Essential oils for the postharvest control of blue mold and quality of 'Fuji' apples

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of rosemary, cinnamon, citronella grass, and clove essential oils on the in vitro growth of Penicillium expansum, on the diameter of blue mold lesions, and on the physical and chemical attributes of 'Fuji' apples stored under refrigeration for different periods of time. The compositions of the essential oils were determined, and their effects on the growth inhibition, number, and viability of fungal spores in vitro were evaluated at 0, 100, and 1,000 μL L-1 oil concentrations. At postharvest, evaluations were performed for fruit treated with 0, 50, 100, and 500 μL L-1 essential oil and kept under refrigeration for 30 days, and for fruit treated with 0, 100, and 500 μL L-1 oil and kept under refrigeration for two days. The essential oils - eucalyptol (rosemary), eugenol (cinnamon), citronellal (citronella), and eugenol (clove) - reduce the growth, number, and viability of P. expansum spores 24 hours after the induction to germination, as well as the diameter of blue mold lesions in apples, except for citronella oil at 500 μL L-1 after 30 days of cold storage. There are no changes in the physicochemical attributes of apples, treated with different concentrations of the oils after refrigeration for five months, followed by seven days at room temperature.

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Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2021-0007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 021-036

Author(s):

Salman Ghuffar ◽

Gulshan Irshad ◽

Farah Naz ◽

Muhammad Azam Khan

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Average Weight ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Penicillium Species

Abstract Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.

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In vitro characteristics and in vivo platelet quality of whole blood treated with riboflavin and UVA / UVB light and stored for 24 hours at room temperature

Transfusion ◽

10.1111/trf.16500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 61 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Turid Helen Felli Lunde ◽

Lindsay Hartson ◽

Shawn Lawrence Bailey ◽

Tor Audun Hervig

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Room Temperature

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EVALUATION OF THE DISSOLVING EFFICACY OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON ENDODONTIC OBTURATING MATERIALS: AN IN VITRO STUDY.

10.36106/ijsr/2402413 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 66-68

Author(s):

Rakesh Pyla ◽

Jai Kiran Killada ◽

V Raja Sekhar

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Lavender Oil ◽

Citronella Oil ◽

Gutta Percha ◽

Lemon Oil ◽

The Difference

Aim:Endodontic retreatment is a procedure that removes the lling materials from the root canals followed by their cleaning, shaping and obturation. This in-vitro study aimed to compare and evaluate the ability of various essential oils as solvents in dissolving gutta-percha, epoxy resin, and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements. Materials and methods: A total of 28 cylindrical specimens in each group ZOE, epoxy resin, 28 ISO size 40 gutta-percha cones were prepared and divided into four groups for immersion in the different solvents, i.e. lemon oil, citronella oil, lavender oil, and TCE(Tetrachloroethylene (control)) for 5 minutes. The obturating materials dissolution in the solvents were obtained by the difference between the pre-immersion original weight and the post-immersion weight on a digital analytical scale. Data were statistically analysed by a paired t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (p < 0.05). Results: Order of efcacy of dissolution of essential oils was found to be lemon oil > Citronella oil > Lavender oil and was highly signicant (p < 0.01). In all the solvents, Gutta-percha showed maximum dissolution (Fvalue:149.56) followed by ZOE(89.07 ) and resin sealer least (23.86). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the lemon oil can be used as a solvent for dissolving obturating materials.

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QUALITY DIFFERENCES OF BOER LIQUID SEMEN DURING STORAGE WITH ADDITION SWEETORANGEESSENTIAL OIL IN TRIS YOLK AND GENTAMICIN EXTENDER

Journal of Community Research and Service ◽

10.24114/jcrs.v1i2.9341 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 78 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sukma Aditya Sitepu ◽

Zaituni Udin ◽

Jaswandi Jaswandi ◽

Hendri Hendri

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Orange Peel ◽

Boer Goat ◽

Closed Tube ◽

Growth Of Bacteria

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to know the quality of Boer liquid semen during storage by adding sweet orange essential oil and gentamicin into the tris yolkextender.The semenlongevity test was carried out by storing semen in a closed tube at room temperature and refrigerator, and evaluated motility and Viability every 3 hours at room temperature and 12 hours in refrigerator. The results showed that the characteristics of the liquid semen, with the addition of 1% of essential oils showed percentage of motility and Viability significantly higher than 0.5% and without the addition of essential oil, either stored at room temperature or in the refrigerator. This may be related to the content of essential oils of sweet orange peel containing flavonoids and antibacterials that are capable of maintaining liquid semen quality of Boer Goat.In addition, gentamicin contains antibacterials capable of suppressing the growth of bacteria which can damage and durabilitythe spermatozoa.Keywords: Boer Goat,Gentamicin, Liquid semen, Sweet orange

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Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-99-3-0258 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 258-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ting Yu ◽

Jishuang Chen ◽

Huangping Lu ◽

Xiaodong Zheng

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Biocontrol Efficacy ◽

Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

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Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-218 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 157-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

