scholarly journals STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY HERBICIDE CLOMAZONE IN LEAVES OF ARBORESCENT SPECIES NATIVE TO BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. CABRAL ◽  
J.B. SANTOS ◽  
E.A. FERREIRA ◽  
S.S.D. COSTA ◽  
V.C. DALVI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba

ABSTRACT Herbicide clomazone is highly soluble in water, which increases the risk of leaching, resulting in contamination of sources of groundwater and waterways, affecting non-target organisms, with possible degradation of riparian areas. The objective of this work was to investigate the possible anatomical modifications of the leaf tissue of twelve arborescent species native to Brazil grown in soil contaminated by clomazone, in order to microscopically characterize leaf damage caused by the herbicide, and investigate whether the structural damage precedes visible damage. Through micro morphometrics, the thickness and the area occupied by the tissues were measured in a cross section of the leaves of the forest species: adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma. It has been found that the species evaluated were affected by the presence of the pesticide in the soil, and the variable with the largest negative changes was the spongy parenchyma. Among the species, Inga marginata, Schizolobium parahyba and Handroantus. serratifolius had higher tolerance to the herbicide, demonstrating potential for studies on the mechanism by which these plants exert such tolerance. Overall, the results revealed that the forest species studied demonstrate significant alterations in leaf anatomy in response to the presence of residues of herbicide clomazone in the soil, even in leaves with no visible lesions.

scholarly journals Leaf Morphoanatomy and Biochemical Variation on Coffee Cultivars Under Drift Simulation of Glyphosate

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A.C. REIS ◽  
F.P. CARVALHO ◽  
A.C. FRANÇA ◽  
D.M.T. FRANCINO ◽  
N.A.V.D. PINTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenols ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Blade Thickness ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Biochemical Variation ◽  
Glyphosate Drift ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT: The most widely used herbicide in coffee crop is glyphosate, it inhibits the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, responsible for structures and substances of plant defense. This work aimed to evaluate the morphoanatomy, total phenols, flavonoids and caffeine in leaves of Arabica coffee submitted to different sub-doses of glyphosate. The treatments were combinations of three coffee cultivars (MGS Travessia, Oeiras MG 6851 and Catuaí IAC 144) and five sub-doses of glyphosate (0.0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4 and 460.8 g a.e. ha-1). The total thickness of the leaf blade, thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma, in addition to the total phenol, total flavonoids and caffeine were evaluated 30 days after spraying. Catuaí showed a reduction in the total leaf thickness, while the others cultivars had an increase. The thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma was reduced, and the spongy parenchyma increased with increasing doses of glyphosate, regardless of the cultivars. There was an increase on the total phenols up to 115.2 g ha-1 glyphosate, and above this dose, the concentrations of phenols were reduced. The Travessia and Oeiras cultivars obtained a reduction of flavonoids up to 115.2 g ha-1; and above this dose, the concentration of flavonoids increased. The Catuaí cultivar showed an opposing behavior of the concentration of flavonoids. Oeiras and Catuaí showed a decrease of caffeine up to 115.2 g ha-1 and an increase at higher doses. Travessia showed an increase of caffeine in sub-doses above 115.2 g ha-1. The three cultivars showed a higher concentration of phenols in the palisade parenchyma after the application of glyphosate drift. Glyphosate reduces the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma, and increases the thickness of spongy parenchyma. Doses of glyphosate above 230.4 g ha-1 result in the reduction of total phenols. The concentration of flavonoids and caffeine has varying effects with glyphosate application.

