Biomass yield in production systems of soybean sown in succession to annual crops and cover crops

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the biomass (leaves and stems) production of annual and cover crops sown as second crop, and its effects on soybean yield in succession. The experiment was carried out in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons. Soybean was sown in the crop season and in the second crop, in a randomized complete block design, in nine production systems (treatments) consisting of annual crops (corn, sunflower, and cowpea) and cover crops (Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria breviflora, C. spectabilis, Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan, Stylosanthes sp., and U. brizantha), which were grown in monocropping or intercropping systems, besides fallow as a control. Monocropped P. glaucum and U. ruziziensis showed a faster establishment and growth of plants, higher-total biomass and soil cover rate in the 2014 crop season. In 2015, corn intercropped with U.ruziziensis and C.spectabilis, and sunflower with U.ruziziensis stood out for total biomass production during flowering and after harvesting of corn and sunflower grains. Biomass composition in the systems showed greater proportions of stems than of leaves, and C.spectabilis stood out after senescence. Sown as a second crop, C. spectabilis promotes yield increase of soybean grown in succession in the no-tillage system.

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BIOMASS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING BY COVER CROPS IN BRAZILIAN CERRADO IN THE STATE OF PIAUI

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n102rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 13-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

LEANDRO PEREIRA PACHECO ◽

◽

MARINETE MARTINS DE SOUSA MONTEIRO ◽

FABIANO ANDRÉ PETTER ◽

JÚLIO CÉSAR AZEVEDO NÓBREGA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Crop Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Soil Management ◽

Brazilian Cerrado ◽

Crop Season ◽

Annual Crops ◽

No Till

ABSTRACT Research on the performance of cover crops in crop systems of annual crops in the Brazilian state of Piauí contributes to increases in yield, greater efficiency of fertilizers and mitigation of environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of cover crops in terms of biomass production and the accumulation and release of nutrients during the crop season (November to April) in an oxisol in the Brazilian Cerrado in the state of Piauí that was submitted to different crop production systems including soybeans, maize and upland rice. The experiment was established during the 2010/11 and 2011/12 crop years in the rural area near the municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split-plot array. Different soil management systems (conventional and no-till) were evaluated in the main plots. Different crop production systems consisting of cover crops sown in the off-season (April to November), and annual crops sown during the crop season (November to April) were implemented in the subplots. The crop production systems that included Urochloa ruziziensis and Pennisetum glaucum overseeded on soybeans and Urochloa ruziziensis simultaneously intercropped with maize stood out in terms of biomass production and the accumulation and release of nutrients. Yields of maize and upland rice declined when sown under newly implemented no-till soil management.

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Cover crops and residual effect of lime and gypsum on soil subsurface physical attributes

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i6.3490 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. e143963490

Author(s):

Marcela Pacola Oliveira ◽

Cassiano Garcia Roque ◽

Gabriel Luiz Piati ◽

Othon Lauar Godinho ◽

Paulo Eduardo Teodoro

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Total Porosity ◽

No Tillage ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Tillage System ◽

Physical Attributes

The use of lime, gypsum, and different cover crops may influence the soil physical attributes, the formation of soil coverage before the crop implantation is crucial for the consolidation of the No-Tillage System. This work aimed to evaluate the alterations in the subsoil physical attributes, influenced by different cover crops combined with the application of lime and gypsum, in a no-tillage system in the Cerrado region, the soil of the experiment area was classified as Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experiment was carried out in Chapadão do Sul, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in a complete randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme. Plots consisted of cover crops (Urochloa ruziziensis and Pennisetum glaucum) and fallow; the subplots were formed by gypsum rates (0, 2.3, and 4.6 Mg ha-1); and the sub-sub-plots consisted of lime rates (0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1), with three replications. The cover crops, Uruchloa ruziziensis, Pennisetum glaucum and the rates of limestone and gypsum do not interfere with the density of the soil. The Uruchloa ruziziensis cover crop provides increased microporosity and total soil porosity. The cover crops Uruchloa ruziziensis and Pennisetum glaucum were not efficient in decompressing the soil in the layers of 0.20 - 0.30 and 0.30 - 0.40 m in depth. The residual effect of the lime rate of 2 Mg ha-1 without gypsum application provided higher total porosity the 0.30 - 0.40 m layer.

