit quality of ‘Cadenera’ orange trees (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ) grafted on five rootstocks, during nine harvests, under a subtropical environmental condition. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replications, two plants per plot, and five rootstocks: ‘Rangpur’ lime (C. limonia Osb.), ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reshni hort. ex Tanaka ) and ‘Sunki’ mandarins (C. sunki hort. ex Tanaka (L.) Raf.), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], and ‘C-13’ citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Pera x P.s trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Biometric variables, and fruit yield and quality were analyzed. The smallest canopy size was induced by ‘Rangpur’ lime and ‘C 13’ citrange rootstocks. ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and ‘C 13’ citrange provided the highest yields for the ‘Cadenera’ sweet orange trees and were superior to ‘Rangpur’ lime. Trees grafted on ‘C 13’ citrange presented the highest yield and productive efficiency.

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TRAP DESIGNS FOR MONITORING EMERGENCE OF FRANKLINIELLA BISPINOSA (MORGAN) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM SOIL IN CITRUS GROVES

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent125449-3 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

pp. 449-456

Author(s):

C.C. Childers

Keyword(s):

Navel Orange ◽

Citrus Grove ◽

Shell Vial ◽

Wooden Frame ◽

Emergence Trap ◽

Citrus Groves ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Trap Placement ◽

Citrus Trees

AbstractThree emergence trap designs were evaluated for effectiveness in collecting adult Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from beneath and between citrus trees in Florida. Trap A [a wooden-frame 30- by 30-cm (= 900 cm2) square trap with removable Plexiglas® lid coated with Tangle-Trap® adhesive] was effective in trapping F. bispinosa adults whereas trap B [a polyvinylchloride (PVC) round trap with a centered 3.7-mL capacity shell vial] was ineffective. Trap A was as effective in collecting emerging F. bispinosa adults as trap C [a PVC round trap with a 30-cm-diameter (= 706.5 cm2) removable adhesive-coated Plexiglas lid]. Comparative costs for trap construction, maintenance, and insect counting are all higher for trap A compared with trap C. Trap placement beneath citrus trees 15 cm from the trunk or just inside the dripline of the canopy provided similar thrips catches in two citrus grove sites. Both interior and dripline trap positions beneath "navel" orange trees had significantly higher numbers of F. bispinosa than did traps exposed within rows between these trees.

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Initial production and fruit quality of scion-rootstock combinations in orange trees in Amazonas

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452021156 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Jefferson Costa Santos ◽

Cláudio Luiz Leone Azevedo ◽

José Eduardo Borges de Carvalho ◽

Silvana Pimentel de Oliveira ◽

Ajax de Souza Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Total Titratable Acidity ◽

Citrus Production ◽

Technological Index ◽

Orange Trees

Abstract The cultivation of orange trees in Amazonas, Brazil relies predominantly on grafted plants combining ‘Pera’ scion and ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstock. Alternative rootstocks better adapted to the conditions of the region have not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test seven rootstocks for the production of high-quality oranges under the typical conditions of the Amazon. Citrus production was evaluated from May to August between 2017 and 2019, based on the variables of cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and crop-yield index over the study period. The fruit physicochemical quality was evaluated by quantification of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, ratio, juice percentage, and technological index. ‘Indio,’ ‘BRS Bravo’, and ‘Riverside’ genotypes combined with ‘Pera’/CNPMF scion had the highest yield and good fruit quality. They are potentially the most suitable combinations to grow sweet oranges in the Amazon.

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‘Navelina’ sweet orange trees on five rootstocks in Northern Parana state, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452019006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Aparecida da Cruz ◽

Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves ◽

Deived Uilian de Carvalho ◽

Ronan Carlos Colombo ◽

Rui Pereira Leite Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Yield Performance ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract Studies on rootstocks and scions are of major importance for citrus crop production. The goal of this study was to evaluate vegetative growth, yield performance, and fruit quality of ‘Navelina’ sweet orange trees grafted on five different rootstocks in Northern Parana state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with six replications, two plants per plot, and five treatments: ‘Rangpur’ lime; ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, ‘Sunki’ mandarin; ‘Swingle’ citrumelo; and ‘Fepagro C-13’ citrange. Tree vegetative growth, yield performance, and fruit physical-chemical characteristics were analyzed. ‘Sunki’ mandarin provided the largest canopy volume for ‘Navelina’ sweet orange trees, whereas ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Fepagro C-13’ citrange, and ‘Rangpur’ lime provided a smaller volume for tree canopy. Compared to Rangpur lime, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo provided higher accumulated yield and production efficiency for ‘Navelina’ sweet orange trees. All rootstocks induced good physical and chemical quality to ‘Navelina’ sweet orange fruits.

