scholarly journals Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 021-036
Author(s):  
Salman Ghuffar ◽  
Gulshan Irshad ◽  
Farah Naz ◽  
Muhammad Azam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Penicillium Species

Abstract Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Saprolegnia parasitica

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Nardoni ◽  
Basma Najar ◽  
Baldassare Fronte ◽  
Luisa Pistelli ◽  
Francesca Mancianti
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Saprolegnia Parasitica

Saprolegnia spp. water molds severely impact fish health in aquaculture, fish farms and hobby fish tanks colonizing mature and immature stages of fishes, as well as eggs. Considering that there are no drugs licensed for treating and/or control the organism, efficient and environmental low-impact methods to control these oomycetes in aquaculture are needed. The aim of the present report was to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of Saprolegnia parasitica to essential oils (EOs) from Citrus aurantium L., Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau, Citrus limon Burm. f., Citrus paradisi Macfad, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Cymbopogon flexuosum (Nees ex Steud.) Watson, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Illicium verum Hook.f., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Origanum majorana L., Origanum vulgare L., Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér., Syzygium aromaticum Merr. & L.M.Perry, and Thymus vulgaris L., by microdilution test. The most effective EOs assayed were T. vulgaris and O. vulgare, followed by C. flexuosum, L. cubeba and C. bergamia. These EOs could be of interest for controlling Saprolegnia infections. Nevertheless, further safety studies are necessary to evaluate if these products could be dispersed in tank waters, or if their use should be limited to aquaculture supplies.

scholarly journals Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP‑1 Cells

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Maria Graça Miguel ◽  
Carina Isabel da Silva ◽  
Luana Farah ◽  
Fernão Castro Braga ◽  
Ana Cristina Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Acute Monocytic Leukemia ◽  
Monocytic Leukemia ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Eucalyptus Viminalis ◽  
Tnf Α

Plants and their constituents have been used to treat diverse ailments since time immemorial. Many plants are used in diverse external and internal formulations (infusions, alcoholic extracts, essential oils (EOs), etc.) in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, such as those affecting the respiratory tract or causing gastrointestinal or joint problems, among others. To support the traditional uses of plant extracts, EOs have been assessed for their alleged anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of EOs on the release of cytokines and chemokines has been much less reported. Considering their traditional use and commercial relevance in Portugal and Angola, this study evaluated the effect of EOs on the in vitro inhibition of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells). Twenty EOs extracted from eighteen species from seven families, namely from Amaranthaceae (Dysphania ambrosioides), Apiaceae (Foeniculum vulgare), Asteraceae (Brachylaena huillensis, Solidago virgaurea), Euphorbiaceae (Spirostachys africana), Lamiaceae (Lavandula luisieri, Mentha cervina, Origanum majorana, Satureja montana, Thymbra capitata, Thymus mastichina, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis subsp. zygis), Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus viminalis) and Pinaceae (Pinus pinaster) were assayed for the release of CCL2 and TNF-α by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. B. huillensis, S. africana, S. montana, Th. mastichina and Th. vulgaris EOs showed toxicity to THP-1 cells, at the lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL), using the tetrazolium dye assay. The most active EOs in reducing TNF-α release by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were those of T. capitata (51% inhibition at 20 μg/mL) and L. luisieri (15–23% inhibition at 30 μg/mL and 78–83% inhibition at 90 μg/mL). L. luisieri EO induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of CCL2 release by LPS‑stimulated THP-1 cells (23%, 54% and 82% inhibition at 10, 30 and 90 μg/mL, respectively). These EOs are potentially useful in the management of inflammatory diseases mediated by CCL2 and TNF‑α, such as atherosclerosis and arthritis.

scholarly journals Essential oils for the postharvest control of blue mold and quality of 'Fuji' apples