scholarly journals The Morphological and Anatomical Traits of the Leaf in Representative Vinca Species Observed on Indoor- and Outdoor-Grown Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ciorîță ◽  
Septimiu Cassian Tripon ◽  
Ioan Gabriel Mircea ◽  
Dorina Podar ◽  
Lucian Barbu-Tudoran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Plants ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
First Time ◽  
Thick Layers ◽  
Space Ratio ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Morphological and anatomical traits of the Vinca leaf were examined using microscopy techniques. Outdoor Vinca minor and V. herbacea plants and greenhouse cultivated V. major and V. major var. variegata plants had interspecific variations. All Vinca species leaves are hypostomatic. However, except for V. minor leaf, few stomata were also present on the upper epidermis. V. minor leaf had the highest stomatal index and V. major had the lowest, while the distribution of trichomes on the upper epidermis was species-specific. Differentiated palisade and spongy parenchyma tissues were present in all Vinca species’ leaves. However, V. minor and V. herbacea leaves had a more organized anatomical aspect, compared to V. major and V. major var. variegata leaves. Additionally, as a novelty, the cellular to intercellular space ratio of the Vinca leaf’s mesophyll was revealed herein with the help of computational analysis. Lipid droplets of different sizes and aspects were localized in the spongy parenchyma cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of the cuticle and its epicuticular waxes were described for the first time. Moreover, thick layers of cutin seemed to be characteristic of the outdoor plants only. This could be an adaptation to the unpredictable environmental conditions, but nevertheless, it might influence the chemical composition of plants.

Effects of simulated acid rain on the growth of five Brazilian tree species and anatomy of the most sensitive species (Joannesia princeps)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luzimar Campos da Silva ◽  
Aristéa Alves Azevedo ◽  
Eldo Antônio Monteiro da Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis

Seedlings and young saplings of some woody species were exposed to simulated low-pH acid rain, in order to develop a response screening for tropical tree species by determination of the symptoms of foliar injury and growth responses, as well as to identify anatomical alterations in the leaf blade of the most sensitive species. Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Genipa americana L., Joannesia princeps Vell., Mimosa artemisiana Heringer & Paula and Spondias dulcis Forst.f. were exposed daily to 20 min of acid rain, pH 3.0, for 10 consecutive days. The degree of leaf damage and the anatomical alterations observed were efficient parameters to determine the sensitivity to acid rain. At the end of the experiment J. princeps was the most sensitive species as determined by foliar injury and seedling growth. The degree of leaf damage was similar among the seedlings, except in S. dulcis, which showed reduced percentage of foliar injury. Necrotic and chlorotic spots on the leaf blade occurred. In the most sensitive species, J. princeps, necrotic blade tissues showed accumulation of phenolic compounds, hypertrophy and collapsed cells. Most of the structural alterations were observed in the adaxial epidermis, the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma and the abaxial epidermis. Long-term experiments with seedlings of S. dulcis and saplings of G. integrifolia are suggested, to characterise the response of these species that presented fewer symptoms but whose growth was affected under acid rain.

scholarly journals Application of brassinosteroid to Tabebuia alba (Bignoniaceae) plants

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH ORIKA ONO ◽  
TERUKO NAKAMURA ◽  
SÍLVIA RODRIGUES MACHADO ◽  
JOÃO DOMINGOS RODRIGUES
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Fertilized Soil ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma

The objective of this study was to observe the effects of brassinosteroid, gibberelin, and auxin application on the development and foliar anatomy of Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. seedlings. T. alba seedlings were grown in plastic bags with fertilized soil and treated with the following: 1- water (control); 2- brassinolide (BR1) 0.104 mM; 3- BR1 0.208 mM; 4- 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) 0.2854 mM; 5- IAA 0.5708 mM; 6- GA3 (gibberellin A3) 0.1443 mM; 7- GA3 0.2887 mM; 8- GA3 0.072 mM + IAA 0.1427 mM; 9- GA3 0.1443 mM + IAA 0.2854 mM; 10- GA3 0.072 mM + BR1 0.052 mM; and 11- GA3 0.1443 mM + BR1 0.104 mM. Plant height and petiole length were measured before the treatments and 21 days after application of the growth regulators. These data allowed the calculation of stem and petiole growth rates. The results showed that GA3 + brassinolide produced the highest stem and petiole growth rates and brassinolide application stimulated petiole growth but not stem growth. The anatomical study of leaves showed alterations in blade and petiole thickness, palisade and spongy parenchyma height, and epidermis cells.