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Foliar Applications of Essential Nutrients on Growth and Yield of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange Infected with Huanglongbing

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11026-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (12) ◽

pp. 1482-1493 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kelly T. Morgan ◽

Robert E. Rouse ◽

Robert C. Ebel

Keyword(s):

Disease Incidence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Nutrient Deficiencies ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Essential Nutrients ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Foliar Concentration ◽

Citrus Trees

Huanglongbing (HLB) causes citrus root systems to decline, which in turn contributes to deficiencies of essential nutrients followed by decline of the canopy and yield. This study was conducted on a 6-year-old ‘Valencia’ [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on Swingle rootstock (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) trees in a commercial grove near Immokalee, FL, to evaluate the effects of foliar applications of selected essential nutrients (N, K, Mn, Zn, B, and Mg) on growth and productivity of citrus trees infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the pathogen putatively associated with HLB in Florida. Mn, Zn, B, and Mg were applied in all experiments to drip at 0×, 0.5×, 1.0×, and 2.0×/spray of what has been traditionally recommended in Florida to correct deficiencies. Treatments were applied foliarly 3×/year with the sprays occurring during each growth flush for 5 years (2010–14). Thus, the 0×, 0.5×, 1.0×, and 2.0×/spray treatments resulted in 0×, 1.5×, 3.0×, and 6.0×/year to correct deficiencies. MnS04 and ZnSO4 were applied with or without KNO3 and in separate experiments were compared with Mn3(PO3)2 and Zn3(PO3)2, respectively. Disease incidence, foliar nutrient content, canopy volume, and yield were measured. At the beginning of the experiment, foliar N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, and B were in the sufficient range and K, Mn, Zn, and Fe were slightly low. Disease incidence was very high with 83% and 98% of trees testing positive for CLas in 2010 and 2014, respectively. Nutrients that are not mobile or have limited mobility in plants, namely Mn, Zn, and B, demonstrated an increase in foliar concentration immediately after spray and in the annual averages. Foliar K increased from the deficient to the sufficient level by KNO3 sprays, but the mobile nutrients N and Mg did not show an increase in foliar levels, indicating that intraplant transport occurs in the presence of HLB. Foliar KNO3 application had a stronger effect on growth than yield. Yield was most strongly affected by application of MnSO4 where yield of the 3×/year treatment was 45% higher than that of the unsprayed control, but yield declined by 25% for the 6×/year treatment. Yield within 95% of the maximum occurred with foliar Mn concentrations of 70–100 µg·g−1 dry weight when Mn was applied as MnSO4, which is at the high end of the traditionally recommended 25–100 µg·g−1 dry weight range. The phosphite form of Mn [Mn3(PO3)2] depressed yield by an average of 25% across all application concentrations. Zn, B, and Mg did not significantly impact yield. Canopy volume demonstrated concave relationships across application concentrations for MnSO4 and ZnSO4 without KNO3 and Mn3(PO3)2, Zn3(PO3)2, Boron, and MgSO4 with KNO3, with the minimum occurring near the 3×/year application concentration. These data indicate a complex interaction in the amount of nutrients applied and their corresponding effects on foliar concentration, growth, and yield for HLB-affected trees. The results of this study at least partially explain the current confusion among scientists and the commercial industry in how to manage nutrition of HLB-affected citrus trees. The traditionally recommended approaches to correcting nutrient deficiencies need to be reconsidered for citrus with HLB.

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360 ORIGIN, INHERITANCE, AND EFFECTS OF A DWARFING GENE FROM THE CITRUS ROOTSTOCK PONCIRUS TRIFOLIATA `FLYING DRAGQN'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.482e ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 482e-482

Author(s):

Mikeal L. Roose ◽

Frank Suozhan Cheng ◽

Claire T. Federici

Keyword(s):

Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Rflp Markers ◽

Dwarfing Gene ◽

Valencia Orange ◽

Large Trees ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Orange Trees

The `Flying Dragon' cultivar of Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. is a strongly dwarfing rootstock for Citrus cultivars, reducing canopy volume of 9 year-old `Valencia' orange trees to 1/3 that of trees on standard rootstocks Open-pollinated seed of `Flying Dragon' was screened with isozyme markers to distinguish zygotic from nucellar (apomictic) seedlings. All zygotics had genotypes consistent with an origin by self-pollination. Zygotic seedlings were budded with `Valencia' orange scion and planted in the field. Of 46 progeny evaluated as rootstocks, 35 produced small trees similar to those on nucellar `Flying Dragon' and 11 produced large trees. This ratio is consistent with the 3:1 segregation expected for a single dominant gene. The dwarfing gene was closely linked, or pleiotropic with a gene causing curved thorns and stems. Several RAPD markers close to the dwarfing gene were identified with bulked segregant analysis. `Flying Dragon' apparently originated as a mutation because it had au identical genotype to non-dwarfing strains of trifoliate orange at all 38 isozyme and RFLP markers tested