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Maria Furtado Drehmer Vieira ◽  
Cristiano André Steffens ◽  
Luiz Carlos Argenta ◽  
Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante ◽  
Andreia Hansen Oster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of rosemary, cinnamon, citronella grass, and clove essential oils on the in vitro growth of Penicillium expansum, on the diameter of blue mold lesions, and on the physical and chemical attributes of 'Fuji' apples stored under refrigeration for different periods of time. The compositions of the essential oils were determined, and their effects on the growth inhibition, number, and viability of fungal spores in vitro were evaluated at 0, 100, and 1,000 μL L-1 oil concentrations. At postharvest, evaluations were performed for fruit treated with 0, 50, 100, and 500 μL L-1 essential oil and kept under refrigeration for 30 days, and for fruit treated with 0, 100, and 500 μL L-1 oil and kept under refrigeration for two days. The essential oils - eucalyptol (rosemary), eugenol (cinnamon), citronellal (citronella), and eugenol (clove) - reduce the growth, number, and viability of P. expansum spores 24 hours after the induction to germination, as well as the diameter of blue mold lesions in apples, except for citronella oil at 500 μL L-1 after 30 days of cold storage. There are no changes in the physicochemical attributes of apples, treated with different concentrations of the oils after refrigeration for five months, followed by seven days at room temperature.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Plant's Essential Oils against Post Harvest Fungal Disease of Apple Fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Nirjan Oli ◽  
Uday Kumar Singh ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Cinnamomum Tamala ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Apple Fruits

Bioactive natural compounds are developed as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of rot diseases of apple fruit. The antifungal activity of essential oils exudes from five plants, namely, Cinnamomum tamala, Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, Citrus limetta and Eucalyptus citriodora were evaluated in vitro against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata causing postharvest rot disease in apple fruits. The pathogens were isolated from infected apple fruits collected from local markets of Kathamandu, Nepal. The essential oils were extracted through hydro-distillation process using Clevenger apparatus. The pathogenicity test was confirmed by inoculating pathogen into healthy apple fruit. The assessment of fungi toxicity was carried out by poison food technique using five different concentrations: 2.5μl/ml, 5μl/ml, 10μl/ml, 20μl/ml and 40μl/ml and controls were set to determine percentage inhibition of mycelial growth to test fungi. Among tested five essential oils, Cinnamomum tamala showed most effective antifungal activity against all three pathogens, which inhibited mycelium growth by 100% at 40 μl/ml concentrations. However, Eucalyptus citriodora showed all three pathogens inhibited mycelium growth by 65.87%, 73.17% and 86.91%, respectively at 40 μl/ml concentration.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)/Carbapenamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria Involved in Human Nosocomial Infections

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Iseppi ◽  
Alessandro Di Cerbo ◽  
Piero Aloisi ◽  
Mattia Manelli ◽  
Veronica Pellesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Diffusion Assay

The aim of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of four essential oils (EOs), Melaleuca alternifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, and Thymus vulgaris, in preventing the development and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. A total of 60 strains were obtained from the stock collection from the Microbiology Laboratory of Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy. Twenty ESBL-producing E. coli, 5 K. pneumoniae, 13 KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, and 20 MBL-producing P. aeruginosa were cultured and reconfirmed as ESBL and carbapenamase producers. Polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of genes responsible for antibiotic resistance (ESBL and KPC/MBL). Antibacterial activity of the EOs was determined using the agar disk diffusion assay, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also evaluated. Lastly, adhesion capability and biofilm formation on polystyrene and glass surfaces were studied in 24 randomly selected strains. M. alternifolia and T. vulgaris EOs showed the best antibacterial activity against all tested strains and, as revealed by agar disk diffusion assay, M. alternifolia was the most effective, even at low concentrations. This effect was also confirmed by MICs, with values ranging from 0.5 to 16 µg/mL and from 1 to 16 µg/mL, for M. alternifolia and T. vulgaris EOs, respectively. The EOs’ antibacterial activity compared to antibiotics confirmed M. alternifolia EO as the best antibacterial agent. T. vulgaris EO also showed a good antibacterial activity with MICs lower than both reference antibiotics. Lastly, a significant anti-biofilm activity was observed for the two EOs (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 for M. alternifolia and T. vulgaris EOs, respectively). A good antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of M. alternifolia and T. vulgaris EOs against all selected strains was observed, thus demonstrating a future possible use of these EOs to treat infections caused by ESBL/carbapenemase-producing strains, even in association with antibiotics.

