Host suitability of weeds and forage species to root-knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola as a funcion of irrigation management

The irrigated rice production can be limited by various phytopathogenic agents, including root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Thus, the aim of this research was to check the host suitability of plant species most often found off-season and during rice cultivation, to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, under two irrigation managements. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. In the first experiment seven plant species that occur in an area of rice cultivation, in fallow, off-season were evaluated. For the second experiment nine weed species infesting the irrigated rice culture were tested in rainfed and flooding conditions. The sixteen species, kept individually in pots with sterilized substrate, were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) of nematode. BRS 410 IRGA rice plants inoculated with M.graminicola were used as control. Two months after inoculation, the root system of each plant was evaluated for number of galls and nematode reproduction factor. It was verified that the species of off-season of rice cultivation Sida rhombifolia, Raphanus raphanistrum, Spergula arvensis, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens, and, during the cycle of rice cultivation, Aeschynomene denticulata, Leersia hexandra, are immune to nematode. The plant species off-season, Avena strigosa and Lolium multiflorum and of cultivation, Alternanthera philoxeroides, red rice, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus iria and Fimbristylis miliacea would behave as hosts of M.graminicola, mostly under rainfed conditions.

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HOST STATUS OF PLANT SPECIES WITH NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST MELOIDOGYNE GRAMINICOLA (GOLDEN & BIRCHFIELD)

Redia ◽

10.19263/redia-103.20.23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 ◽

pp. 147-151

Author(s):

ELISABETTA DALLAVALLE ◽

GIOVANNA CURTO ◽

ROBERTO SANTI ◽

ROBERTO MATTEO ◽

LUCA LAZZERI

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Reproduction Rate ◽

Eruca Sativa ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Cucumis Sativus L ◽

Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽

Wide Range ◽

Host Status ◽

Lepidium Campestre ◽

First Time

The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden & Birchfield), is a nematode first described in 1965 from grasses and oats in Louisiana (US), and currently spread in rice crops in Asia, parts of the Americas and Africa. It can be detected in a wide range of more than 98 host plant species. In 2016 M. graminicola was detected for the first time in some rice fields of Northern Italy. In this paper, two greenhouse experiments (the first at 21-22 °C and the second one at 26-28 °C) are reported and discussed, in which three species containing bioactive compounds, Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br., Eruca sativa Mill. cv. Nemat, and Crotalaria juncea L., were compared with Cucumis sativus L., a good host of M. graminicola, as control. Seedlings of each plant species were transplanted in pots containing mean 50 J2s 100 cm−3 soil. Three assessments were carried out about 30, 60, 90 days after transplantation, on both soil and roots. Temperature influenced M. graminicola life cycle, which was never completed at 21-22 °C; conversely, at 26-28 °C, both E. sativa and C. juncea reached a reproduction rate (R) = 0.01, confirming to be poor hosts, effective in decreasing the nematode infestation on the roots and in the soil, while L. campestre (R = 4.01) demonstrated to be a good host of M. graminicola more than the control C. sativus (R = 2.12), increasing considerably the nematode population after about 90 days.

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Comparison of migration, penetration, development and reproduction of Meloidogyne graminicola on susceptible and resistant rice genotypes

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854111x602613 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 405-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ma. Teodora Nadong Cabasan ◽

Arvind Kumar ◽

Dirk De Waele

Keyword(s):

Egg Laying ◽

Rice Root ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽

Second Stage ◽

African Rice ◽

Asian Rice ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

Nematode Development

Migration, penetration, development and reproduction of the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, in the resistant African rice genotypes TOG5674, TOG5675, CG14 and RAM131, and in the susceptible Asian rice genotypes IR64 and UPLRi-5 were studied and compared. The number of second-stage juveniles (J2) that had migrated horizontally and vertically towards the rhizosphere at 48 h after inoculation was comparable in both resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. Penetration of J2 was significantly lower in the resistant rice genotypes compared with the susceptible rice genotypes at 3 and 7 days after inoculation (DAI). Nematode development in the resistant rice genotypes was slower than in the susceptible rice genotypes. Nematode reproduction was significantly lower in the resistant rice genotypes, which supported fewer eggs per g of roots and eggs per female. A significantly higher percentage of egg-laying females was found in the susceptible rice genotypes. Mature females that had developed in the resistant rice genotypes were significantly smaller than the ones in the susceptible rice genotypes. The resistant rice genotypes had significantly fewer galls than the susceptible rice genotypes.