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Cover Crops in the Weed Management in Soybean Culture

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100072 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.S.D.C. SÃO MIGUEL ◽

L.P. PACHECO ◽

E.D. SOUZA ◽

C.M.R. SILVA ◽

Í.C. CARVALHO

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Production Systems ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Block Design ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Tridax Procumbens ◽

Crotalaria Spectabilis

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crops on weed suppression in no-tillage soybean production systems in Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area and consisted of the evaluation of nine cover treatments and soil management in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: NT fallow, CT fallow, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria breviflora, maize + Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum, Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan, sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis, Stylosanthes, Vigna unguiculata, Urochloa brizantha, maize + Urochloa ruziziensis. The evaluations were carried out before the desiccation for soybean sowing in the crops (10/23/2014) and (09/21/2015), before the post-emergence of soybean (09/12/2014) and (12/11/2015) and in the second season (12/06/2015). The useful area was 5 x 5 m and all weeds were counted and identified, but only the four species with the largest population were collected. The weeds evaluated were: Digitaria horizontalis, Digitaria insularis, Porophyllum ruderale and Tridax procumbens. Fallow treatments presented higher weed populations in relation to the others, in all periods of evaluation. Digitaria horizontalis presented the highest phytomass production in most seasons. The production systems with Urochloa ruziziensis, Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria spectabilis and intercropped with maize + Urochloa ruziziensis, sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis and maize + Crotalaria spectabilis were the best alternatives for integrated weed management, reducing the incidence and increasing control of the main species that were detected during the conduction of the experiment.

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An Evaluation of Summer Cover Crops for Use in Vegetable Production Systems in North Carolina

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.4.600 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 600-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Nancy G. Creamer ◽

Keith R. Baldwin

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Production Systems ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Foxtail Millet ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Lablab Purpureus ◽

Sorghum Sudangrass

Summer cover crops can produce biomass, contribute nitrogen to cropping systems, increase soil organic matter, and suppress weeds. Through fixation of atmospheric N2 and uptake of soil residual N, they also contribute to the N requirement of subsequent vegetable crops. Six legumes {cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), sesbania (Sesbania exaltata L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsutum L.), velvetbean [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.], and lablab (Lablab purpureus L.)}; two nonlegume broadleaved species [buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)]; and five grasses {sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench × S. sudanense (P) Stapf.], sudangrass [S. sudanense (P) Stapf.], Japanese millet [Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link], pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. Br.], and German foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.)]}, were planted in raised beds alone or in mixtures in 1995 at Plymouth, and in 1996 at Goldsboro, N.C. Biomass production for the legumes ranged from 1420 (velvetbean) to 4807 kg·ha-1 (sesbania). Low velvetbean biomass was attributed to poor germination in this study. Nitrogen in the aboveground biomass for the legumes ranged from 32 (velvetbean) to 97 kg·ha-1 (sesbania). All of the legumes except velvetbean were competitive with weeds. Lablab did not suppress weeds as well as did cover crops producing higher biomass. Aboveground biomass for grasses varied from 3918 (Japanese millet) to 8792 kg·ha-1 (sorghum-sudangrass). While N for the grasses ranged from 39 (Japanese millet) to 88 kg·ha-1 (sorghum-sudangrass), the C: N ratios were very high. Additional N would be needed for fall-planted vegetable crops to overcome immobilization of N. All of the grass cover crops reduced weeds as relative to the weedy control plot. Species that performed well together as a mixture at both sites included Japanese millet/soybean and sorghum-sudangrass/cowpea.

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Allelopathic potential of Cover Crops in Control of Shrubby False Buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata)

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100052 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L.A. VARGAS ◽

A.M.A. PASSOS ◽

D. KARAM

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Crotalaria Juncea ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Canavalia Ensiformis ◽

Randomized Experimental Design ◽

Tillage System

ABSTRACT: Searching for alternatives to deal with weeds without the exclusive use of herbicides can increase the sustainability of agricultural production in the Amazon region. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of cover crops on the weed shrubby false buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata L.). Three straw levels (1; 2.5 and 5 mg cm-2) of thirteen cover crops (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, M. cinereum, Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense, Urochloa brizanha cv. Xaraés, U. brizantha cv. Piatã and U. ruziziensis) were assessed on germination and initial growth of weed and lettuce. We carried out two experiments (weed and lettuce) in a factorial scheme (cover crops x straw levels) with additional treatment (control without straw) in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replicates. The straw of the cover crops inhibited the germination and initial growth of the target plants. The highest straw levels promoted 44.0 and 78.8% reductions in radicle length in relation to the lowest dose (1 mg cm-2), for lettuce and Spermacoce verticillata, respectively. The highest sensitivity to allelochemicals occurred on the radicle. The major suppressive effects on weed germination were promoted by Cajanus cajan, Urochloa brizanha cv. Xaraés, Mucuna cinereum, M. aterrima, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis and U. ruziziensis. Cover crops use is an integrated practice management to control Spermacoce verticillata under no-tillage system.