scholarly journals Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yu ◽  
Jishuang Chen ◽  
Huangping Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

Essential Oils of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum and Their in Vitro Anti‐Arthritic Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Marrelli ◽  
Valentina Amodeo ◽  
Florinda Viscardi ◽  
Michele De Luca ◽  
Giancarlo Statti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare

scholarly journals Screening and Evaluation of Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants against the Mushroom Cobweb Disease, Cladobotryum mycophilum

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Gea ◽  
Navarro ◽  
Santos ◽  
Diánez ◽  
Herraiz-Peñalver
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Aromatic Species ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Cobweb Disease ◽  
Fungitoxic Effect ◽  
Compensatory Effect

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to synthetic fungicides used in the control of cobweb disease of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum. The EOs used were obtained by hydrodistillation from five Mediterranean aromatic species (Lavandula × intermedia, Salvia lavandulifolia, Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina, and Thymus vulgaris), analyzed by gas chromatography, and tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against C. mycophilum. In vitro bioassays showed that the EOs obtained from T. vulgaris and S. montana (ED50 = 35.5 and 42.8 mg L−1, respectively) were the most effective EOs for inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. mycophilum, and were also the most selective EOs between C. mycophilum and A. bisporus. The in vivo efficacy of T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at two different concentrations (0.5 and 1%) were evaluated in two mushroom growing trials with C. mycophilum inoculation. The treatments involving T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at the higher dose (1% concentration) were as effective as fungicide treatment. The effect of these EOs on mushroom productivity was tested in a mushroom cropping trial without inoculation. They had a strong fungitoxic effect at the first flush. However, a compensatory effect was observed by the end of the crop cycle and no differences were observed in biological efficiency between treatments. The main compounds found were carvacrol and p-cymene for S. montana, and p-cymene and thymol for T. vulgaris. These results suggest that T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs may be useful products to manage cobweb disease if used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program.

Patulin production by Penicillium expansum isolates from apples during different steps of long-term storage

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. De Clercq ◽  
G. Vlaemynck ◽  
E. Van Pamel ◽  
D. Colman ◽  
M. Heyndrickx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Term Storage

Penicillium expansum is the principal cause of blue mould rot and associated production of patulin, a weak mycotoxin, in apples worldwide. P. expansum growth and patulin production is observed during improper or long-term storage of apples. We have investigated the extent to which each successive step during long-term storage contributes to patulin production in various P. expansum isolates. Fungal isolates collected on apples from several Belgian orchards/industries were identified to species level. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and β-tubulin gene sequencing identified P. expansum and Penicillium solitum as the most prevalent Penicillium species associated with Belgian apples. All 27 P. expansum isolates and eight reference strains were characterised for their patulin production capacity on apple puree agar medium for five days under classical constant temperature and atmosphere conditions. Under these conditions, a large range of patulin production levels was observed. Based on this phenotypic diversity, five P. expansum isolates and one reference strain were selected for in vitro investigation of patulin production under representative conditions in each step of long-term apple storage. Patulin accumulation seemed highly strain dependent and no significant differences between the storage steps were observed. The results also indicated that a high spore inoculum may lead to a strong patulin accumulation even at cold temperatures (1 °C) combined with controlled atmosphere (CA) (3% O2, 1% CO2), suggesting that future control strategies may benefit from considering the duration of storage under CA conditions as well as duration of deck storage.

Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUIYU ZHU ◽  
TING YU ◽  
SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽  
HAO HU ◽  
XIAODONG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Marine Yeast ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

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