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Integrative taxonomy of Meloidogyne graminicola populations with different esterase phenotypes parasitising rice in Brazil

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-bja10065 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Mayra R.C. Soares ◽

Vanessa S. Mattos ◽

Raycenne R. Leite ◽

Ana Cristina M.M. Gomes ◽

Cesar Bauer Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraspecific Variability ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Integrative Taxonomy ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽

Geographic Origins ◽

Morphometric Features ◽

High Level ◽

Esterase Phenotypes

Summary The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, has been reported in Southeast Asia, China, India, South Africa, USA, Brazil, and other countries. Recent surveys in Southern Brazil showed that M. graminicola was widespread in irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná states, and the presence of a species complex with a predominance of M. graminicola (Est VS1 = G1) and other variants showing similar esterase phenotypes (Est G2 = R2, G3 = R3). Meloidogyne oryzae (Est O1) and M. ottersoni (Est Ot0) were also part of this complex and were recently re-described and detected on rice. The present study provides an integrative taxonomy approach of the typical and atypical populations of M. graminicola on the basis of morphological, morphometric and molecular data. Considering morphological and morphometric features, the two atypical populations (Est G2 and G3) are in close agreement with the description of M. graminicola. Based on the molecular characterisation, populations G1, G2 and G3 were successfully amplified by M. graminicola SCAR markers, although the specificity of these markers was questioned. Phylogenetic relationships complemented and confirmed the other studies. In maximum likelihood analysis of ITS, D2-D3 rRNA and COXII-16S rRNA sequences, all populations of M. graminicola from different esterase phenotypes clustered together with other M. graminicola populations, thus confirming that these enzyme phenotypes (G1, G2 and G3) are related to the same species. A high level of intraspecific variability was detected among all populations, but no correlation between genetic variability and geographic origins occurred.

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The Screening of Resistance against Meloidogyne graminicola in Oats

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10080352 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 352

Author(s):

Shun-Min Yao ◽

Yung-Fen Huang ◽

Jiue-In Yang

Keyword(s):

Avena Sativa ◽

Gall Formation ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Host Attraction ◽

Susceptible Host ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Oat Breeding

Including pest resistance elements against the major local concern is naturally important in the breeding process. Oat (Avena sativa L.) has been recently reintroduced into Taiwan as a winter alternative forage crop, and its agronomic performance has been evaluated at different locations in the country. This study examined the resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, in four oat (Avena sativa L.) breeding lines of mass planting potential for winter in Taiwan. The host attraction level to the nematode, and the penetration and reproduction ability of nematode towards host roots were evaluated by chemotaxis assay, root staining assay, root galling, and nematode extraction. Based on the gall index (GI) and multiplication factor (R), the resistance of each oat line was evaluated. At 24 h postinoculation, second-stage juvenile (J2) nematodes appeared most attracted by oat breeding lines UFRGS136104-3 and UFRGS136119-2. The number of J2s successfully penetrated into the two breeding lines were also high. However, at 40 days postinoculation, observation of the oats in the newly developed culture bag nematode-inoculation system revealed that the amount of root galls and 2nd generation nematodes were significantly higher in line LA08085BS-T2 than in other lines. In sum, oat breeding line UFRGS136104-3 was highly resistant to M. graminicola by inhibiting the gall formation and nematode reproduction, while UFRGS136106-3 and UFRGS136119-2 showed relatively weak resistance and oat line LA08085BS-T2 would be a moderately susceptible host to M. graminicola, with high numbers of root gall formation. The outcome of this study provides ground information for nematode-resistant oat cultivar breeding.

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Host suitability of vetiver grass to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854107779969736 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 49-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hendrika Fourie ◽

Caroline Leswifi ◽

Alex H. McDonald ◽

Dirk De Waele

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Vetiver Grass ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Green Pepper ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Rf Values ◽

Race 2

Abstract Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are economically important pathogens of many agricultural crops, and the frequency of occurrence, abundance and importance of these nematodes in resource-poor agricultural production systems make control necessary. The host suitability of vetiver grass to Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita race 2 was investigated and compared with the host status of the six crops included in the North Carolina Differential Host Range Test, i.e., tomato (cv. Rutgers), groundnut (cv. Florunner), watermelon (cv. Charleston Gray), green pepper (cv. California Wonder), cotton (cv. Deltapine) and tobacco (line NC 95). Each plant was inoculated with 10 000±500 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of either M. javanica or M. incognita race 2, 3 weeks after emergence. Nematode reproduction assessments were done 56 days after inoculation. Significant differences in egg-laying female (ELF) indices, number of egg-masses and eggs and J2 per root system and reproduction factor (RF) values were recorded among the crops for both nematode species. Vetiver grass exhibited RF-values lower than 1 for both M. javanica and M. incognita race 2, indicating resistance to these root-knot nematode species.

