scholarly journals Effect of alcohol concentration and electrode composition on the ethanol electrochemical oxidation

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bergamaski ◽  
J. F. Gomes ◽  
B. E Goi ◽  
F. C. Nart
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Electrode Composition ◽  
Oxidized Products

The electrochemical oxidation on platinum and platinum rhodium bimetallic electrodes was studied by Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry for several ethanol concentrations in solution. It is found that increasing the ethanol concentration the production of the partially oxidized products (acetaldehyde) increases as the concentration increases. On the other hand, addition of 25% at. of rhodium increases the full oxidation to CO2. Another interesting result observed is a correlation between the intensity of the dehydrogenations peak at 0.3 V vs. RHE and the CO2 yield for the different ethanol concentration studied.

Electrochemical oxidation of 4-substituted N,N-dimethylaniline in the presence of silyl enol ether. Effect of the substituent on the formation of Mannich bases. II.

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger N. Renaud ◽  
Campbell J. Stephens ◽  
Gaétan Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Mannich Bases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enol Ether ◽  
Oxidation Potentials ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Silyl Enol Ether ◽  
Electron Withdrawing Group

The formation of Mannich bases from the electrochemical oxidation of 4-substituted N,N-dimethylaniline in the presence of silyl enol ether was studied. The yield of bases obtained depended on the relative oxidation potentials of the starting amine compound and the base formed. An electron-donating substituent on the amine showed a large difference in the oxidation potentials and gave the highest yield of product. On the other hand, the oxidation potentials were very close with an electron-withdrawing substituent and the yield in base was relatively much lower. Furthermore, the main product in the case of an electron-withdrawing group in the presence of 1-trimethylsilyloxy-1-cyclohexene was 4-substituted 2-(2-oxocyclohexyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline. Some side products were also isolated and were identified as N,N-diketonic compounds.

scholarly journals Studies on Syngas Fermentation With Clostridium carboxidivorans in Stirred-Tank Reactors With Defined Gas Impurities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Rückel ◽  
Jens Hannemann ◽  
Carolin Maierhofer ◽  
Alexander Fuchs ◽  
Dirk Weuster-Botz
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Syngas Fermentation ◽  
Trace Impurities ◽  
Gas Fermentation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Clostridium Carboxidivorans

Syngas fermentation processes with acetogenic bacteria like Clostridium carboxidivorans have been proven to be a promising approach for the conversion of CO-rich waste gases into short- and medium-chain alcohols. The challenge of synthesis gas impurities, on the other hand, has always been a major concern for establishing an industrial-scale process, since some of the trace components in waste gases, such as NH3, H2S, and NOx, can have inhibiting or even toxic effects on microbial growth and product formation. Thus, this study aims to identify the effects of the main trace impurities in syngas from gasification of biogenic residues by the supply of defined concentrations of trace impurities to the cultivation medium. Autotrophic gas fermentation studies were performed with C. carboxidivorans in batch-operated fully-controlled stirred-tank bioreactors with continuous gas supply (80% CO and 20% CO2). The syngas components NH3 and H2S had a positive effect on both growth and alcohol formation (ethanol, 1-butanol, and 1-hexanol). The maximum biomass concentration was increased by more than 50%, and the maximum ethanol concentration was more than doubled with 5.0 g L−1 NH4Cl or 1.0 g L−1 H2S provided by the addition of 2.2 g L−1 thioacetamide. The addition of the nitrogen oxide species nitrate and nitrite, on the other hand, reduced biomass growth as well as alcohol concentrations. Already, the supply of 0.1 g L−1 NaNO3 resulted in reduced growth and 25% reduction of the maximum ethanol concentration. The production of the longer chain alcohols 1-butanol and 1-hexanol was reduced as well. All NaNO2 concentrations tested showed a strong toxic effect on the metabolism of C. carboxidivorans, and neither CO consumption nor product formation was observed after addition. As a consequence, NOx components in syngas from the gasification of biogenic residues should be reduced by the gasification process and/or selectively removed from the syngas after gasification.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Chinese Ink Rubbing by 14C AMS Analysis

Radiocarbon ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Chien Yuan ◽  
Walter Kutschera ◽  
Tze-Yue Lin ◽  
Peter Steier ◽  
Christof Vockenhuber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Scanning Electron

The date of a Chinese ink rubbing was determined using radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to be in the range from AD 1480 to AD 1670 (95.4% confidence limit). Together with a scanning electron miscroscope (SEM) analysis of the ink and a comparative study of the Chinese characters, it was determined that the ink rubbing must have been performed before Emperor Kang Hsi (AD 1662–1722), who ruled at the beginning of the Chin Dynasty. On the other hand, the stone stele, from which the ink rubbing was produced, was carved in AD 531, which is consistent with an analysis of some erased characters. Such analysis seems to be useful to help clarify possible forgeries of these art objects.

scholarly journals 14C Dating Ancient Japanese Documents

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 701-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Oda ◽  
Toshio Nakamura ◽  
Michiaki Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
The Other ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
Japanese Paper ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ancient Documents ◽  
The Relationship

We measured radiocarbon ages of 11 pieces of ancient Japanese documents by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The purpose of this study is to compare the relationship between the calibrated 14C age and the historical age of Japanese paper samples. Calibrated ages of nine pieces agree with their historical ages, indicating that Japanese ancient documents can be used for 14C dating in the recent historic period. On the other hand, the 14C age of paper that was used for reinforcement of a sutra is ca. 300 yr older than the historical age of the sutra. This shows that the sutra was repaired with old paper.

Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for Analysis of Organic Additives in an Uncured Rubber Compound

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Lattimer ◽  
H. Muenster ◽  
H. Budzikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Molecular Ions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Ion Currents ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract In this study, we examined the feasibility of obtaining MS/MS data for organic additives in an uncured rubber compound using several different ionization methods. EI-MS/MS worked well for those additives that gave intense molecular ions (M+·) via this mode of ionization. CI-MS/MS also worked quite well for most additives; the CI MH+ ion currents were generally quite intense and stable over a long period of time. Although fragmentation patterns for MH+ ions are different from those obtained from M+· ions, the fragments are still good diagnostic tools for identifying the original molecule. On the other hand, the FI- and FD-MS/MS analyses of these rubber samples were generally not very satisfactory. This was due to the fact that FI/FD ion currents were too weak and unstable to give daughter-ion spectra with good S/N. It may be concluded that the best way to detect and identify typical organic additives in a compounded rubber is to use a combination of EI- and CI-MS/MS. In this study, intact accelerators were successfully analyzed by MS/MS. The two accelerators in this particular rubber (OBTS and DPG) could be confirmed quite readily by daughter-ion analysis of their intense MH+ ions (CI-MS/MS). Daughter-ion analyses of M+· obtained by either EI, FI or FD modes were not very successful, however. In EI, the difficulty is that molecular ions are quite weak (or even absent) for typical rubber curatives. In FI and FD, on the other hand, a very large proportion of the ion current for accelerators resides in the molecular ion. The difficulty here is that the total ion current produced by FI or FD is rather low. The MS/MS approach has proven to be very useful for direct analysis of organic additives in rubber compounds. The principal advantage in using MS/MS is that more information is available from mixtures than can be obtained by direct analysis using conventional mass spectral methods. The MS/MS technique is also rapid experimentally compared to other techniques for mixture analysis such as GC/MS, LC/MS, or high resolution (AC-MS). Finally, since MS/MS involves two stages of mass analysis, it leads to a great reduction in the chemical noise associated with single-stage mass spectrometry. This leads to the facile confirmation of the presence (or absence) of specific components in a complex mixture.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

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