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Contribution of roots and shoots of Brachiaria species to soybean performance in succession

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2017000800004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

pp. 592-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior ◽

Julio Cezar Franchini Dos Santos ◽

Henrique Debiasi ◽

Anderson Hideo Yokoyama

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Block Design ◽

Grass Species ◽

Crop Season ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Grass Root ◽

Root Effects ◽

Urochloa Brizantha

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of roots and straw of palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha) and Ruzi grass (U. ruziziensis), used as cover crops in autumn-winter, on soybean performance. Seven treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates: fallow, during autumn-winter; straw of U. ruziziensis or U. brizantha 'BRS Piatã', distributed in plots kept under fallow in the winter, without roots; plots only with roots of U. ruziziensis or U. brizantha, without straw; and plots with straw and roots of U. ruziziensis or U. brizantha. The grass species were planted during the 2014/2015 crop season, and treatments were evaluated at the end of the 2015/2016 crop season, without drought during the soybean cycle. The oil and protein contents of soybean grains were not affected significantly by the treatments. However, the cultivation of grass species during autumn-winter increased soybean grain yield in comparison with fallow. Grass root effects are more expressive than those of straw. The combined presence of roots and straw confers a better performance to soybean than the isolated presence of roots or straw.

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PLANTAS DE COBERTURA E ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA NO MILHO EM PLANTIO DIRETO SOB INFLUÊNCIA DE DÉFICIT HÍDRICO EM SOLO DE CERRADO

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v15n3p439-449 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 439

Author(s):

GUILHERME FELISBERTO ◽

PATRÍCIA APARECIDA DE CARVALHO FELISBERTO ◽

LEANDRO FLÁVIO CARNEIRO ◽

PAULO CÉSAR TIMOSSI ◽

FLÁVIO HIROSHI KANEKO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Deficit ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

No Tillage ◽

Crambe Abyssinica ◽

Tillage System ◽

Crotalaria Spectabilis

RESUMO – A resposta à adubação nitrogenada da cultura do milho é dependente do tipo de solo, sistema de cultivo, dose empregada e cultura antecessora. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos dos resíduos vegetais de plantas de cobertura e da adubação nitrogenada no milho cultivado em sequência, sob sistema de plantio direto em consolidação no Cerrado. O experimento foi constituído de um fatorial 10 x 4, em delineamento de blocos casualizados e esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos das parcelas foram os resíduos do cultivo de dez plantas de cobertura (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crambe abyssinica, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus e Urochloa ruziziensis) e, nas subparcelas, foram testadas quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N) em cobertura no estádio V5 da cultura do milho. Observou-se baixa resposta à adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, o que foi atribuído principalmente à ocorrência de déficit hídrico nas fases de florescimento e enchimento de grãos. De modo geral, as características agronômicas do milho foram mais influenciadas pela adubação nitrogenada do que pelas plantas de cobertura cultivadas anteriormente. O ganho médio de produtividade de grãos foi da ordem de 3,7 kg para cada 1 kg de N aplicado. O milho após Urochloa ruziziensis e Crambe abyssinica apresenta menor produtividade em relação ao uso das outras espécies de plantas de cobertura, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada.Palavras-chave: adubação verde, sistema conservacionista, veranico, Zea mays.COVER CROPS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON MAIZE GROWN IN NO-TILLAGE SYSTEM UNDER WATER DEFICIT ON CERRADO SOILABSTRACT - The response to nitrogen fertilization of the corn is dependent on the type of soil, cropping system, dose used and preceding crop. In this context, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cover crops residues and nitrogen fertilization on corn grown in succession, under no-tillage system in the Cerrado region. The experiment was arranged in a factorial 10 x 4, in a randomized complete block design and subdivided plot scheme, with four replications. The treatments of the plots were the residues of ten cover crops (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crambe abyssinica, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus and Urochloa ruziziensis) and in the subplots four nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of N) were tested in the V5 stage of the corn. A low response to nitrogen fertilization was observed, which was mainly attributed to the occurrence of water deficit at the flowering and grain filling stages. In general, the agronomic characteristics of corn were more influenced by nitrogen fertilization than by the cover crops previously cultivated. The average gain of grain yield was of the order of 3.7 kg for each 1 kg ha-1 of N applied. Corn after Urochloa ruziziensis and Crambe abyssinica presented lower productivity compared to the use of other cover crop species, regardless nitrogen fertilization.Keywords: green manure, conservation tillage system, summer water deficit, Zea mays.