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Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Rotylenchulus reniformis Host Suitability in Soybean

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-02-20-0035-r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (9) ◽

pp. 1511-1521

Author(s):

Juliet Wilkes ◽

Christopher Saski ◽

Mariola Klepadlo ◽

Benjamin Fallen ◽

Paula Agudelo

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Loci ◽

Qtl Analysis ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

The United States ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Reniform Nematode ◽

Rotylenchulus Reniformis ◽

Chromosome 18 ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Trait Loci

Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) is a yield-limiting pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) in the southeastern region of the United States. A population of 250 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) (F2:8) developed from a cross between reniform nematode resistant soybean cultivar Forrest and susceptible cultivar Williams 82 was utilized to identify regions associated with host suitability. A genetic linkage map was constructed using single-nucleotide polymorphism markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing. The phenotype was measured in the RIL population and resistance was characterized using normalized and transformed nematode reproduction indices in an optimal univariate cluster analysis. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using normalized phenotype scores identified two QTLs on each arm of chromosome 18 (rrn-1 and rrn-2). The same QTL analysis performed with log10(x) transformed phenotype data also identified two QTLs: one on chromosome 18 overlapping the same region in the other analysis (rrn-1), and one on chromosome 11 (rrn-3). While rrn-1 and rrn-3 have been reported associated with reduced reproduction of reniform nematode, this is the first report of the rrn-2 region associated with host suitability to reniform nematode. The resistant parent allele at rrn-2 showed an inverse relationship with the resistance phenotype, correlating with an increase in nematode reproduction or host suitability. Several candidate genes within these regions corresponded with host plant defense systems. Interestingly, a characteristic pathogen resistance gene with a leucine-rich repeat was discovered within rrn-2. These genetic markers can be used by soybean breeders in marker-assisted selection to develop lines with resistance to reniform nematode.

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Genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. parasitising potato in Brazil and aggressiveness of M. javanica populations on susceptible cultivars

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 69-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Israel L. Medina ◽

Cesar B. Gomes ◽

Valdir R. Correa ◽

Vanessa S. Mattos ◽

Philippe Castagnone-Sereno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Rapd Markers ◽

Potato Production ◽

Potato Cultivars ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Prevalent Species ◽

Reproduction Factor

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) significantly impact potato production worldwide and in Brazil they are considered one of the most important group of nematodes affecting potatoes. The objectives of this study were to survey Meloidogyne spp. associated with potatoes in Brazil, determine their genetic diversity and assess the aggressiveness of M. javanica on two susceptible potato cultivars. Fifty-seven root-knot nematode populations were identified using esterase phenotyping, including Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica. Overall, root-knot nematodes were present in ca 43% of sampled sites, in which M. javanica was the most prevalent species, and the phenotypes Est J3, J2a and J2 occurred in 91.2, 6.7 and 2.1% of the positive samples, respectively. Other species, such as M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica, were found less frequently and occurred at rates of 6.4, 4.3 and 2.1% of the samples, respectively. Sometimes, M. javanica was found in mixtures with other root-knot nematodes in ca 10.6% of sites containing Meloidogyne. After confirming the identification of 17 isolates of M. javanica and one isolate each of M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica by SCAR markers, the populations were used to infer their genetic diversity using RAPD markers. Results revealed low intraspecifc genetic diversity among isolates (13.9%) for M. javanica. Similarly, M. javanica sub-populations (J2a) clustered together (81% of bootstrap), indicating subtle variation from typical J3 populations. The aggressiveness of four populations of M. javanica from different Brazilian states on two susceptible potato cultivars was tested under glasshouse conditions. Results indicated differences in aggressiveness among these populations and showed that potato disease was proportional to nematode reproduction factor.