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Performance of 'Valência' sweet orange grafted onto rootstocks in the state of Acre, Brazil

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1678-3921.pab2019.v54.01349 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Júlia da Silva Rodrigues ◽

Romeu de Carvalho Andrade Neto ◽

Sebastião Elviro de Araújo Neto ◽

Walter dos Santos Soares Filho ◽

Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Survival Percentage ◽

Volume Yield ◽

Valencia Orange ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Technological Index

Abstract: The objective of this work was to select rootstocks, based on the agronomic characters and fruit quality of the 'Valência' orange tree. The evaluated rootstocks were: the 'Cleópatra' mandarin; the TSKFL x CTTR-013, LVK x LCR-038, TSKC x CTQT 1439-004, LVK x LVA-009, TSK x TRENG-256 ('Indio' citrandarin) hybrid genotypes; the 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lime; and the TSKFL x CTC-25-002, and TSKC x CTSW-038 hybrids. The experiment was installed in 2010 and evaluated from 2013 to 2017. The parameters plant height, canopy volume, yield efficiency, scion:rootstock ratio, survival percentage, and drought tolerance were evaluated in 2017. The yield average of five harvests was estimated, as well as the annual production per plant and the accumulated production. The analyzed fruit traits were: mass, diameter, peel length and thickness, juice yield, soluble solids, acidity, and technological index. 'Valência' shows a lower plant height and canopy volume, besides a higher yield efficiency, when grafted on TSKC x CTSW-038 than on the other rootstocks. LVK x LCR-038, TSKC x CTQT 1439-004, 'Indio' citrandarin, and 'Santa Cruz' Rangpur lime increase the production of the 'Valência' orange. LVK x LCR-038 and the 'Indio' citrandarin induce the scion to produce a better quality fruit.

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‘Ray Ruby’ Grapefruit Affected by Huanglongbing I. Planting Density and Soil Nutrient Management

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15111-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1411-1419

Author(s):

Dinesh Phuyal ◽

Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira ◽

Arun D. Jani ◽

Davie M. Kadyampakeni ◽

Kelly T. Morgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

High Density ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Tree Planting ◽

Planting Density ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Canopy Volume

Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, affects practically all fruit-bearing trees in commercial citrus orchards in Florida with no cure identified yet. High-density plantings and enhanced nutritional programs such as application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with higher micronutrient levels can mitigate disease symptoms and extend the tree life span of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tree planting density and application of CRF blends differing in N to K ratio and micronutrient content on grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) plant health, canopy volume, fruit yield, and fruit quality in an HLB-affected orchard. A study was conducted in Florida for two growing seasons (2017–18 and 2018–19) to evaluate the response of ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit on Kuharske citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) to three planting densities (300, 440, and 975 trees per ha) and two CRF blends [12 nitrogen (N)–1.31 phosphorus (P)–7.47 potassium (K) and 16N–1.31P–16.6K] with different nutrient sources and composition. According to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction testing, all sampled trees tested positive for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the pathogen associated with HLB. Trees planted at 975 trees per ha had 33% lower canopy volume per tree but 160% greater fruit yield per hectare and 190% higher yield of solids compared with 300 trees per ha. Fruit produced in high-density planting (975 trees per ha) was 18% more acidic with higher soluble solid compared with low-density planting (300 trees per ha). The use of a CRF blend with higher amounts of micronutrients along with lower K increased canopy volume in both seasons and resulted in 24% and 29% reduction in fruit yield per hectare and yield of solids, respectively, in 2017–18. Our results indicate that high-density plantings increase fruit yield per area, and regardless of the N to K ratio, the use of CRF blends supplemented with micronutrients may not increase fruit yield in HLB-affected grapefruit.