RUIYU ZHU ◽

TING YU ◽

SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽

HAO HU ◽

XIAODONG ZHENG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Adsorption ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Blue Mold ◽

High Concentration ◽

Marine Yeast ◽

Postharvest Decay ◽

Biological Treatments ◽

Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

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Effects of cold-storage facility characteristics on the virulence and sporulation of Penicillium expansum and the efficacy of essential oils against blue mold rot of apples

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2019-0024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 301-317

Author(s):

Bochra A. Bahri ◽

Ghaya Mechichi ◽

Wafa Rouissi ◽

Imtinen Ben Haj Jilani ◽

Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Spore Production ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Storage Facility ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Mentha Pulegium ◽

Fruit Species

AbstractBlue mold rot, caused by Penicillium expansum, is one of the most economically important post-harvest diseases of apple worldwide. The goals of this study were threefold: to evaluate the diversity of P. expansum isolates for mycelial growth, spore production and lesion diameter on apples; to estimate the effects of cold-storage facility conditions on P. expansum population structure; and to investigate the efficacy of three essential oils against P. expansum. The results showed that storage facilities applying fungicides and storing diverse fruit species selected for P. expansum isolates with a larger lesion diameter on apples. In addition, application of fungicides and diversification in stored fruit species significantly select for P. expansum isolates with higher levels of mycelial growth and spore production, respectively. Moreover, the diversity of host species of stored fruit accounted for 38% of the variability observed between storage facilities for the measured fitness parameters in P. expansum isolates and had a stronger effect on P. expansum population structure than fungicide treatment. Essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Syzygium aromaticum significantly decreased mycelial growth and spore production of P. expansum isolates in vitro. Mentha pulegium essential oil also significantly decreased the size of lesions associated with the blue mold rot of apples. Reducing the diversity of stored host species and applying M. pulegium essential oil may be useful in counter-selecting for aggressive P. expansum isolates and reducing losses due to blue mold rot during fruit storage.

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Quality Attributes Comparison of Selected Brands of Rosuvastatin Calcium Tablets Marketed in the US and Bangladesh

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i39a32140 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 46-55

Author(s):

Shahrin Tasnim Monisha ◽

Kamrun Nahar Ela ◽

Rabeya Islam ◽

Sadia Afruz Ether ◽

Fahad Imtiaz Rahman

Keyword(s):

United States Pharmacopeia ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Weight Variation ◽

The Us ◽

Generic Products ◽

Chemical Attributes ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

States Pharmacopeia ◽

Rosuvastatin Calcium

Aims: This study investigated whether locally marketed rosuvastatin calcium tablets in Bangladesh have comparable physical and chemical attributes, including in vitro bioequivalence profiles, to the proprietary brand. Methodology: Nine generic products (G1-G9) containing 10 mg of rosuvastatin calcium were compared to the proprietary brand Crestor® (R1) and an FDA approved generic rosuvastatin calcium tablet (R2). Weight variation, diameter, thickness, friability, drug content, disintegration time and dissolution profiles were tested according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) guidelines. In vitro bioequivalence requirements were assessed by calculating difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factors. Results: The generic products complied with the pharmacopeial requirements for weight variation, disintegration time and friability. All the tablets had drug ranging between 92%-105% and released more than 80% of rosuvastatin within first 15-30 minutes. However, for brands G5, G7 and G8 the f1 values were 15.7%, 15.82% and 25.21% respectively and their f2 values were 41.8, 41.6 and 32.6 respectively whereas for G9 the f2 value was 43.4. These brands have thus failed to meet in vitro bioequivalence requirements. Conclusion: We conclude that few substandard generics of rosuvastatin calcium has somehow found its way to the market and further studies are required to ascertain their noncompliance.

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Molecular Characterization of Penicillium expansum Isolated from Grapes and its Management by Leaf Extract of Chenopodium murale

International Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.33687/phytopath.010.01.3506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. ACCEPTED

Author(s):

Iqra Haider Khan ◽

Arshad Javaid ◽

Syeda Fakehha Naqvi

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Chenopodium Murale

Penicillium expansum Link causes an economically important postharvest blue mold disease in a number of fruits and vegetables. In the present study, this fungus was isolated from rotted grapes and identified on morphological basis. Identification of the pathogen was further confirmed on molecular basis by using four different primer pairs namely ITS, β-tubulin, CMD and CF under accession numbers MN752155, MN787831, MN787832 and MN787833, respectively. Leaf extract of Chenopodium murale was assessed for its potential to control in vitro growth of P. expansum. For this purpose, leaves were extracted in methanol and after evaporation of the solvent, the resulting extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol followed by antifungal bioassays with different concentrations (1.562 to 200 mg mL-1) each organic solvent fraction. Although all the fractions variably controlled the fungal pathogen, however, n-butanol fraction showed the highest antifungal activity causing 45–86% reduction in biomass of the pathogen. Ethyl acetate fraction was also highly antifungal and reduced fungal biomass by 44–81%. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions were comparatively less effective and reduced biomass of P. expansum by 30–72% and 11–44%, respectively. This study concludes that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions are highly antifungal in nature against P. expansum.

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