Do leaf traits in two Dalbergia species present differential plasticity in relation to light according to their habitat of origin?

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Silvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira ◽  
Ana Clara Luppi Queiroz ◽  
Fernanda de Vasconcelos Barros ◽  
Maíra Figueiredo Goulart ◽  
José Pires de Lemos-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Changing Light

The phenotypic plasticity to light of two congeneric species of leguminous trees from distinct habitats was evaluated in a common-garden experiment. For that, we assessed the following two groups of leaf morphological and anatomical traits of 1-year-old seedlings: (1) traits related to light interception (tissues thickness and leaflet mass per area), and (2) traits related to gas exchange (number of leaflets per leaf and measurements of stomatal size and density). Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. is an endemic Atlantic forest species, and D. miscolobium Benth. is a typical cerrado species. Both were grown under shade and full-sunlight conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of leaves was determined by a relative distance plasticity index (RDPI). For both species, sun leaflets were thicker than shade ones, and only D. nigra presented lower values for stomatal density (nst), percentage of the leaflet area occupied by stomatal pores (nast) and estimated stomatal conductance (gst) under shade conditions. The forest species (D. nigra) had higher plasticity for variables related to gas exchange (number of leaflets per leaf, nst, ast, nast and gst), whereas the cerrado species (D. miscolobium) had higher plasticity for variables related to light interception, such as leaflet mass per area, leaflet thickness and palisade and spongy parenchyma thickness. The degree of plasticity was different for each analysed parameter, and not used to define which species is more plastic. The leaf traits of D. nigra and D. miscolobium that showed high plasticity were related to resources that are not limiting to improve its photosynthesis in a changing light environment.

scholarly journals Comparative anatomical study of leaf tissues of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Varga ◽  
L. Udvardy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Blade Thickness ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Cell Thickness

According to previous studies some anatomical features seem to be connected with resistance or susceptibility to scab caused by Venturia ineaqulis (Cke./Wint.) in case of a given cultivar. Study of leaf anatomy of three scab resistant (‘Prima’, ‘Florina’, MR–12) and two susceptible (‘Watson Jonathan’, ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’) apple cultivars have been made. Preserved preparations made of leaves has been studied by light microscope. Studied parameters were: thickness of leaf blade, thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma, thickness of epidermal cells, thickness of the cuticle. By measuring leaf thickness and epidermal cell thickness visible differences appeared in certain cultivars, while most conspicuous difference has been shown in thickness of the cuticle.

scholarly journals 161 Effects of Light Intensity on Leaf Anatomy of Some Tropical Fruit (Rambutan, Durian, Mangosteen, and Longkong)

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 417E-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montree Issarakraisila ◽  
Ravie Sethpakdee
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Spongy Tissue ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma

Leaf anatomy of young rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.), durian (Durio zibethinus Murray), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.), and longkong (Aglaia dookoo Griff.) potted plants grown under different light intensity (100%, 55%, 40%, or 25% of full sun) were observed. The thickness of both palisade and spongy parenchyma decreased as the light intensity decreased. This resulted in a decrease of lamina thickness when the light was lower. An exception occurred in mangosteen when the thickness of both palisade and spongy parenchyma in leaf grown under full sunlight were lower than in leaves grown under 55% or 40% full sun. The thickness ratio of palisade and spongy tissue in rambutan and durian decreased as light intensity decreased. While the ratios in mangosteen and longkong leaves grown under full sunlight were lower than the ratios of leaves grown under 55% or 40% of full sun. The frequency of stomata also decreased as the light intensity decreased. The thickness of palisade tissue of leaves grown under 55% of full sun in rambutan, durian, mangosteen, and longkong were 70, 110, 110, and 55 μm, respectively. The thickness of spongy tissue of leaves grown under 55% of full sun in rambutan, durian, mangosteen, and longkong were 60, 30, 410, and 145 μm, respectively. The thickness of leaves grown under 55% of full sun in rambutan, durian, mangosteen, and longkong were 186, 230, 565, and 233 μm, respectively. The number of stomata per square millimeter of leaves grown under 55% of full sun in rambutan, durian, mangosteen, and longkong were 437, 221, 133, and 301, respectively. Photosynthesis efficiency and light adaptation were discussed.