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Tree Growth and Production of Rainfed Valencia Sweet Orange Grafted onto Trifoliate Orange Hybrid Rootstocks under Aw Climate

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122533 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2533

Author(s):

Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽

Antonio Juliano Ayres ◽

Luiz Fernando Girotto ◽

Leandro Peña

Keyword(s):

Sweet Orange ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Volkamer Lemon ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

The Cross ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

Brazil is the largest producer of sweet orange and its juice in the world. Extensive cultivated area is located under an Aw climate in the North–Northwest of the state of São Paulo and the Triângulo of Minas Gerais state, being subjected to severe drought events. Although 56% of the orchards are irrigated in these regions, there is a need for drought tolerant rootstocks as an alternative to traditional genotypes such as Rangpur lime and Volkamer lemon, which are susceptible to the endemic citrus sudden death disease (CSD). In this sense, the tree size and production of Valencia sweet orange grafted onto 23 rootstock genotypes were evaluated over a ten-year period in rainfed cultivation at 7.0 m × 3.0 m spacing. Most evaluated types resulted from the cross of Poncirus trifoliata with Citrus, but two interspecific hybrids of Citrus (Sunki mandarin × Rangpur lime hybrids), the Barnes trifoliate orange and a tetraploid selection of Swingle citrumelo were also tested. Tropical Sunki mandarin was used as the reference control. Those hybrids coming from the cross of Sunki × Flying Dragon induced large tree sizes to Valencia sweet orange as well as the other citrandarins, Tropical Sunki mandarin and the Sunki mandarin × Rangpur lime hybrids, whereas only the tetraploid Swingle citrumelo behaved as a dwarfing rootstock, decreasing the canopy volume by 77% compared to that induced by the most vigorous citrandarin 535. The citrandarins 543 and 602 and the citrange C38 induced the highest mean fruit production, 67.2 kg·tree−1, but they also caused pronounced alternate bearing and only the hybrid 543 led to a high production efficiency consistently. Graft incompatibility symptoms were not observed over the evaluation period, and the canopy shape of Valencia sweet orange was also influenced by the rootstocks tested. Two citrandarins and one citrange were selected as the most promising alternative rootstocks for Valencia sweet orange grown under an Aw climate, even though productivity would likely benefit from supplementary irrigation.

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Rehabilitation of Huanglongbing-affected Citrus Trees Using Severe Pruning and Enhanced Foliar Nutritional Treatments

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11105-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 972-978 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Robert E. Rouse ◽

Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽

Fritz M. Roka ◽

Pamela Roberts

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Early Years ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Juice Quality ◽

Foliar Nutrition ◽

Nutritional Treatment ◽

Fruit Crop ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Citrus Trees

Citrus trees affected by huanglongbing (HLB) become diminished, weak, and develop dieback resulting in reduced production. Decline in fruit yield ultimately prevents economically acceptable commercial citrus production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of severe pruning in combination with an enhanced foliar nutritional treatment on growth, yield, and juice quality of HLB-affected orange trees. The bacterial titer within the trees was monitored before and after treatments, and a cost–benefit analysis provided an economic evaluation of the treatments. Fifteen-year-old ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo rootstocks [C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] with 100% incidence of HLB, confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were severely pruned back to the main scaffold branches. Between 2010 and 2015, foliar nutrients were sprayed on both pruned and nonpruned trees to target new flush growth. Three enhanced nutritional foliar treatments were evaluated and compared with a control foliar nutritional treatment that was considered to be a standard practice before endemic HLB. The enhanced nutritional treatments included a mixture of micro- and macronutrients commonly known as the “Boyd cocktail,” a micronutrient package labeled Fortress © (Florida Phosphorus LLC, Key Largo, FL) sprayed with potassium nitrate (KNO3), and the Fortress © micronutrient package sprayed with urea. The experiment was a split-plot with seven replications, with pruning as the main plots, and a foliar nutritional treatment as subplots. Tree pruning was performed in Feb. 2010 before the spring flush. Pruned trees grew longer shoots than the controls the year after pruning. Canopy volume and leaf area were greater with nonpruned trees, but the chlorophyll content per cm2 leaf area was higher in the pruned trees compared with nonpruned trees in 3 years of the 5-year experiment. Pruned and nonpruned trees bloomed and set fruit the first year of the experiment in the spring of 2010–11. The fruit crop for the 2010–11 and 2014–15 seasons, and the overall total fruit crop for the 2010–15 season on pruned trees were significantly lower than those on nonpruned trees. However, no significant yield differences were found between pruned and nonpruned trees in the 2011–12, 2012–13, and 2013–14 growing seasons. Fruit yields from pruned trees never surpassed the yields from nonpruned trees, and this was possibly due to the severe-pruning treatment. Thus, severe pruning, as used in this trial, was not cost effective through the first 5 years after pruning. The rapid regrowth response of the pruned trees, however, may indicate that a reduced pruning approach could be effective at rejuvenating the HLB-affected trees, and an alternative to tree removal and replanting. Enhanced foliar nutrition treatments provided some yield benefits, especially in the early years of the trial. However, the enhanced foliar nutrition treatments did not prove to be cost effective.

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