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Reproductive, pathogenic and genotypic characterisation of five Meloidogyne graminicola populations from the Philippines on susceptible and resistant rice varieties

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003142 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 299-318

Author(s):

Ma. Teodora Nadong Cabasan ◽

Arvind Kumar ◽

Stéphane Bellafiore ◽

Dirk De Waele

Keyword(s):

Phenotypic Variability ◽

The Philippines ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Oryza Glaberrima ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Rdna Genes ◽

Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽

Disease Induction

Summary Five populations of Meloidogyne graminicola isolated from different rice-growing areas in the Philippines were characterised. The populations showed little phenotypic variability of second-stage juveniles and female perineal pattern. Differences in reproduction among M. graminicola populations were not observed on mature resistant Oryza glaberrima varieties ‘TOG5674’, ‘TOG5675’, ‘RAM131’ and ‘CG14’, or on susceptible O. sativa varieties ‘IR64’ and ‘UPLRi-5’. In all infected rice varieties, plant growth and yield-contributing traits showed no differences among the populations. A search on M. graminicola populations from the Philippines for single-nucleotide polymorphism on the sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of rDNA genes and mtDNA indicated only few points of heteroplasmy. Nematode reproduction and disease induction of the five M. graminicola populations in the Philippines exerted the same level of aggressiveness and virulence. The absence of resistance-breaking populations of M. graminicola is important for the maintenance of durability of resistance to this important rice pathogen.

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Host suitability of summer cover crops to Meloidogyne arenaria, M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javanica

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-bja10122 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Hung X. Bui ◽

Johan A. Desaeger

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Sunn Hemp ◽

Host Status ◽

Susceptible Control ◽

Sorghum Sudangrass

Summary Cover crops can be a useful tool for managing plant-parasitic nematodes provided they are poor or non-hosts for the target nematode species. A glasshouse experiment was done to determine the host status of four common cover crops in Florida, sunn hemp, cowpea, sorghum sudangrass and sunflower, to pure populations of four common tropical root-knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne javanica (Mj), M. incognita (Mi), M. enterolobii (Me) and M. arenaria (Ma). Tomato was included as a susceptible control. Eight weeks after nematode inoculation (WAI), tomato showed the highest root gall damage for all tested RKN species, with gall indices (GI) between 7 (Ma) and 8.5 (Me) and reproduction factor (RF) ranging from 20 (Ma) to 50 (Mj). No visible root galls were observed for any of the RKN species on sunn hemp and sorghum sudangrass at 8 WAI. However, Mj and Mi were able to reproduce slightly on sorghum sudangrass (RF = 0.02 and 0.79, respectively). Sunflower and cowpea were infected by all four tested RKN species, but host suitability varied. Sunflower root galling ranged from 1.1 (Me) to 4.5 (Mj) and RF = 3.2 (Me) to 28.7 (Mj), while cowpea root galling ranged from 0.6 (Mi) to 5.1 (Me) and RF = 0.8 (Mi) to 67.3 (Mj). Sunn hemp and, to a lesser extent, sorghum sudangrass were poor hosts to all four tested RKN species. Sunflower was a good host to all RKN species, but root gall damage and RF were lowest for Me. Cowpea was a good host to Mj, Me and Ma, but a poor host to Mi. Our results confirm and stress the importance of RKN species identification when selecting cover crops as an RKN management strategy.

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Estimation of plant productivity and nutrient extraction capacity along the length of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating swine wastewater

Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science ◽

10.4136/ambi-agua.1979 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Renata Gaudereto Andries ◽

Antonio Teixeira de Matos ◽

Wallisson Da Silva Freitas

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Subsurface Flow ◽

Plant Productivity ◽

Swine Wastewater ◽

Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Extraction Capacity ◽

Nutrient Extraction

The plant productivity and extraction capacity of nutrients present in swine wastewater (SWW) were quantified over 60 days in three horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CW) grown with three different plant species (Typha latifolia, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Cynodon dactylon). The results show the decay of the dry matter yield (DMY) and the nutrient extraction capacity (NEC) by the plants throughout the system, which gave rise to the equations that relate these parameters to the hydraulic retention time (HRT) for each species. When possible, general equations that are independent of the plant species were also evaluated. The best model fit for the dry matter yield and N-total, N-ammoniacal, N-nitrate and P extraction by plants as a function of HRT was the decreasing potential and for K extraction was the linear regression. The coefficients of determination of equations for the species Alternanthera philoxeroides and Cynodon dactylon were, for the most part, higher than 0.8. On the other hand, the general equations presented coefficient of determination greater than 90% in all cases.

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