scholarly journals BEHAVIOR OF THE EMERGENCE OF NATIVE FOREST SEEDLINGS FOR THE PURPOSE OF RECOVERY OF THE RIPARIAN FOREST

FLORESTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 057
Author(s):  
Janisson Batista de Jesus ◽  
Robério Anastácio Ferreira ◽  
Dráuzio Correia Gama
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Guazuma Ulmifolia ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Over Time

Understanding the behavior of the emergence of native forest seeds is essential to achieve greater successes in forest recovery. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence of native forest species (Cassia grandis L.F., Cecropia pachystachya Trec., Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., and Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz.) in riparian areas of the Piauitinga River, in the municipality of Lagarto (state of Sergipe, Brazil). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (DBC) with four blocks in triple scheme (4 x 2 x 6): four forest species emerged (Cassia grandis, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Guazuma ulmifolia, Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya), with and without treatment to overcome dormancy, evaluated every fortnight for 90 days (6 periods). It was verified by the statistical analysis that the four species that had emergencies interacted in the two treatments used throughout the six evaluation periods. The species, in both treatments, presented a large number of seeds emerged in the first weeks after sowing, reducing over time. The species studied have a characteristic pattern of emergence over time, considering both seeds with and without treatment to overcome dormancy.

scholarly journals Salinity tolerance in chickpea is associated with the ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaf mesophyll cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (18) ◽  
pp. 4991-5002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Kotula ◽  
Peta L Clode ◽  
Juan De La Cruz Jimenez ◽  
Timothy D Colmer
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Abstract Salinity tolerance is associated with Na ‘exclusion’ from, or ‘tissue tolerance’ in, leaves. We investigated whether two contrasting chickpea genotypes, salt-tolerant Genesis836 and salt-sensitive Rupali, differ in leaf tissue tolerance to NaCl. We used X-ray microanalysis to evaluate cellular Na, Cl, and K concentrations in various cell types within leaflets and also in secretory trichomes of the two chickpea genotypes in relation to photosynthesis in control and saline conditions. TEM was used to assess the effects of salinity on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts. Genesis836 maintained net photosynthetic rates (A) for the 21 d of salinity treatment (60 mM NaCl), whereas A in Rupali substantially decreased after 11 d. Leaflet tissue [Na] was low in Genesis836 but had increased markedly in Rupali. In Genesis836, Na was accumulated in epidermal cells but was low in mesophyll cells, whereas in Rupali cellular [Na] was high in both cell types. The excessive accumulation of Na in mesophyll cells of Rupali corresponded to structural damage to the chloroplasts. Maintenance of photosynthesis and thus salinity tolerance in Genesis836 was associated with an ability to ‘exclude’ Na from leaflets and in particular from the photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, and to compartmentalize Na in epidermal cells.

scholarly journals Extrafloral nectary phenotypic plasticity is damage- and resource-dependent in Vicia faba

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B Mondor ◽  
Michelle N Tremblay ◽  
Russell H Messing
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Resource Levels ◽  
Secretion Rates

Phenotypic plasticity enables many damaged plants to increase nectar secretion rates from extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), or in the case of broad bean, Vicia faba L., to produce additional EFNs, to attract natural enemies of herbivores. While plants benefit greatly from these defensive mutualisms, the costs of producing EFNs are largely unknown. We hypothesized that if EFN production is costly, then damaged plants with high resource levels would be able to produce more EFNs than plants that are resource-limited. Here, we show that this indirect inducible defence does follow this general pattern. Vicia faba enriched with 6 or 12 g of 14 : 14 : 14 NPK fertilizer increased EFN numbers after leaf damage by 46 and 60%, respectively, compared with nutrient-poor plants. Thus, EFN production is both damage- and resource-dependent. Analogous to direct defences, production of EFNs may limit the overall loss of leaf tissue when risk of herbivory increases.

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