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Corn and soybean yields as affected by cover crops and herbicide timing under no-tillage system

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582013000400020 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 939-946

Author(s):

P. Oliveira ◽

A.S. Nascente ◽

J. Kluthcouski ◽

T.A.P. Castro

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Block Design ◽

No Tillage ◽

Brachiaria Brizantha ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Tillage System

To achieve better results in the no-tillage system (NTS), it is important to properly manage the cover crop prior to planting by using herbicides, usually glyphosate. The effect of glyphosate on plant coverage is slow, and plants take a few days to die completely. Thus, when applying the herbicide on the same day of planting soybean or corn, cover crops are still alive and standing, causing initial shading on seedlings of the crop and delaying its establishment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of distinct cover crops and their timing of desiccation prior to planting soybean or corn, on crop yield and yield components. Two experiments were installed, one for soybean and another for corn. Each experiment consisted in combining three cover crops (Brachiaria brizantha, common bean or millet) chemically desiccated at two timings before planting the crop (15 or 0 days before planting) under no-tillage system (NTS). Experiments were installed in a completely randomized block design with five replications. Brachiaria brizantha produced the highest amount of biomass; common bean and millet as cover crops allowed higher soybean grain yields; herbicide application under common bean, millet and Brachiaria brizantha 15 days before planting soybean allowed higher crop grain yields; desiccation timing of common bean did not affect corn grain yield; Brachiaria brizantha should be desiccated 15 days before planting corn to allow maximum grain yield; when millet was used as a cover crop, glyphosate application at planting of corn allowed the highest grain yield.

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Soil chemical properties affected by cover crops under no-tillage system

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201562040010 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 401-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Adriano Stephan Nascente ◽

Luis Fernando Stone ◽

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

No Tillage ◽

Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽

Tillage System

The use of cover crops in no-tillage systems (NTS) can significantly improve the soil's fertility. Thus, a study was performed to evaluate changes in chemical properties of soil caused by cover crops in a no-tillage system. The field experiment consisted of the following crop rotation: cover crops/rice/cover crops/rice. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications. Treatments consisted of four cover crops (Brachiaria brizantha(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, Brachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard, Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Colonião, and Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. Br. cv. BN-2) and fallow (control treatment). Soil samples were collected at the beginning of the summer crop in Oct 2007, Oct 2008 and Oct 2009 at 0-5 cm soil depth. The use of cover crops provided for a significant increase in the level of nutrients, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation in the soil. Soil fertility improved from the first to second year with the growing of cover crops. The soil under cover crops P. glaucum, B. ruziziensis, and B. brizantha showed higher fertility than the area under fallow.

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Agronomic traits and yield of organic maize under no-tillage system

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632016v4742774 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 72-79

Author(s):

Lamara Freitas Brito ◽

João Carlos Cardoso Galvão ◽

Jeferson Giehl ◽

Silvane de Almeida Campos ◽

Steliane Pereira Coelho

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Production ◽

Yield Potential ◽

White Lupin ◽

No Tillage ◽

Jack Bean ◽

Tillage System

ABSTRACT The no-tillage farming has become a popular practice in Brazil, but problems with weed control and plant nutrition persist under organic production systems. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic traits and yield of maize, after using different off-season cover crops under two organic no-tillage systems. A randomized block design, with a 7 x 2 factorial scheme, being 7 treatments (weeds; black oat monoculture; sunflower; white lupin intercropped with black oat in rows; white lupin intercropped with black oat by broadcasting; white lupin monoculture; and no cover crop) and 2 cropping systems (maize alone and intercropped with jack bean), and four replications was used. The agronomic traits evaluated were plant height, first-ear insertion height, stem diameter, prolificacy, 1,000 grain weight, grain yield and nitrogen released at 60 days of mulch decomposition. White lupin straw in monoculture and intercropped with black oat release a higher amount of N during the decomposition process and, consequently, these treatments increase maize yield. Intercropping with jack bean within the same row as maize reduces its yield potential under an organic no-tillage system.

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